U.S. History

Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton D: Leader of the Federalists who was congressman of NY, Secretary of the Treasury at 32. S: His upbringing was a big influence on his views in the future. He wanted a strong central government and felt he had to stabilize U.S. finances. He wanted to establish credit of and as such encouraged the power of the Federal government to tax and build up domestic economy. So he constructed a plan that involved creating a report of public credit, then he established the first bank of the United States.

Nationalism and Sectionalism

*Sectionalism* -Excessive regard for sectional local/factional interests Tied to: -Regional difference (often tied to the economy) -Racism and ethnocentrism (new immigrants, native americans, and black slaves) -States right vs the rights of the federal government -Opposite would be nationalism, that is being primarily concerned with the nation's interests as a whole

Andrew Jackson & Jacksonian America

-Andrew Jackson was very much a common man ticket, who also believed in a strong army. Accepted nomination because didn't want crawford to win -The Spoils System is a more negative description of the Patronage System which was in many ways, the norm for obtaining political support -Essentially, after winning an election, a Politician would reword his/her supporters with political appointments -During the 1800s, the Spoils System was very much a fact of everyday political life, one that was often as corrupting the democratic system -Certainly, Andrew Jackson was a great critic of the Spoils System, especially calling it a tool of the rich as privileged and denouncing it as a way to cheat the everyday citizen ("Common Man") out of his political voice -After being elected, Jackson, a strong critic of the Spoils System (remember the corrupt Bargain of the Election of 1824), removed a good number of appointees from political positions in Washington on the basis that they were corrupt, and appointed his own. -Note, several were corrupt -However, he then simply appointed his OWN followers who had supported him to positions rather than qualified people who had not supported him. One could argue by doing so, he himself practiced the Spoils System.

The Bank War

A Bank War, Veto, & Veto Results (1832) D: Hamilton started the bank in 1790, it was needed for the National Economy to function, though society was unclear of this at the time. However Jackson did not like the idea and felt it had to much power. He put himself in a war with the owner of the bank, Nicholas Biddle. Clay renegotiated a recharter with Biddle in an attempt to set up Jackson. Clay's plan was to have Jackson either go with it and screw up his image as a common man, or veto and have the economy drop and his popularity decline. So congress passed the recharter, but Jackson vetoed it. Jackson was seen as tyrannical and the executive branch was perceived as trying to take over. Biddle was angry and tried to get the people to be against Jackson by printing 30k copies of the veto. However, this made the people look to Jackson as a hero. Since the states were in debt to the bank from loans, Biddle made the states pay them back in gold which would damage the economy. This was his attempt to show the purpose of why the bank is needed. But the end of the bank only grew Jackson's popularity. S: This tension between Jackson and Biddle was an example of the intense political disagreement tension. Jackson had the belief that the bank was unnecessary and needed to be removed. Clay wanted to keep the bank and it supported his personal agenda of gaining popularity. So Clay indirectly, but purposely attacks Jackson and his beliefs by baiting him to ruin either the economy or his reputation. His plan worked by getting the economy to drop, but Jackson's reputation did not along with it.

Boston Massacre

Boston Massacre (1770) D: Quartering Act (1765), allowed British soldiers to live in unused land in the trading cities of the colonies. These troops were harassed, but once snowballs were thrown at the troops, a shot was fired at the crowd and more shots were fired. Three killed, eight injured. S: This is significant because first it violated the English Declaration of Rights, according to the colonists. Since the troops were sent to the colonies, that violated the rule of no standing armies during peacetime. But the British saw it as the colonists needing a someone to enforce the laws. This also led the colonists to use propaganda to show the British as bad. (more in depth)

Battle of Antietam

Antietam (1862) D: Confederate General Lee attacked MD, a slave state that stayed loyal to the Union. He tried to convince them to join the South but they didn't. Lee sent troops and the Union sent troops to fight back. BAttle occurred at Antietam River just outside of Sharpsburg, and was very bloody. Union General McClellan broke through the center line, then Lee and Stonewall rallied. Eventually the Confederate army retreated back to Virginia. S: McClellan had a lot of anger of Abraham Lincoln, and did not vigorously pursue the wounded Confederate army. Lincoln felt like he had, the war could have been much closer to having been won . McClellan was then replaced because of his hesitancy. This battle had a huge death toll of 12,402 Union troops and 10,318 Confederate troops. This battle had the most Americans to die in one day than any other single day of war. Lincoln had used the battle as a claim of victory, when in a military perspective, it was really a draw. (Lincoln was able to use this battle as propaganda to get enough political support to pass a proclamation.

End and Results of the Civil War

Battle of Appomattox (April 9th 1965)/End of War D: This battle took place in the county of Appomattox, Virginia. It started as a Confederate attack of 9,000 men and was initially successful as the outnumbered Union cavalry fell back. However, the Union infantry began arriving from the west and south, and General Lee's men were surrounded. The remaining confederate forces were about 3 miles away, and were being heavily attacked by another Union force. S: The goal, for Union General Grant to cut off and destroy lee's army was occurred in fairly short order. Because of the Anaconda strategies of the Union, this loss of the Confederate army proved that the strategy worked. Lee ordered his troops to retreat through the village and back across the appomattox river. The defeat was total, just under 5 years of slowly wearing down the Confederate forces, it had led to Union success. Rather than sacrifice the lives of his soldiers to no purpose, Lee decided to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia. Shortly afternoon on April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, general-in-chief of all United States forces, at the home of Wilmer McClean in the Village of Appomattox Court House, Virginia Death of President Lincoln (April 14th 1965) D: Just five days after the end of the Civil War, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and Confederate sympathizer, fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln at a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Booth slipped into Lincoln's theatre box and fired his .44 caliber single-shot derringer into the back of Lincoln's head. Booth leapt onto the stage and shouted, "Thus ever to tyrants!" -the Virginia state motto. S: There were many questions that followed after the death of Lincoln, questions of how the U.S. would rebuild without him. Vice President Andrew Johnson, finished the term until the next election in which Ulysses S. Grant became the 17th president. It was Grant who shepherded the U.S. through much of Reconstruction.

Battle of Bull Run

Battle of Bull Run D: This battle took place 25 mile from Washington DC, in Virginia. It was the first major engagement of the war. It was the Confederate's Beauregard vs. the Union's Irvin McDowell with twice as many troops as the Beauregard's army. This was the war where the Confederate Thomas J. Jackson held the line of his overpowered troops from the Union, and received his nickname "Stonewall Jackson." This battle resulted in the South's victory, as the Union fled and the South did not chase them. S: This loss was not only one that would hurt the North in the war efforts, but would hurt them psychologically. The Union had all the supplies to win and still lost, this would decrease their morale for future fights. Also the Union's McDowell was replaced with McClellan, who was even worse. McClellan had won no battles and had no respect for Lincoln as a general because he was too cautious.

