urinary exam

28)The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8. B)4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8. C)4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8. D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8. E)4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.

B)4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.

49)Where does secretion mostly occur? A) 1 B)5 C)4 D) 2 E)3

B)5

47)Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? A) 1 B)5 and 6 C)4, 5, and 6 D) 4 E)3

B)5 and 6

35)Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except A) amino acids. B)urea. C)proteins. D) creatinine. E)hydrogen ions

C)proteins.

21)The region known as the macula densa is part of A) Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. B)the collecting duct. C)the distal convoluted tubule. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E)the proximal convoluted tubule.

C)renal pelvises.

4)Urine is eliminated through the A) kidney. B)liver. C)urethra. D) urinary bladder. E)ureter.

C)urethra.

8)The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) renal medulla. B)renal cortex. C)fibrous capsule. D) major calyx. E)renal pelvis.

C)fibrous capsule

46)Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? A) 5 B)6 C)2 D) 3 E)4

D) 3

45)Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? A) 3 B)2 C)6 D) 4 E)5

D) 4

27)The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) secretion of drugs. B)filtration. C)secretion of acids and ammonia. D) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. E)adjusting the urine volume.

D) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

29)The process of filtration occurs at the A) collecting duct. B)nephron loop (loop of Henle). C)proximal convoluted tubule. D) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E)distal convoluted tubule

D) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

6)The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) ureter. B)calyx. C)pyramid. D) hilum. E)pelvis.

D) hilum.

40)One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) decrease urinary albumin concentration. B)increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. C)increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. D) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. E)decrease secretion of aldosterone.

D) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

16)Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are A) vasa recta capillaries. B)proximal capillaries. C)corticoradiate capillaries. D) peritubular capillaries. E)efferent arterioles.

D) peritubular capillaries.

41)The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B)the nephron loop (loop of Henle). C)the distal convoluted tubule. D) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. E)the collecting duct.

D) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

3)Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) lymphatics. B)the calyces. C)blood vessels. D) the ureters. E)the urethra

D) the ureters.

44)What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"? A) reabsorption B)micturition C)excretion D) filtration E)secretion

D) filtration

43)Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? A) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration B)site of obligatory water reabsorption. C)relies on countercurrent multiplication D) enables production of hypertonic urine E)All of the answers are correct

E)All of the answers are correct

12)The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by A) contact with adjacent visceral organs. B)the overlying peritoneum. C)the renal fascia. D) supporting connective tissues. E)All of the answers are correct.

E)All of the answers are correct.

2)The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by A) releasing renin. B)releasing erythropoietin. C)adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. D) regulating NaCl levels in the blood. E)All of the answers are correct.

E)All of the answers are correct.

42)The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves A) an increase in facultative water reabsorption. B)aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C)a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. D) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis. E)All of the answers are correct.

E)All of the answers are correct.

1)A glomerulus is A) the source of erythropoietin. B)the expanded end of a nephron. C)the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. D) attached to the collecting duct. E)a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

E)a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

39)Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. A) glucose B)urea C)sodium ions D) amino acids E)albumin

E)albumin

7)The renal sinus is A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue. B)a renal corpuscle. C)part of a renal pyramid. D) a large branch of the renal pelvis. E)an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

E)an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

25)The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A) vasa recta B)cortical C)efferent D) glomerular E)peritubular

E)peritubular

23)Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) distal convoluted tubule. B)collecting duct. C)minor calyx. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E)proximal convoluted tubule

E)proximal convoluted tubule

10)Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) nephrons. B)calyces. C)renal pelvises. D) renal columns. E)pyramids.

E)pyramids.

20)Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the A) renal pyramid. B)collecting tubule system. C)renal papilla. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E)renal corpuscle.

E)renal corpuscle.

33)Identify the structure labeled "9." A) renal pyramid B)fibrous capsule C)renal column D) renal sinus E)renal papilla

E)renal papilla

Physicians often ask for urine samples collected over a 24-hour period, rather than a single sample. Why?

Often the information needed for a diagnosis is the amount of a substance being lost per day and not simply its concentration in the urine. Because the amount of water present in the urine varies throughout the day, the only reliable way to estimate quantities per day is measure both average concentration (g/ml) and the total volume (ml/day). The product of these two quantities is the amount per day (g/day). An example of a clinical test that relies on analysis of a 24-hour urine is the creatinine clearance test, a measure of GFR.

