US History H. Chapter 4

General Grant drove Confederates from much of western Kentucky & nearly all of Tennessee. Tried to take Vicksburg, lost a battle in SW Tennessee at Shiloh. High death rate from Shiloh horrified both N. & S. The Union navy captured the port of New Orleans days after the battle at Shiloh.

Battle at Mississippi valley

July 1861- Manassas, Virginia, outside of Washington, D.C. Known as Battle of Bull Run in the N. & Battle of Manassas in the S. Union defeat by Confed. Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Lincoln appointed a new commander McClellan. March 1862- McClellan attacked Richmond Union force was beaten by Confederate General Lee.

Battle in the east

Early 1862- Confederate force tried to drive Union forces from New Mexico. Were defeated.

Battle in the southwest

Battle in 1863 which Confederate troops were prevented from invading the North; resulted in 50,000 casualties.

Battle of Gettysburg

Lasted 3 days Considered bloodiest battle ever fought on U.S. soil Caused > 50,000 S. & N. men to be killed/wounded Turning point of Civil War

Battle of Gettysburg

Military tactic in which a navy prevents vessels from entering or leaving its enemy's ports

Blockade

Second leader of the Union army

George B. Mcclellan

Leader of the South's bloody assault on the Union-held Cemetery Ridge at Gettysburg.

George Pickett

Speech by President Lincoln where he dedicated a national cemetery at Gettysburg & reaffirmed the ideas which the Union was fighting.

Gettysburg Address

Preserve the Union Keep the 4 border states in Union, even though they allowed slavery. Crucial to winning war. Later changed to include the abolition of slavery

Goal of Lincoln's war strategy

Early 1864- Lincoln put __ in charge of entire Union military effort. Once in command of the Union forces, he followed a strategy of total war & pursued Lee relentlessly all the way to Richmond.

Grant

Captured the Mississippi state capital at Jackson. Gained control of the main rail line into Vicksburg & cut off all supplies.

Grant's strategy to take Vicksburg

1865 constitutional amendment that abolished slavery.

13th amendment

All-black regiment known for its bravery.

54th Massachusetts regiment

A Union military plan for defeating the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River

Anaconda plan

Lincoln approved US Sanitary Commission, which allowed women to oversee Union hospitals & sanitation in military facilities.

Another lasting effect of civil war

1862 Civil War battle in which 23,000 troops were killed or wounded in one day.

Antietam

Certificate bought from gov. that promises to pay back the purchase amount plus interest.

Bond

Didn't join the Confederacy, stayed in the Union.

Border states

Four states that bordered southern states and allowed slavery, but did not join the Confederacy

Border states

Nursed Civil War soldiers as part of official military effort & later founded the American Red Cross.

Clara Barton

Encouraged blockade runners Taxed farm goods Seized Union weapons, food, and supplies Issued single currency & raised tarrifs

Confederacy supplied military

Drafting men to fight in a war.

Conscription

Captured war supplies.

Contraband

Northern Democrats who opposed the war.

Copperhead

Military decree. It freed enslaved people in the states still in rebellion as of Jan. 1, 1863. Didn't apply to border states & Confederate areas already under Union military control.

Details of emancipation proclamation

The East—Manassas & Richmond, Virginia The Mississippi Valley—western Kentucky, Tennessee, & then Shiloh & the port of New Orleans The Southwest—New Mexico

Early battles of the Civil War

After Union victory at Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, Lincoln announced the ________. It made the abolition of slavery one of the specific goals of the Union.

Emancipation proclamation

Decree by President Lincoln that freed all enslaved people living in the Confederate states still in rebellion.

Emancipation proclamation

Using many forms of resistance against Confederacy refusing to work for their S. owners Running away to Union camps & working for Union, as spies or scouts.

Enslaved people to contributed war

Just ____ days after Lee's surrender, the nation was shocked when John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln.

Five

Abolitionist who urged Lincoln to abolish slavery & allow African Americans to fight for the Union.

Frederick Douglass

Both President Lincoln & President Davis suspended the right of _______during the Civil War.

Habeas corpus

Constitutional guarantee that no one can be held in prison w/o charges being filed.

Habeas corupus

Law that made western land available at low cost to those who would farm the land.

Homestead act

N. industries boomed, making clothing, war supplies & weapons. Became more mechanized. S. farmers struggled to get their crops to market. Blockade prevented delivery of needed supplies.

Impact of the War on Economy

LGC Act established state universities to teach agriculture & mechanical arts. Sectional differences never again led to states leaving Union. Economic, political, & social life of nation became more interwoven. Federal gov. played a larger role in American lives.

Impact of war on nation

Industrial boom fed by war continued & flourished, changing US into world economic force. Congress passed a tariff law protecting the northern industries.