Battle of Gettysburg and Gettysburg Address

Battle of Gettysburg and Gettysburg Address (1863) D: Confederates actually sized town by Union troops still held the high ground. The artillery use in this battle was key. Pickett's charge on the 3rd day of the battle, was 15k men marching up the hill led by the Confederate Picket to attack Union forces lead by Meade. All of those men were killed. Meade didn't follow up on the Union victory so Confederate retreated. The Gettysburg address was given four months after the battle as a memorium. Lincoln spoke about victory and the memorium. At this point after Gettysburg, it was obvious the South was going to lose. S: This Union won battle was the turning point of the war. The casualties: 23,049 for the Union and 28,063 for the Confederates. An example of the war of attrition/Anaconda Strategy working for the Union, a definitive shift in the war to favor the Union. Lincoln's Gettysburg address was a means of seeking democracy for all people.

Battle of Shiloh

Battle of Shiloh D: At the Tennessee River, Johnson and his Confederate army attacked Federal General Sherman's men. Sherman had no pickets or scouts but did react quickly. Union forces rallied around a small Church in Shiloh. The Confederates ended up retreating. S: This was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War to date. Sherman had a key strategy of the Civil War, holding down defense. This strategy would come up many times in the war.

Black Hawk War (1832)

Black Hawk War (1832) D: The land of Rock Island belonged to the Sauk and Fox tribe by treaty. American settlers established themselves in the area and despite pressure to leave, the tribes refused to abandon the land and regularly came back peacefully with 300 families after their seasonal movement following food. In (1832), the Government of Illinois called for help from the Federal government because "country had been invaded" by Black Hawk (the leader of tribes who fought against illegal white settlers). So troops were sent and the numbers of the troops overwhelmed that of Black Hawks' numbers. So Black Hawk attempted to move his people to Canada, but 250 families were caught and killed. Black Hawk was caught and had to sign a treaty that took away the land of Illinois from all tribes and relocated them. S: This followed many of the themes that are present in American interactions with Native Americans. Dislocation played a role with the families being broken up after some members would be killed or could have escaped on the journey to Canada. America broke an agreement made with the the tribes because the Rock Island land was owned by the Native Americans by a treaty. Even though the Native Americans would return to their land peacefully, settlers told the government a story that they came to invade the settlement. And of course the use of violence to kill the people fleeing to freedom. And relocation after taking away the whole land of Illinois from all the tribes that live there. This would also cause troubles with the tribes who did not like each other.

Changes: Emancipation Laws, Pennsylvania Post-Nati Emancipation (1780), VA 1782 Manumission Law, Commonwealth Vs. Jennison (1783)

Changes: Emancipation Laws, Pennsylvania Post-Nati Emancipation (1780), VA 1782 Manumission Law, Commonwealth Vs. Jennison (1783) D: The Pennsylvania post nati emancipation laws claimed that people born after a March 1, 1780, would be freed when they were 28. Virginia's 1782 Manumission law allowed people to free their slaves if they wished, with limits so that a free slave wouldn't burden society. Also slaves could buy their freedom from their owners. Additionally, in Virginia it was illegal for black slaves to serve in Revolutionary army, but free blacks could. The Commonwealth vs. Jennison in Massachusetts was a decisive court case in 1783. Jennison was arrested for beating the black man, Quock Walker, and indicted on a criminal charge of assault and battery. Jennison's claim was that Walker was a runaway slave. Walker countered that the Massachusetts Constitution had made slavery illegal in 1780. Chief Justice William Cushing accepted this argument and directed the jury that the issue of whether Walker had been freed or not was irrelevant, because slavery was no longer constitutional. S: Due to the Pennsylvania Post-Nati Emancipation Law, Philadelphia developed a large free black community. The Virginia Manumission Law was a complicated issue of slavery because only free men could serve in the army, but the masters sent their slaves to be in their place. The Commonwealth vs. Jennison case effectively abolished slavery in that state. It was the third in a series of cases which became known as the Quock Walker cases. They all set a precedent for the future to say slavery is illegal. But all of these occurrences were established before the U.S. Constitution, so that is where the belief that slavery would die off came from. But once the rise of cotton and the cotton gin came, these ideas were set to the side.

Cherokee Policy/Trail of Tears

Cherokee Policy: Overview, Worcester, Policy The Trail of Tears D: The Cherokee we very in tune to American culture, but they still did not allow the Americans to take their land. They even made a rule that if any Native American sold land to an American then they would be sentenced to death. The population of American settlers tripled in Cherokee land and Jackson encouraged the illegal taking of this land. And since the Christian missionaries attempted to influence the Cherokee to Christianity, they were somewhat assimilated. So, all missionaries were required to take an oath of loyalty to Georgia because there were cases of missionaries assisting the Cherokee get their land. One Missionary Samuel Worchester, refused to swear an oath of loyalty to Georgia and was imprisoned until he promised to sign. Worchester took his case to the Supreme Court, they ruled that he was innocent and Georgia law had no jurisdiction over Indian land. However, Jackson did not support the Supreme Court's decision. A treaty was created, and it forced the Cherokee to relocate from their land in order for violence against them to end. The Cherokee had to hike from Georgia to Oklahoma in terrible weather conditions. S: Before the conflicts, the Cherokee were assimilated to American culture and some spoke English, but that did not stop the Americans from wanting them to relocate for their land. In this situation, Jackson displays the characteristics of a Jeffersonian by wanting individuals to own land to equalize the divide of society. And in the Worchester vs. the state of Georgia case, it highlighted a flaw in the checks and balances. The executive branch is supposed to enforce laws that the judicial branch passes, but in this situation that did not happen. Since Jackson refused to support the ruling of the Supreme Court, he failed to do his job as president. He should have been impeached but he was not. Jackson's cruel traits that were present in the battle of New Orleans reappear with his attempt to remove the Cherokee from their land. The Americans used violence to influence the Cherokee to agree to the treaty that forced them out of their own land.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774) D: Parliament created these acts in response to the Boston Tea Party: the Boston Port Bill, MA Government Bill, Administration of Justice Acts and Quartering Bill S: These acts completely went against the freedom of the colonists. The Boston Port Act closed the port in Boston until all tea was paid for. The MA Government Bill restricted town meetings, the people no longer had the ability to choose juries and Hutchinson was removed from power. The Administration of Justice Acts required that royal officials who were charged with crimes, had to be tried in London. Finally the Quartering Bill allowed British troops to claim privately owned unoccupied land for themselves. (more ya know)

Colonial Slavery

Colonial Slavery D: The enslavement and trade of Africans S: This is significant because it was the first time slavery was race-based but also followed the themes of exploitation, trade, and disease. Portugal had needed laborers in Madeira and for sugar production in the Canary Islands, so the direct trade with Sub-Saharan Africa was helpful. Contact with the most powerful African kingdoms allowed trade for luxury goods, textiles, salt, ivory, spices, specie, and slaves. And since a lot of the indigenous people died from disease brought by the Europeans, they turned to African slaves. In exchange the Europeans traded manufactured good and guns to African slave traders or conducted hit-and-run raids. A trade network was created between the colonies, Europe, and Africa and was called the triangular trade.

