Urinary system
fenestrae
- small holes in glomerular capillary walls - filter out fluid (glomerular filtrate)
Functions of the kidneys include
-regulation of blood volume -control of blood pressure -secretion of erythropoietin -regulation of blood pH
Left kidney is _______ cm higher than right kidney.
1.5-2
A kidney is approximately _______ centimeters long, six centimeters wide, and three centimeters thick.
12
Juxtamedullary nephrons
25% of nephrons; sit low in cortex
Cortical nephrons
85% of nephrons; sit high in cortex
Urea
A chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins
Effects of aging on the kidneys include:
A gradual decrease in the blood flow through the kidneys, a loss of glomerular function, a gradual decrease in size of the kidneys.
Uric acid
A product of nucleus metabolism
Which hormones affect the solute concentration of urine, particularly Na+
Aldosterone and cardiac natriuretic
Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water
Antidiuretic hormone
The hallow muscular organ is located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the symphysis pubis that is part of the urinary system is the urinary _______.
Bladder
Urinalysis
Can be used to diagnoses certain diseases or disorders, and check for drug usage.
Urethra function
Conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
2 types of nephrons in the kidney are
Cortical nephrons & juxamedullary nephrons
Renal columns
Extensions of cortex that dip into medulla
Renal capsule
Fibrous capsule around kidney
kidney function
Filters blood and forms urine
The process by which blood pressure forces fluid through glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular _______.
Filtration
Glomerular filtration
First step of urine formation, substances move from the blood in the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.
Nephrons
Functional units of the kidneys
Renal pelvis
Funny shaped sac; superior end of ureter.
If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition?
Glomerular damage
If someone's renal clearance the is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition?
Glomerular damage
Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary.
Glomerular filtration
The order of the structures involved from blood filtration at the glomerulus to urine excretion are in the follow order:
Glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, ureter.
Active transport examples
Glucose, amino acids, creatine, lactic, citric, uric, and ascorbic acid, ions.
Renal sinus:
Hollow chamber in medial depression
Water excretion in the urine is ______ solute excretion.
Independent of
The renal artery brings blood to which structure?
Kidney
Age related changed to kidneys include:
Kidney cells die, bladder holds less urine, renal tubules thicken
Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the _______.
Kidneys
The bean shaped organs that are reddish-brown is color and have a smooth surface are the _______.
Kidneys
The urinary bladders lies posteriorly against the rectum in _______.
Males only
What is an alternate medical name for the process of urination?
Micturition
Tubular reabsorption
Movement of substances from the renal tubules into the interstitial fluid, where they then diffuse into the peritubular capillaries
The wall of the urinary bladder consists of 4 layers:
Muscular coat, lumen, mucous coat, submucous coat
Each kidney has about one million _______, the functional unit responsible for urine formation.
Nephrons
The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filter action of the blood, are the _______.
Nephrons
Renal cortex
Outer region of kidney
What transport urine along the ureters?
Peristaltic waves
The word element "nephr-" as in the term nephron, means _______.
Pertaining to the kidney
Renal clearance
Rate at which a chemical is removed from the plasma by the kidney
The full pathway of blood flow into and out of the kidney:
Renal artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, efferent arteriole, glomerular capillaries, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein.
Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called the tubular ________.
Secretion
Endocytosis
Small protein reabsorption
Minor calyces
Small tubes that merge to form major calyces
ureterorenal reflex
Strong peristaltic waves in the obstructed ureter, to move stone toward urinary bladder Reduced urine production in affected kidney
Wall of ureter consists of 3 layers:
The inner mucous coat (transitional epithelium) The middle muscular coat The outer fibrous coat
What determines the composition of urine?
The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment.
True or false: aging causes a gradual decreases in the size of the kidneys, beginning as early as age 20, becoming obvious after age 40, and continuing until death.
True
During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the _____ into the _______.
Tubular fluid; blood
Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of _______.
Tubular secretion
The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is _______.
Urea
Which compound is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in blood and urine?
Urea
The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is _______.
Urea.
The tube conveying ursing from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder is is a _______.
Ureter
The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the _____.
Ureter
Order of urethra, urinary bladder, ureter?
Ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous waters is the _______ system.
Urinary
The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called _____.
Urine
What is formed as waste and excess water are removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys?
Urine
Which functions does the urinary system regulate?
Volume of body fluids, removal of metabolic wastes, excretion of drugs, pH balance.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the reabsorption of _______ in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
Water
Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______.
Water
The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to _______ being eliminated by the kidneys.
Water
Osmosis
Water reabsorption
Urinary bladder function
Where urine is stored before urination
Within each nephron, blood flow is as follows:
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
Glomerular filtration rate
amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute
Where are the kidneys located?
behind the parietal peritoneum
The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal ______.
clearance
The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal _______.
clearance
What is kidney surrounded by?
connective tissue (renal fascia) and masses of adipose tissue (renal fat)
Hilum
entrance to renal sinus
The three processes of urine formation:
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
Nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
Renal medulla
inner region; composed of renal pyramids
each ureter carries urine from a ______ to the _____
kidney, urinary bladder
Major calyces
large tubes that merge to form renal pelvis
tubular secretion
movement of wastes from peritubular capillaries into renal tubules
Which prefix means pertaining to kidney?
nephr
Where are the kidneys located in the human body?
on either side of the vertebral column
The kidneys are on the ______ wall.
posterior abdominal
The pathway through the renal tubule:
proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular ______.
reabsorption
What is the PRIMARY function of the kidneys?
regulate the composition and volume of extracellular fluid.
The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the _______.
renal artery
Where does glomerular filtration occur?
renal corpuscle
Each nephron is composed of two parts:
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Where do kidney stones form?
renal pelvis
In the kidney, describe the movement of substances during tubular reabsorption.
substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood
Ureters function
transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule?
tubular secretion
As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first?
ureter
Define the term micturition
urination