Impact of war on north

Cities/countryside in ruins. Homes & farms in shambles. Africans in South, had to adjust to new freedom. As Reconstruction progressed, blacks learned that freedom was not always a reality in southern states. Many migrated West.

Impact of war on south

Taking high casualties, Union lost battles against Confederate Gen. Lee at Fredericksburg (December 1862) & at Chancellorsville, Virginia (May 1863). After Union army failed to defeat Lee, Lincoln appointed various commanders-in-chief. Lee chose to once again invade N. territory to demoralize the Union & force an end to the war.

In the east

Tax based on an individual's earnings .

Income tax

Occurs when prices rise.

Inflation

Assassinated President Lincoln.

John wilkes booth

Gave money from sale of public lands to states to establish universities that taught agriculture & mechanical arts.

Land grant college act

____ formally surrendered to Grant in the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865.

Lee

Union troops didn't know what to do w/ slaves who came under their control in conquered territories. Slavery was unpopular among Union's European allies.

Lincoln further pressured about slavery

Criticized by some for seizing too much authority. Won 212 of the 233 electoral votes.

Lincoln presidential election of 1864

Plan for the emancipation of enslaved African Americans. Summer of 1862- shared w/ his Cabinet who generally supported it. They decided to wait for a Union battle victory to announce plan.

Lincoln takes action

United his northern supporters & critics. Left the nation w/o a strong, steady hand guiding Union. Intensified disagreement in Union over how to reunite the nation.

Lincoln's death

Photographer who documented horrors of war with his pictures of battles.

Mathew brady

Was former Union commander. Received 45 percent of the popular vote.

McClellan presidential election of 1864

1862 law that allowed African American soldiers to serve in the Union military.

Militia act

A psychological advantage: fighting to preserve their way of life Strong military tradition: inspiring leaders such as General Robert E. Lee Strategic advantage: fighting a defensive war on familiar ground

South's strengths

Having a larger population, more factory production, and more railroads.

North's advantages

Factory production Railroad miles An established navy A representative functioning government Recognition from European nations

North's strengths

Often assigned menial tasks & longest guard duty Fought 3 years to win = pay Killed if captured by Confederate.

Prejudices faced by African troops

1000s of African Americans became Union soldiers. Nearly 2 dozen black Civil War soldiers received the Congressional Medal of Honor. Some 70,000 black Union soldiers died in Civil war battles. 54th Massachusetts Regiment recognized for its outstanding action in battle for Fort Wagner in S. Carolina.

Results of the Militia Act

Military leader from Virginia who left the Union army to command the Confederate army

Robert E Lee

Both S. & N. women did jobs men had left when went to war. Many joined their husbands in camps & did the cooking/laundry. Some served as spies.

Role of woman during civil war

Tragic 1862 Tennessee battle in which 25,000 soldiers were killed or wounded

Shiloh

military tactic which an enemy is surrounded & all supplies are cut off in an attempt to force a surrender.

Siege

New war tech. injured/killed thousands. Poor drinking water & lack of sanitation in camps meant more died of camp diseases than in battle.

Soldiers that fought

It used up its existing resources & was unable to call upon fresh troops/supplies. Failed in gaining a European ally that could supply Confederate troops.

South weakened during war because

Confederate military hero who refused to yield to the Union army at Bull Run

Stonewall Jackson

Planned a long war to erode Union's will to fight Planned only to methodically defend their own territory (didn't invade North) Sought political recognition from France & Britain to maintain cotton trade

Strategies of the Confederacy

Anaconda plan: was to blockade southern ports w/navy & gain control of Mississippi River to split the Confederacy in two

Strategies of the north

What battle in Maryland was the single bloodiest battle of the war w/more than 23,000 soldiers killed/hurt?

The Battle at Antietam

The first battle in the war occurred?

Three months after fort Sumter

Military strategy where an army attacks not only enemy troops but the economic & civilian resources that support them.

Total war

Successful Union general who eventually became the leader of the Union army

Ulysses S. Grant

President Lincoln viewed any effort to _____ the war as a grave threat to the Union.

Undermine

Collected income tax Sold bonds Passed Homestead Act to sell western land Issued single currency & raised tarrifs

Union supplied military

Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River that surrendered to Union forces in 1863 after a siege.

Vicksburg

To win the war, Union had to gain control of ______ on the Mississippi River. Was key to the North's Anaconda Plan to gain control of the river & to cut the South in 1/2.

Vicksburg

Abundant resources. Larger pop. Emergence of new military leaders. Leadership of Lincoln. Determination of African Americans to end slavery.

Why north won civil war

He also practiced the strategy of total war. He tore up railroad tracks, destroyed buildings, and vandalized private homes & forced people out of the city of Atlanta and then burned it.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union general, practiced total war as he marched through & conquered Georgia.

William Tecumseh Sherman