Comittees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence (1772) D: Response to Gaspee Incident, VA asked for legislatures to communicate; only five responded. S: This is significant because this meant there was more communication and organization between the colonies. (just redo the mf term)

Constitutional Convention & Constitutional Debates

Constitutional Convention (1787) D: Delegates from five states met at the Annapolis Convention to converse about amending the Articles of Confederation. S: All states appointed delegates. 55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia. Notable delegates including George Washington, John Dickinson, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison. All delegates convinced they needed a stronger government. As conversation got going the delegates said they needed a new framework of government. The delegates officially became known as the constitutional convention. The conversations they came up with, set the groundwork for future situations such as the civil war. Constitutional Debates Overview, Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan D: James Madison represented the Virginia plan, a framework of government that contained one potential solution to this problem. The smaller state favored New Jersey plan, suggested each state would have the same amount of representatives S: Virginia plan called for a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. Also the houses of Congress would jointly name the president and federal judges. But smaller states didn't like the Virginia plan, they supported the New Jersey plan. The main difficulty in drafting the constitution was achieving a balance between the needs of large and small states. So they had to compromise.

1492

D: The year that Columbus sailed the ocean and discovered the New World S: Before Columbus discovered the New World, however, there were events that happened first. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married and combined their territories. They set the Spanish Reconquista in action. Spain had believed that it happened because god made it happened, so they had this mentality that Christianity was superior. In that mindset, they banished the Jew who didn't convert. Then the king and queen funded Columbus.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Declaration of Independence (1776) D: The document making the colonies independent from Britain that Thomas Jefferson was assigned to pen the draft. Language was approved on July 2nd but the signing was July 4th. S: There was a sense of change between all people, this change became independence. Declared they were independent for a couple of reasons: a good government needs consensus, and had moved from blaming parliament to start blaming the King.

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Dred Scott Decision (1857) D: The Dred Scott Decision was the result that came from the court case of Scott vs. Sanford. Dred Scott was a slave whose owner (Sanford) took him to Illinois and Wisconsin, two free states where slavery is illegal, so Scott sued in the courts for freedom. The courts came to the decision that slaves could not sue for their freedom, that slaves are not citizens of the United States, and it disbanded the border created by the Missouri Compromise. S: Themes it followed: -Continuity of slavery- the slaves were not able to legally gain freedom so the decision did not help them become free. -Property rights- the slaves were considered property and were no longer given the rights that citizens did under the constitution -Violence- since the line from the Missouri Compromise was gone, it allowed slave traders to go to the free and slave states to capture slaves -Geographic division- this decision also stratified the North and South even more leading to more tensions between the regions

Early Colonies

Early Settlements- Colony Types D: The different styles of colonies like proprietary, land grants from the British government to individuals for political or financial favors; royal, governed by the crown; and self-governing, king grants a charter to a joint-stock company that the company governs separate from the crown. S: This is significant because no matter what type of colony a colonist chose, they would still be under the control of Europe. If they chose had land given to them they would still have to do tasks for the government. If they were in a royal colony, the government is the same as it is Europe, it would be as if they never left Europe. And even a self-governing colony has its limits. The king could revoke a charter at anytime and turn it into a royal colony. Roanoke D: The first English royal colony S: This is significant because it was the first English settlement, but it didn't last. Sir Walter Raleigh gained the royal charter located on an island off the coast of North Carolina. But not long after, the Native American tribes raided the settlement. Along with the help of disease, Roanoke was abandoned. Jamestown D: A self-governing colony in Virginia that was a business venture, originally inhabited by 105 men S: Jamestown is significant because of the lack of leadership caused its demise. Due to the goal of every man to get rich, they didn't focus on agriculture as well. So within the first year, more than half of the population died of malnourishment and starvation. Within 2 years only 38 men survived. One of the survivors John Smith, led the colony and made sure it had food and shelter, also he made rules to control sanitation and hygiene. But, Smith got injured and went back to England, and the colony then collapsed with 400 of the 500 population dying. Soon after, the relations with the Native Americans was lost and the first Anglo-Powhatan War occured. Plymouth Plantation (1620) D: 102 Separatists sailed in the Mayflower setting up a colony in the the new world, with a patent for the settlement from the Virginia Company of London S: This is first significant because the Pilgrims left England because of religious freedom. In order escape religious persecution, so they went to the Netherlands. But found that the new world would be an even better escape. Another reason this is significant is because even though the English government didn't want them in England, they still governed the Pilgrim's society for a while. England did this by getting the Pilgrims to agree to send lumber, fish, and fur back to England for seven years before they could actually own the land from England. A third reason of significance for the Pilgrims is the how the geography killed many of the colonists. When the harsh winter came, nearly half of the population had died. The rest survived by the aid of the local native americans, who also taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn. After the first year, Plymouth prospered and expanded into Cape Cod and the southeastern part of modern Massachusetts Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) D: A deal made with the English government and Puritans, granted the Puritans land north of the Plymouth Plantation as long as Puritans had their own power. S: This is significant because of the strong opinion toward religion. Instead of trade like other societies, religion was emphasized. The leader of the colony, John Winthrop, made sure to influence this theme of the colony being a beacon of religious righteousness through his statement of it being "a city upon a hill." Like other colonies, this one struggled through the first winter, but it thrived after. The Carolinas (1629/1630) D: Land founded by wealthy plantation owners from Barbados S: This is significant because of the violent system of the of government they had. Since there were lots of deers in the Carolinas, they made it a useful trade item. Twenty deerskin could be traded for a gun, and a gun for a slave. They also convinced Indian allies to turn against other Indians. But those Indians that were convinced, were also turned on by the colonists to pay back debts to Europe by capturing them and turning them into slaves. Additionally, in order to kill Indians, the colonists would hold the Indian's hands out and slit their throats. Another significance is that they had cash crops: rice and indigo. There was 500k lbs of indigo exported by 1760 New Netherlands/New York (1614/1664) D: The territory that the Dutch colonized S: This is first significant because of the economy. Since there was religious toleration with the Dutch that meant there was multiple economic opportunities. This caused New Amsterdam to grow slower. The irony of the tolerance, is that they treated the Indians poorly. Another significance is that New Amsterdam then became New York. This is the result of Charles II going into war with the Dutch and winning. He gave the land to his brother, Duke of York, so it was renamed New York. Georgia (1732) D: Land founded with the help of James Oglethorpe and funded by British taxpayers S: This is significant because of the moral belief of hard work in the colony. Oglethorpe wanted Georgia to be a place for the poor English to help develop themselves and the colony through labor. Which also meant that they didn't have slaves because it promoted laziness.

Election of 1860

Election of 1860 D: Abraham Lincoln was candidate of the new found Republican party versus Alexander Stevens of the Democratic party. S: The republican party had the same values as the abolitionists. But it was not completely accurate to call Lincoln an abolitionist. In his youth he felt slavery was morally wrong, then has he grew he understood the economic flaw that came from it. However, he still felt that black Americans were still inferior. It would be accurate to assume that Lincoln's view on slavery was that it should gradually die out, this was because of his view that no new slave states should be added to the Union. And because of this, the election of 1860 was the ultimate fracture regarding union between states regarding the issue of slavery. It was the most hotly contested election in American History. Southerners threatened to secede from the union if Abraham Lincoln was elected.

Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation (1863) D: Thousands of slave fled to join the invading northern armies lincoln was convinced that abolition had become a sound military strategy, and more and more, as the morally correct path. He issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation, declaring that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in the rebellious states "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." S: This was a victory for abolitionists and black americans. While the Emancipation Proclamation did not free any slaves, it was an important turning point in the war. It transformed the fight to preserve the nation into a battle for human freedom. In the final proclamation, it committed the government and armed forces of the United States to liberate the slaves in rebel states "as an act of justice, warranted by the constitution, upon military necessity." The proclamation exempted the border slaves states that remained in the Union, and all or parts of three Confederate states controlled by the Union army n the grounds that these areas were not in rebellion against the United States. Lincoln had tried earlier tried to persuade the border states to accept gradual emancipation, with compensation to slave owners from the federal government, but they had refused. Following the war and proclamation, was the authorization of the recruitment of freed slaves and free blacks as a union soldiers.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Federalists Vs. Anti-Federalists D: The Federalists were pro-constitution and believed in a national government, whereas the Anti-Federalists were pro-Bill of Rights and wanted everyone to be independent S: Because of this conflict it led to another divide in ideas such as the previous Loyalist versus Patriot scenario. They often argued about one of the clauses in the constitution on what was "necessary and proper" for the betterment of the country. But the ideals of the Federalist views are still present today within our Federal Government.

Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter (1861) D: It was a Union Fort, located in Charleston, South Carolina. Jefferson Davis was pushing for war and commanded General Beauregard to surround the fort. S: The Confederate troops cut of the forts food supply and the Union soldiers were starving. The Confederate troops then started firing upon the fort with cannons. This was an official wage of war, and the first outbreak of the Civil War.

Free Soil Party and Kansas-Nebraska Act

Free Soil Party: -Was a short-lived political party in the United States active 1848-1852, particularly around the Election of 1848 -A single-issue party whose main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories and was largely absorbed by the Republican Party in 1854 -Opposed the extension of slavery into new territories Came to a head in Kansas-Nebraska Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) D: The Kansas-Nebraska Act overturned the Missouri Compromise's use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory. It used the principle of popular sovereignty, it decreed that the residents would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. S: This caused many efforts from other places to influence them to vote for a specific side. The extremity of the topic of slave or free state would cause tension within the state itself. And eventually the combination of strong opinions from both within the state and out of it would cause violence.

French and Indian War Reasons for, start and theaters

French and Indian War (1754-1763) Causes and Start D: The war between the French and British colonists. S: This is significant because one of the reasons that lead to the war was because of the British colonists going west to colonize which continued to build off of the idea that unworked land is a sin. So in response, the French built forts on the Ohio river to yield the colonists' movements. The initial event that started the war was because of George Washington, who at the time was a young lieutenant. He lead a small militia and took over Fort Necessity. When more French reinforcements arrived, he surrendered.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 D: Slaves would tend to runway to free states to become free. This was a law stating that runaway slaves, as the property of owners, had to be returned to owners. S: It was hugely controversial, it wrapped up property rights with the issue of freedom and self determination for black Americans. And more free black Americans were captured and placed into slavery due to this law. Many free states refused to honor this act because the votes of the slave states overruled their power in congress.

House of Burgesses

General assembly created by the people (colonists), in search for a better government S: This is significant because it was the first representative government in the New World, but had it's limits. The Virginia company had the power to overrule it's actions. It's also significant because this same year, slaves came to Jamestown. They were first indentured servants, but eventually became bought and sold as slaves. (get more in depth with it)

The Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution/English Declaration of Rights (1689) D: The replacement of James II for James I's daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. Also the establishment of a document that described how England was going to be run. S: This revolution is significant for many reasons, mainly because it was because no one was killed. James II was Catholic in a current protestant power, he also had a temper, so the people peacefully removed him from power. After this, monarchs no longer had to call to parliament. This lead to the creation of the English Declaration of Rights. The document contained rules: parliament has to approve creation of courts and dismissal of judges, there were no standing armies in the time of peace, the crown couldn't interfere with parliament meetings and people had the right to petition. This also lead to what the American ideals would be.

Hamiltonian Plan Overview Assumption (1790) First Bank of the United States (1790)

Hamiltonian Plan Overview Assumption (1790) First Bank of the United States (1790) D: These were the results of the U.S. having to pay back loans to Spain, Netherlands, and France. The Hamiltonian Plan was very federalist, it would create a report of public credit, create a report on the bank and establish the bank, create a report on manufacturers and on the mint. In the assumption, Hamilton announced that the Federal Government would assume all debt. The purpose of the first bank of the United States, was to make the Fed Gov. centrally powerful & build up the domestic and international economy. S: Since Hamiltonian Plan was favored by the federalists, it was also highly neglected by the anti-federalists. This would cause their views to separate more. The assumption was very controversial for Virginia. Since Virginia had already contributed to the debt before, they didn't want to pay again. So as a compromise, Virginia received the capital of the U.S. That's why it's the capital today. Hamilton created the first bank because he understood that a national bank is needed to maintain a country. But this meant that all the wealth in the country concentrated in a very few hands. Jefferson didn't like the idea of the bank and cited the constitution and said provisions for "the 'necessary & proper' functioning of the international government" did not mean a federal bank. Other people thought the people involved with the bank will be tyrants.

Harper's Fairy (1859)

Harper's Fairy, VA (1859) D: John Brown felt that the only reason there was not a successful slave revolt was because they did not have weapons. In an attempt to start a rebellion, he and his sons went to the federal arms and ammunition depot Harper Fairy. He killed many people to steal the supplies. S: John Brown had not accounted on the slaves response. The slaves did not rally like he had expected. As a result he he was put on trial and sentenced to death for killing people and attempting to start a rebellion. This lead to even more violence and an increased tension in America.

Imperialism/Colonialism

Imperialism D: The creation of unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often an empire, based on domination and subordination S: Imperialism changed the way of how the americas would've developed. The domination from European countries forced the natives to disregard all of their beliefs and lifestyles and submit and develop their own society to match that of the European society. Colonialism D: The establishment of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. An unequal relationship is present between the colonists and the colonies S: These relationships were bad for the civilizations. The colonists controlled the subordinates with brutality. Their justification for this was a belief that they were morally obligated.

Jean-Jacque Rousseau,Voltaire, and Montesquieu Key Ideas

Jean-Jacque Rousseau,Voltaire, and Montesquieu Key Ideas D: Jean-Jacque Rousseau, Voltaire and Montesquieu were all enlightenment thinkers. S: Rousseau believed all men are completely equal and should follow laws that are made by their own people and to have a democratic. Voltaire accepted all religions. And Montesquieu argued for the separation of powers creating three different branches of government: legislative, judicial and executive. All of their ideas are traits that our government today withhold.

