US Chapter 6 Review

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Created judicial structure with Supreme Court consisting of chief justice and five associate justices. Sets up three federal circuit courts and 13 federal district courts throughout the country.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Andrew Jackson

General from Tennessee who won a series of battles that gained him national fame.

Protective tariff

IN 1789, an import tax on goods produced in Europe.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Judiciary Act of 1801

One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government. Raised to 16 judges.

Edmond Genêt

Sent by France to the US to enlist American aid in the French revolution with or without the Washington administration's consent. He openly commissioned American privateers to harass British shipping and enlisted Americans in intrigues against the Spanish outpost of New Orleans. He also opened France's Caribbean colonies to American shipping, providing American shippers a choice between French free trade and British mercantilism. The picture is in relation to the French Revolution.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Sacajawea

She accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition during its journey to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806. She made important contributions to the success of the Corps of Discovery: she helped guide the expedition through unfamiliar territory and she helped translate when the expedition encountered Indian tribes.

war hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

midnight judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Marbury v. Madson

(1803) one of the midnight judges that never received papers named William Marbury sued to enforce The Judiciary Act of 1789 which required that papers be delivered.

John Marshall

1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland. A staunch Federalist.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. He believed in strong federal government led by well-educated elite. He feared mob rule and had a loose interpretation of the Constitution. He had conflicts with another Cabinet member and they the two opposing sides created a two-party system. His party was called the Federalists.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Bank of the United States

A plan by Hamilton that would create a national bank that would issue paper money and handle tax receipts. It sparked big controversy and it began a debate between people who believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution with limited powers of Federal government (Democratic-Republicans) and others who believed in a loose interpretation with more powers for Federal Government (Federalists).

Thomas Pinckney

American envoy-made treaty with spanish leaders that allowed us to use part of New orleans and lower mississippi for trade (pinckney treaty)

XYZ affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

embargo

a ban on exproting goods to other countries, (n.) an order forbidding the trade in or movement of commercial goods; any restraint or hindrance; (v.) to forbid to enter or leave port; to forbid trade with

Two-party system

a political system dominated by two major parties

excise tax

a tax that is measured by the amount of business done (not on property or income from real estate)

armistice

an agreement to stop fighting

blockade

cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country's ports

Cabinet

group of officials who head government departments and advise the President

William Henry Harrison

invited several Native American Chiefs to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and persuaded them to sign away three million acres of tribal lands to the U.S Government.

Sectionalism

loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Aaron Burr

served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

judicial review

the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

neutrality

the state of not taking sides, especially in a war or dispute