List each organ of the urinary system and concisely describe its function

)Consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, the urinary system has three primary functions: (1) excretion, the removal of organic waste products from body fluids, (2) elimination, the discharge of these waste products into the environment, and (3) homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma. The excretory and homeostatic regulation functions of the urinary system are performed by the two kidneys that produce urine, a fluid containing water, ions, and small soluble compounds. Urine leaving the kidneys flows along paired tubes called ureters to the urinary bladder, a muscular sac for temporary storage of urine. On being forced out of the urinary bladder, urine passes through the urethra to the exterior. The urinary bladder and the urethra are responsible for the elimination of urine, a process called urination or micturition.

)In glomerulonephritis, the normal filtration barrier is damaged and becomes far more permeable to plasma proteins, such as albumin along with other solutes. How would that affect glomerular filtration?

)GFR would go up for two reasons. (1) The leakage of protein into the capsular filtrate will lower the effectiveness of BCOP and thus raise the net filtration pressure. (2) Filtration will increase also because of the increased leakiness of the glomerulus to water, ions, and other solutes. A distinct proteinuria will appear, and the loss of protein will lower BCOP, making matters worse and promoting edema formation in the peripheral tissues.

36)The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of A) capillaries. B)venules. C)arterioles. D) arteries. E)veins.

A) capillaries.

24)The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) distal convoluted tubule. B)proximal convoluted tubule. C)papillary tubule. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E)calyx.

A) distal convoluted tubule.

17)The renal veins drain into the A) inferior vena cava. B)peritubular capillaries. C)abdominal aorta. D) segmental arteries. E)renal arteries.

A) inferior vena cava.

22)The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the A) juxtaglomerular complex. B)renal corpuscle. C)filtration membrane. D) afferent arteriole. E)nephron loop (loop of Henle).

A) juxtaglomerular complex.

19)Major calyces are A) large branches of the renal pelvis. B)the expanded ends of renal pyramids. C)basic functional layers of the kidney. D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. E)expanded ends of nephrons.

A) large branches of the renal pelvis.

9)The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal pelvis B)renal cortex. C)renal papilla. D) renal medulla. E)renal sinus.

A) renal pelvis

34)Identify the structure labeled "3." A) renal pyramid B)fibrous capsule C)renal column D) renal papilla E)renal sinus

A) renal pyramid

5)Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct B)collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra C)collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder D) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra E)collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter

B)collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

11) Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) afferent arteriole. B)efferent arteriole. C)renal vein. D) vasa recta. E)interlobular arteriole.

B)efferent arteriole.

32)Identify the structure labeled "11." A) major calyx B)renal pelvis C)minor calyx D) renal column E)ureter

B)renal pelvis

31)Identify the structure labeled "8." A) major calyx B)ureter C)renal pelvis D) minor calyx E)renal column

B)ureter

13)Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration B)final urine enters here C)initial filtrate enters here D) releases renin E)tip of the medullary pyramid

B)final urine enters here

50)Where does obligatory water reabsorption occur? A) 3 B)5 C)4 D) 1 E)2

C)4

15)List in order the structures of the renal corpuscle that a substance must pass through during filtration: 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. dense layer 4. capillary endothelium A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B)4, 3, 2, 1 C)4, 3, 1, 2 D) 2, 4, 3, 1 E)3, 1, 4, 2

C)4, 3, 1, 2

48)Which area is sensitive to aldosterone? A) 4 B)2 C)5 D) 1 E)3

C)5

18)Renal columns are A) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. B)the basic functional units of the kidney. C)bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. D) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. E)expanded ends of the ureters.

C)bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

38)Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule B)glomerulus C)collecting ducts D) proximal convoluted tubule E)distal convoluted tubule

C)collecting ducts

37)The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. A) calyces B)medulla C)cortex D) vasa recta E)pelvis

C)cortex

30)Identify the structure labeled "4." A) major calyx B)renal column C)minor calyx D) renal pelvis E)ureter

C)minor calyx

26)The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the A) minor calyx. B)distal convoluted tubule. C)nephron loop (loop of Henle). D) proximal convoluted tubule. E)collecting loop.

C)nephron loop (loop of Henle).

14)The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle) B)ureter C)papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E)distal convoluted tubule

C)papillary duct