Key Abolitionists

Key Abolitionists D: Some of the key abolitionists were Harriet Tubman, Absalom Jones, Richard Allen, Elijah Lovejoy, Grimke Sisters, Donald Walker, Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, and Arthur Tappan. S: Harriet Tubman was a runaway slave who escaped to the North and then worked very hard to free others along the underground railroad. She made 19 trips to the South and freed over 300 slaves. Absalom Jones co-founded the Free African Society with the help of Richard Allen. It was first conceived as a nondenominational mutual aid society, to help newly freed slaves in Philadelphia. He wanted to establish a black congregation independent of white control. In 1792 they founded the first African Church in Philadelphia. It was also a hub of abolitionists to organize ways to free black americans. This was a big deal because Black Americans could leave the white churches. The church opened its doors on July 17, 1794, as the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas. Jones was ordained as a priest. He was well-known orator and helped establish the tradition of anti-slavery sermons on New Year's Day. Richard Allen was also a black minister, educator, writer and founder in 1816 of the AME, the first independent black denomination in the United States. He at first supported the "Back to Africa" movement and a plan for emigration to Haiti. After Haiti achieve independence in 1804, its government had appealed to American blacks to immigrate there. In the face of strong opposition by Philadelphia's black community, Allen dropped the ideas of emigration. Elijah Lovejoy ran the paper, the Saint Louis Observer. In 1836 he reported the unlawful lynching of a black man (Francis Macintosh) with the permission of a judge (Judge Luke Lawless) and Lovejoy's paper was burned down. The Grimke Sisters were abolitionists who published first hand accounts of slavery. DOnald Walker was an African American abolitionist born free, however he worked to better the lives of all African Americans, free or slave. His education allowed him to learn about the oppression being put on African Americans. Frederick Douglass was a runaway slave who became the most famous African American abolitionists. He published his biography with his experiences about being a slave. He also worked to change laws and show the northerners who were oblivious how bad slavery was. Sojourner Truth was born a slave in NY, the NY outlawed slavery. She was a domestic servant who began preaching against slavery through equality under god. Arthur Tappan was a leader in anti-slavery movement, and a leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Lexington and Concord, 1775

Lexington & Concord (1775) D: 70 Lexington militiamen came from Buckman Tavern. 40 to 100 people watched, British officer supposedly said "lay down your arms, you damned rebels." Head of militia told his men to leave, some left, some didn't and none put arms down. Both sides ordered to put arms, but a shot was fired by an unknown source. S: Often said to be the start of the American Revolution, and it's called "the shot heard the world over." After the situation in Lexington, British officers felt that they needed to take away the militia's weapons in Concord. The 250 militiamen were on their way out of Concord and saw the 700 British regulars and turned back. They eventually battle each other at the Concord Bridge where the militia won.

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln the Person D: Born in a "log cabin" in Kentucky, as a child, he and his family struggled with poverty. Despite this, he was a well read young man based on the encouragement of his mother. His family moved to Illinois, where he grew to adulthood. His early career was one of hard labor, an in particular, worked as a wood cutter. Eventually, he began to work in shops and as a postmaster. He was elected as a Captain during the Black Hawk War, after Lincoln began his career in politics as a member of the Whig Party. In 1844, Lincoln began to practice law, where many of his political views became solidified through the study of law. Though a lawyer, he still continued to participate in politics as he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1847-1849. The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision began to encourage Lincoln's antipathy towards slavery on moral grounds. In 1857, he ran for U.S. senator on an anti-slavery platform in Illinois, focusing on the addition of Kansas to the Union. In his nomination acceptance speech, he criticized Douglas, the Supreme Court, and President Buchanan for promoting slavery and this is where his famous line, "a house divided cannot stand," came from. S: His upbringing and his path towards his presidency it what established his views and actions that occurred while he was in office. When he started his political career as a member of the Whig Party, it was the time Lincoln came to regard slavery as an economic barrier that actually harmed the economic prosperity of the nation as whole. This was because the slaves only work to keep their life and produce cheap products. Whereas a free man would do the labor because he wants to. The Kansas-Nebraska Act only strengthened that feeling for Lincoln.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Louisiana Purchase (1803) D: Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana territory sold by Napoleon at a good deal. S: Even though the land had lots of resources that satisfied Jefferson's ideal nation of owning land for farming, the purchase gave Jefferson a lot of backlash. Before, Jefferson criticized the bank because it would promote tyranny. After making the purchase he was seen as a hypocrite because he used the bank to make a purchase and this was a sign of tyranny.

Marbury Vs. Madison & Judicial Review (1803)

Marbury Vs. Madison & Judicial Review (1803) D: Before the end of Adams term in the last few minutes, he appointed a large number of Supreme Court judges who held his same beliefs and not that of Jefferson and Madison. He also appointed William Marbury and left the paperwork out but Madison refused to honor appointment. So the case went to the Supreme Court S: This trial tested the powers the judicial branch had over the executive branch. The judicial branch (Supreme Court) didn't have the power to order the executive branch (president) to do anything. But this did establish that the judicial branch can confirm what is and is not constitutional.

Mayflower Compact

Mayflower Compact D: Document establishing Plymouth as a civil body. S: This is significant because this was the first true self-government in America. It was also created because they had no right to the land there. (way more in depth)

Motives for colonization

Motives for Colonization- Economic D: The economic reasons for Europeans to colonize. S: English naval officer, Sir Francis Drake, said the motives "were to plant Christian religion, to trafficke (trade), to conquer." This is significant because in planting the Christian religion there was lots of conflict between natives and colonists on accepting the religion. Trade introduced new ideas, crops, and trade routes. And conquering lead to lots of deaths, the enslavement of natives, and the natives being forced to inherit the European culture. Motives for Colonization- Need for Opportunity D: How the desire for opportunity led to colonization. S: This is significant because colonization was the result of a couple of events that happened in Europe. In England, large estates started enclosing their land and kicking the tenants off. This created a large population of 15 million "sturdy poor." Colonization was the solution to this problem and gave colonists access to new profits. Also when Great Britain was created, the Scots were relocated to Ireland to make them more pacified. Ireland was a poor country and the Scots-Irish intermarriage didn't work well, so 100k immigrated to colonize America. Motives for Colonization- Moral/Ethical Responsibility/Rights D: How it was "required" by the Christian religion for unworked land to be used. S: This is significant because of how much of an influence religion had on persuading people to colonize. In the Vacuum Domicilium, it was argued that unworked land was open to being taken over to be worked. And that it was a sin to not work it. Motives for Colonization- Religion D: Why religion was a big drive for people to leave Europe and settle in the new world S: This is significant because of the different groups that wanted religious freedom found a solution in colonization. Instead of being forced to interpret God through a priest, the common people wanted to have the bible made in their own language to interpret, but it wasn't granted, so colonization was the answer. Protestants believed that untended land had to be worked, so they "had" to expand west to the empty lands. And the multiple changes in monarchs with their different beliefs, and the change of tolerance of other religions made colonization a solution for the people who were outcasted from the populus.

Native American Policies: Patterns

Native American Policies and Patterns D: America wanted to push westward but that involved coming in contact with Native American territory, so they developed policies on the interactions. The two types of policies are overt and covert. The overt policies were the governments public stances like the Northwest Ordinance of 1789. The covert stances were the ones that were more secretive like Jackson's land speculation. The many patterns that would appear in these interactions would be ethnocentrism, dislocation, use of violence, broken agreements, and pretext to justify westward expansion. And in order to solve the "Indian problem," Americans chose the options of assimilation, eradication, or relocation. S: All of the motives for disturbing laws and a civilization was for the benefit of receiving land and resources. This would continue to anger the Native Americans and cause revolts against the actions by the colonists. These methods of gaining land would almost never end in a full agreement between the two parties.

New Social Awareness: Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

New Social Awareness: Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) D: An abolitionist women Harriet Beecher Stowe, wrote a fictional story of Uncle Tom, who was a "very good slave" and still suffered multiple times under bad masters. It was popular and sold 300k copies in the first month. S: This book made a lot of white people start to question slavery. More people with less direct contact with slavery in the free states began to question the institution. Stowe connected to religion to back up her claims. And after she met Lincoln, he had told her about how influential and how controversial this book was around the nation.

Nullification Crisis

Nullification Crisis of 1828 & Jackson's Response D: Congress legally passed two tariffs that were harmful to the South. It was a huge tariff on English textile shipped to America to protect MA textile industry, which caused the English to craft a tariff on imported cotton from the South, hurting the south's economy. The South considered it Yankee oppression and resulted in agitation for nullification. South Carolina led the nullification change. Specifically, Calhoun came up with nullification arguments a tariff response. He pushed towards the idea that if the law wasn't nullified, the affected states would leave the Union. Jackson was pro-state rights, but was not going to allow the union to split under his watch and made his point clear to Calhoun. Jackson ordered Federal officials to report to forts so they were not kidnapped by the South Carolinians, also he ordered harbor ships to enforce the tariffs. But Jackson was also sympathetic and called for congress to reduce the tariffs. However, he said he'd lead an army if the south did not back down. South Carolina ended their refute but their ideas of secession remained relevant. S: The nullification crisis was an example of tension caused by sectionalism. The first part was regional economic differences between the north and south. The north set tariffs that would benefit them, but knowingly knew the repercussions that would harm the south. Later on in the crisis the situation then became a matter of state rights versus Federal government rights. Calhoun, of South Carolina, felt they had the power to nullify the tariffs placed on them which would give them power over the Federal government. The Federal government felt that the states would have to follow the tariffs placed otherwise there would be no use in the Federal government at all. Jackson's role in the crisis was vital as well. He knew the tariffs were slightly high so he reduced them but did not eliminate them. This was significant because it illustrates how the tariffs were constitutional and beneficial for the nation along with how they were a little unfair. And after the end of the crisis, the idea of nullification and secession was a set precedent for the future Civil war.

Secession and Civil War

Secession (1860) D: As soon as Lincoln was elected, Southern states began to withdraw from the union. The first to leave was South Carolina, then Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee. S: Southerners were convinced that he was going to end slavery for them. 23 states remained within the Union withholding 23 million people. These 11 states became confederate and they all held 5.5 million people. Even though the Union had superior numbers, they kept losing battles initially because the Confederate generals were better.

Results of Contact

Result of Contact- Economic & Trade D: The economic and trade aspect resulting from Spain and Portugal making contact with other countries. S: This was significant for many reasons. First off, new trade routes were created. Along with the new world realigning with economic power in Europe. And many countries were looking for wealth. Despite Spain's accumulation of 181 tons of gold & 16k tons of silver, much of the wealth didn't stay in Spain. This helped other European countries colonize the new world. But with all the wealth coming into Europe there was a big separation in classes. And due to inflation, silver declined and poverty increased. This change in society caused other countries to turn to the diversification of the economies, exploring new technologies, industrialization, and more. Result of Contact- Disease and Ethnogenesis D: How Spain and Portugal affected the new world through disease and ethnogenesis S: This was significant because it was a double-edged sword for the Europeans. When the Europeans wanted to conquer the natives, they had the help of the diseases they unknowingly brought over with them. This killed 25M to 2.5M natives in Mexico in 50 years, and all the native people in Hispaniola and Cuba. But in turn, syphilis was likely gained by the Spanish in the new world and brought back to Europe, killing about 100k people. Result of Contact- Intellectual D: How contact with the New World changed people's view of the knowledge they had before S: This result is important because people started to question what they thought was true. Since the bible didn't mention anything about the New World, people began to rethink their views of its reliability. The curiosity of the Europeans led to the construction of the new disciplines of zoology and botany. And this examination of the natural world brought them upon new luxury crops and the creation of coffee houses. Result of Contact- Food Production and Population D: How old world was affected due to the discovery of new crops. S: These new crops had a big impact on the lives of the old world. Lower yield crops were replaced with higher yield crops that were often times more healthy. These crops also contained more calories, which at the time was needed for Europeans. Since food production improved, the population increased. Lastly, food production allowed Europe to recover from the Black Death devastation.

Results of the French and Indian War

Results of French and Indian War D: How the French and Indian War influenced many things. S: The biggest reason the French and Indian War was significant is because there would be no American Revolution without it. Other significant results include: colonial soldiers experiencing British command style, the British were perceive as tyrants, the French were eliminated so there was no more of a need for the colonists and British to be allies, the Proclamation of 1763, the fear for professional armies, debt, military experience for the colonials and another key part, the start of intercolonial communications. French and Indian War (1754-1763) Colonial Disunity D: The further disconnection between the colonists and their British allies. S: This is significant because of the colonists attitude after the war. The colonists never supported the British in the expenses of the war. And southerners felt like the war wasn't even theirs to fight, even though the colonists started it. It wasn't until William Pitt, a leading British statesman, offered to pay for colonial legislatures' expenses, they wouldn't fully support the war. Another significant part of this topic is that even though the British and French were enemies, some colonists would still send the French food and guns.

Seven Days Battle

Seven Days Battle (1862) D: Took place at the Confederate capital of Richmond. McClellan was convinced that if he could strike a blow there, then he would win. The Union had 100k troops, the Confederate had 60k. S: The Confederates did a lot of reconnaissance. It revealed the Union flank was vulnerable. So, Lee threw all his forces against that flank, this was the strategy of breaking the concentration of their forces. This granted the Confederates a win. The Union withdrew and the Southern's morale increased.

Slaves and Revolution/Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

Slaves and Revolution D: Slaves had the opportunity to choose to be patriots or loyalists. S: This choice was complicated because it dealt with if they were going to stay slaves or possibly become free. Lord Dunmore created a proclamation that offered slaves, along with indentured servants, to be free if they fight for the British. This also affected the white southerner colonists who owned slaves. They quickly lost respect for the British because the proclamation would fuel a rebellion from their slaves.

Stamp Act

Stamp Act (1765) D: Tax on all official documents which existed in England. S: This is significant because of the protests that came with the act. Before the Stamp Act was enacted, colonial delegates were sent to England to protest. They said it was a violation of colonists right to tax slaves. After the Stamp Act was placed, the famous saying "taxation without representation" came into play. This is because there was no English citizens that sat in the House of Commons which meant there was no representations. It was also protested that Britain shouldn't be able to create internal taxes, but external taxes were "supposedly fine." In response to the Stamp Act also, the VA Stamp Act resolves was a protest printed in the newspaper.

Stamp Act Congress

Stamp Act Congress (1765) D: Colonists met and sent an official protest to the King. They passed 13 resolutions to present to him. S: This is significant because it was a time the English Declaration of Rights allowed a proper petition. The official presented a claim that only local legislature could tax or pass such measures in the colonies. The meeting was the first of its kind, and a good outlook of it was that the colonies made connections with each other finally. (go more in depth)

Stockbridge Indians

Stockbridge Indians D: The Stockbridge Indians originally settled in the Houston River Valley. After 1680, many moved to Stockbridge, MA. Many converted to Christianity, while keeping certain traditions of their own. They fought on the side of the American colonists in both the French and Indian War and the American War. Eventually, they were still pushed off land. S: This interaction followed a couple of the patterns resulting from American and Native American conflicts. The Americans had been merged with the Stockbridge Indians for a long time. The Stockbridge Indians attempted to assimilate to the white American culture and values. However, they were still relocated to territory westward.

Sugar Act of 1764

Sugar Act (1764) D: The actual enforcement of tax on sugar even though it went from 6-3 pence per gallon. S: This is significant because it increased the Navy's power to enforce ship inspection. Although there was no jury, it assigned cases to the admiralty courts. (more in depth)

Tea Act (1773)

Tea Act (1773) D: Tea had a price reduction, but sold directly to certain agents. S: This was the first time the colonists could actually protest due to their freedom being attacked. Since the British made it so they had to go to one middleman to purchase tea instead of having the ability to go to multiple vendors, this cut their freedom and lead to protests. Boycotts of tea continued and coffee was used as a replacement. Colonists also didn't want the import of tea to happen, so 5k people went to the ports to stop ships from bringing the tea in. Since the ships were still there, at night between 6:00-9:00 pm, 30-60 people went aboard the ships and dumped all the tea into the shore. During these 3 hours, 2k people watched. (more in depth)

Technology during the Civil War

Technology: Rifles D: There were no more basic muskets that took so long to reload. Now there were rifles. They were more accurate at 400 yards and could shoot a thousand. The reload time was much faster. S: The ability to produce a mass amount of guns was born. Since the reload time was faster, if the opposing force tried to charge the side with the rifles, then they would mowed down. This all increased the death toll because the ability to kill people rapidly had escalated. Technology: Ironclad War-ships, submarines, and the Railroad D: The ironclad warships patrolled waters and the Union used to blockade Confederate Ports. The Submarines were metal tubes that were 40 feet long, 4 feet across, and held an 8-man crew. The railroad had 22,000 miles of railroad track in the north and 9,000 miles in the south. S: The ironclad warships prevented the South from exporting and importing products to survive. In response to the warships, the Confederates developed submarines to destroy the warships. The Union had an advantage with the railroad to bring in more people and supplies to fight and survive. Technology: The Telegraph and a Communication Revolution D: The invention of the telegraph, a device used to send instant messages, changed the way society could communicate with each other and how the Civil War turned out. S: Lincoln took advantage of the invention during the Civil War. He had a whole room of telegraph operators who were receiving and sending reports to the battlefield. Lincoln could now send real time battle strategies to help the troops. The Confederate army did not have this technology and lacked the advantage.

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

The 13th Amendment (1864) D: Before the end of the war, in 1864, an amendment abolishing slavery passed the U.S. Senate but died in the House as Democrats rallied in the name of states' rights. The election of 1864 brought Lincoln back to the White House along with significant Republican majorities in both houses. Still it was a tough fight, both within the Republican Party as well as with the Democrats. The amendment passed 119 to 56, seven votes above the necessary two-thirds majority. S: With the passage of the amendment, the institution that had indelibly shaped american history was eradicated. This meant the use of slaves for labor to produce cotton had ended, and some plantation owners had then lost money. In some cases however, the slaves had known nothing but life on the plantation so some stayed. Reconstruction D: Following the death of president Lincoln and the end of the Civil War, the United States was in an odd place. The task then was to recombine the North and the South. After, was the addition of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendment. S: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Construction declared that all person born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans. The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizens race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Abolition Movement Overview

The Abolition Movement Overview D: The Abolition Movement was a critique of and movement to end slavery. It consisted of men and women, black and white. During the 1800s, about 300k people were in the movement. S: There was strong dislike towards the abolitionists in the North and the South. Claims made by both sides whether it was for or against slavery was often backed by religions/spiritual reasoning. Abolitionists were considered to be zealots and dangerous anarchists. But despite the claims made against them and not being a leading majority in society, they were still very organized and had effective spokesmen. The previous protestant group the Quakers joined the Abolitionist group, along with powerful women such as Lucretia Mott. But even within the group of Abolitionist with the same goal, there was separation. There were the Immediatists who believed slavery should be ended immediately rather than gradually. They suggested to take action rather than wait like the Gradualists, those who felt like slavery would die out, gradually over time as awareness increased. So within the Abolitionist group there was still conflict.

Articles of Confederation: Powers & Weakness Plus Examples

The Articles of Confederation (1781) Description/Powers/Weaknesses D: John Dickinson's attempt to create a unified national government brought to the Continental Congress in July 1776. The articles was voted on by state legislature and became law in 1781. S: The articles favored the rights of individual colonies (now states), instead of a strong centralized system. This took away power from the central government. It consisted of one house of a restricted congress. And due to the fear of tyranny congress had no power to tax, raise troops, regulate interstate commerce or make biding national treaties. They only had the power to request taxes from states, not demand them, and therefore could not regulate currency or raise money for the nation. Challenges to the Nation Under Articles: Finance/Economic D: Because of the war, the United States faced debt and had a problem paying for it, making them financially helpless. S: Congress attempted to place an import tax, but everytime they did, a state would reject the proposal. There was no ability for Congress to force tax because they didn't have a power to enforce the tax nor the ability to create that power. This is all due to limiting Congress' power because of the fear of tyranny. Challenges to the Nation Under Articles: Westward Expansion D: All groups from the common people to the government pushed westward into the lands granted to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris. S: Before their independence from Britain, the Colonists weren't allowed to expand west because of the Proclamation of 1783. But since America is no longer apart of Britain, the British government is no longer affected by America's actions and don't have to stop the Americans from expanding. The American state governments attempted to control this expansion with the Land Ordinance of 1785, which outlined the protocol for settlement. A second ordinance, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, forbade slavery in the territory above the Ohio River, contained a settlers' bill of rights and defined the process through which territories could become states. However, through these efforts in expansion, the government faced fierce opposition from Native Americans and Spanish along the frontier. The Spanish denied the validity of the Treaty of Paris, and closed the port of New Orleans to American Ships in 1784. Challenges to the Nation Under Articles: Maintenance of Law and Order D: Depression, inflation, and high taxes made life miserable for many Americans. So, discontent after the war got high. People were upset, angry, and protests occurred. S: The government lacked the immediate means to solve the discontent. Congress couldn't fund anything so they couldn't raise troops or establish a police force. Congress still couldn't pay any of the soldiers and lots of people were suffering from poverty after war. The population was upset and these feelings broke out in violent way. A former soldier, Daniel Shay, became a farmer and was angered by Congress' inability to pay him back so he could pay their high taxes. So he led a rebellion, now called Shay's Rebellion. The rebellion showed other Americans the inability of the central government to control revolt and impose order, and heightened an already growing sense of panic nationwide. It took the highly respected George Washington to request the rebellion to end their revolt.

The Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 D: In 1850 Texas wanted to join the Union. There was another conflict on whether it would be a slave or free state. The attempt to avoid a secession crisis, was a compromise. Henry Clay proposed an idea that each state can choose whether they were slave or free. S: It was a package of five bills, passed on September 1850, which defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. This reduced sectional conflict, but did not solve the issue.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

The Cotton Gin (1793) D: A device that removes the cotton from the seed in the middle, increasing how quickly cotton can be processed. S: This device completely shaped to trajectory of America. It was a huge financial jump for the U.S., making the nation a major competitor in the world. It increased the importation of slaves to do the task of picking cotton. This negated the belief that slaves would die out during the creation of the constitution. It also made cotton the new cash crop kicking tobacco off its pedestal. And the northern states benefited from the use of the cotton in their textile factories and from trading.

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

The Erie Canal (1817-1825) D: The project of state assemblyman De Wit Clinton, it was a 360 mile long canal from NT to the Erie Lake are. It cost $7 million to build and made $500k the first year and profit grew exponentially after. S: The canal helped the American economy and social development. It helped farmers to transport their grain at farther distances for a cheaper price. This gave farmers a new market to who they can sell their products to. Also along the canal works, towns grew. Like Rochester, NY, it became very wealthy due to being establishing near a canal.=

Colonization- The Journey and Arrival

The Journey D: The travel from Europe to the new world S: This is significant because of the high risk of dying. After making it to the new world, colonists were expected to live an average of 6 months. If a person lived through the whole year they're called "seasoned," and they would likely continue to live. This could have discouraged people from taking a chance to survive the trip and would convince them to stay. But once ships started dropping people off during the winter instead of the summer survival rates increased. This is due to wood worms being active in the winter. Also instead of drinking water, the colonist drank cider. And in order to get better water, they moved upstream instead of near dormant bodies of water where bacteria collected.

The March to Civil War: Key Themes, Political Parties and Sectionalism, The Addition of New States

The March to Civil War: Key Themes, Political Parties and Sectionalism, The Addition of New States D: The repeated themes that would come up on the way to the Civil War: racism/ethnocentrism and the continuity of slavery, states rights vs. federal rights, property rights, geographic division, sectionalism, fear of competition for resources, violence, and the controversy of whether the new states that were added are to be slave or free. The political parties were the whigs and democrats. The whigs were in the north and the democrats were in the south. S: The Whigs were in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his democratic party. They were usually pro-federal government and anti-slavery. The democratic party favored the states rights and a less powerful national government that could tell the states what to do. This would tend to surround their power to name slavery constitutional or unconstitutional. They were pro-slavery. The constant conflict between these parties was first 3/5th clause in the constitution because no party wanted the other to have more political and economic power. Then it was states rights vs federal rights because eventually the south had so much fear that Abraham Lincoln would end slavery that they seceded. It was because they had a strong feeling that the federal government did not have the power to control them. There was also an argument over sectionalism. Then there was the conflict with the Missouri compromise where congress actually took a stand on slavery and set a standard on who could be slave and free states.

Three-Fifths Clause

The Three-Fifths Clause D: The compromise to slaves being counted as people for votes. S: The compromise stated that each slave counted as three-fifths a person. It pleased the Northern states who didn't have slaves and felt the Southern states would overpower them. It also pleased the Southern states with a smaller population by counting the slaves as some of a vote.

War of 1812 Causes and Results

The War of 1812: Background, Course, and End D: The Americans were really angered about the British impressment and the attacks on the trade ships. In 1812, England was about to confirm a treaty & change the policy, but prime minister was assassinated. England signed off into law but it was too late, the U.S. declared war. S: Even though most of the Federalists did not want war, ¾ of Congress voted for war. America was also motivated to get Canada because they wanted more land. But throughout the war America was on the losing side and did not manage to achieve that goal. The battle of Chesapeake resulted in the capital being burned and Dolly Madison saving the original Constitution and Declaration of Independence, along with portrait of Washington. Because of the loses, the U.S. accepted the promise of the English to honor neutrality rights. But because of the distance between Britain and America, some people did not know the war had ended until it was too late like the Hartford convention and the battle of New Orleans.

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Key Ideas, Similarities & Dissimilarities

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Key Ideas, Similarities & Dissimilarities D: Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are both enlightenment thinkers. They share some belief and then have their differences. S: Together, they believe that the government has some role in protecting the population. Hobbes, however, feels that it's to protect the peace and stability, whereas Locke sees it as protecting the rights of life, liberty, and property. They also differed in their view towards people. Hobbes was more pessimistic and believe humans are greedy and prone to warfare, and Locke was more optimistic and felt that humans are all born equal and when they grow, most of them are good. Their idealistic government was also different because Hobbes likes a monarchy and Locke likes a democracy.

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson D: The very first secretary of state, one of the most powerful of the cabinet, and eventually one of the presidents of the United States. He was apart of the anti-federalist group. S: He had a different view than Alexander Hamilton and felt that the nation should be made up of self-sufficient farmers. This meant he wanted all to be independent and didn't want there to be a strong central government. This view was motivated by being from Virginia, a philosopher, a naturalist, and taking in enlightenment values. During the war between France and England, he established the first political party, the Democratic Republican Club. It favor France but still disagreed with their policies. During his presidency, he changed the image of his role to be less monarchical. This meant he did not ride around in a 6 horse carriage, he went to dinners informally, and worked really hard to be a symbol of democracy. Due to his purchase of the Louisiana purchase, he was reelected in 1804 by a landslide.

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

Thomas Paine D: Thomas Paine was an enlightenment thinker. S: He wrote Common Sense, a book selling 100k copies in the first month. He had an anti-monarchy and anti-heredity stance towards government. He also felt that colonists shouldn't reconcile with Britain and should plan for setting up a continental government. But the population was 50/50 on wanting and not wanting to be apart of Great-Britain.

Townshend Acts and Protests

Townshend Acts and Protests (1767) D: External Tax on glass, led, dye, & tea to pay civil office fees. People that made sure you were following law got money for catching those who broke the law. S: This is significant because it was part of the breakdown of how the views of colonies and Britain differed from their perspectives. Customs Officials were intense about caring out their duties which influenced the colonists to hate them and hate the act. Colonists became good at illegally smuggling. Also the colonists protested, although it didn't change the law. In these protests, boycotts and and agreements were made. Some of these agreements include the non-importation and non-corruption agreements which caused people to lose business (more in depth)

Union and Confederate Advantages

Union/Confederate Advantages D: The Union had advantages that stemmed from their manufacturing methods. The Confederates had advantages when it came to battle strategy. S: The Union had higher wealth, higher, population, more soldiers, and more production capacity as they could produce 32 times as many huns and shoes, 24 times as many trains and railroad cars, and 11 times as many ships than the Confederates.The Confederate had a superior defensive strategy, as well as home ground advantage which meant they knew the difficult terrain like swamps, marshes and heat that they knew how to handle, and finally they had superior military leaderships.

War Debt and Salutary Neglect

War Debt and Salutary Neglect (1607-1763) D: The debt from the French and Indian war the British had to pay that colonists started. Also the state of Anglo-American relations before the end of the French and Indian War. S: This is first significant because this is when the British get the idea of taxing the Americans to pay off debt. Second, America was politically isolated because Britain didn't have a coherent policy towards the colonies with an addition to the government focused on their own government.