US History H. Chapter 4
General Grant drove Confederates from much of western Kentucky & nearly all of Tennessee. Tried to take Vicksburg, lost a battle in SW Tennessee at Shiloh. High death rate from Shiloh horrified both N. & S. The Union navy captured the port of New Orleans days after the battle at Shiloh.
Battle at Mississippi valley
July 1861- Manassas, Virginia, outside of Washington, D.C. Known as Battle of Bull Run in the N. & Battle of Manassas in the S. Union defeat by Confed. Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Lincoln appointed a new commander McClellan. March 1862- McClellan attacked Richmond Union force was beaten by Confederate General Lee.
Battle in the east
Early 1862- Confederate force tried to drive Union forces from New Mexico. Were defeated.
Battle in the southwest
Battle in 1863 which Confederate troops were prevented from invading the North; resulted in 50,000 casualties.
Battle of Gettysburg
Lasted 3 days Considered bloodiest battle ever fought on U.S. soil Caused > 50,000 S. & N. men to be killed/wounded Turning point of Civil War
Battle of Gettysburg
Military tactic in which a navy prevents vessels from entering or leaving its enemy's ports
Blockade
Second leader of the Union army
George B. Mcclellan
Leader of the South's bloody assault on the Union-held Cemetery Ridge at Gettysburg.
George Pickett
Speech by President Lincoln where he dedicated a national cemetery at Gettysburg & reaffirmed the ideas which the Union was fighting.
Gettysburg Address
Preserve the Union Keep the 4 border states in Union, even though they allowed slavery. Crucial to winning war. Later changed to include the abolition of slavery
Goal of Lincoln's war strategy
Early 1864- Lincoln put __ in charge of entire Union military effort. Once in command of the Union forces, he followed a strategy of total war & pursued Lee relentlessly all the way to Richmond.
Grant
Captured the Mississippi state capital at Jackson. Gained control of the main rail line into Vicksburg & cut off all supplies.
Grant's strategy to take Vicksburg
1865 constitutional amendment that abolished slavery.
13th amendment
All-black regiment known for its bravery.
54th Massachusetts regiment
A Union military plan for defeating the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River
Anaconda plan
Lincoln approved US Sanitary Commission, which allowed women to oversee Union hospitals & sanitation in military facilities.
Another lasting effect of civil war
1862 Civil War battle in which 23,000 troops were killed or wounded in one day.
Antietam
Certificate bought from gov. that promises to pay back the purchase amount plus interest.
Bond
Didn't join the Confederacy, stayed in the Union.
Border states
Four states that bordered southern states and allowed slavery, but did not join the Confederacy
Border states
Nursed Civil War soldiers as part of official military effort & later founded the American Red Cross.
Clara Barton
Encouraged blockade runners Taxed farm goods Seized Union weapons, food, and supplies Issued single currency & raised tarrifs
Confederacy supplied military
Drafting men to fight in a war.
Conscription
Captured war supplies.
Contraband
Northern Democrats who opposed the war.
Copperhead
Military decree. It freed enslaved people in the states still in rebellion as of Jan. 1, 1863. Didn't apply to border states & Confederate areas already under Union military control.
Details of emancipation proclamation
The East—Manassas & Richmond, Virginia The Mississippi Valley—western Kentucky, Tennessee, & then Shiloh & the port of New Orleans The Southwest—New Mexico
Early battles of the Civil War
After Union victory at Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, Lincoln announced the ________. It made the abolition of slavery one of the specific goals of the Union.
Emancipation proclamation
Decree by President Lincoln that freed all enslaved people living in the Confederate states still in rebellion.
Emancipation proclamation
Using many forms of resistance against Confederacy refusing to work for their S. owners Running away to Union camps & working for Union, as spies or scouts.
Enslaved people to contributed war
Just ____ days after Lee's surrender, the nation was shocked when John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln.
Five
Abolitionist who urged Lincoln to abolish slavery & allow African Americans to fight for the Union.
Frederick Douglass
Both President Lincoln & President Davis suspended the right of _______during the Civil War.
Habeas corpus
Constitutional guarantee that no one can be held in prison w/o charges being filed.
Habeas corupus
Law that made western land available at low cost to those who would farm the land.
Homestead act
N. industries boomed, making clothing, war supplies & weapons. Became more mechanized. S. farmers struggled to get their crops to market. Blockade prevented delivery of needed supplies.
Impact of the War on Economy
LGC Act established state universities to teach agriculture & mechanical arts. Sectional differences never again led to states leaving Union. Economic, political, & social life of nation became more interwoven. Federal gov. played a larger role in American lives.
Impact of war on nation
Industrial boom fed by war continued & flourished, changing US into world economic force. Congress passed a tariff law protecting the northern industries.
Impact of war on north
Cities/countryside in ruins. Homes & farms in shambles. Africans in South, had to adjust to new freedom. As Reconstruction progressed, blacks learned that freedom was not always a reality in southern states. Many migrated West.
Impact of war on south
Taking high casualties, Union lost battles against Confederate Gen. Lee at Fredericksburg (December 1862) & at Chancellorsville, Virginia (May 1863). After Union army failed to defeat Lee, Lincoln appointed various commanders-in-chief. Lee chose to once again invade N. territory to demoralize the Union & force an end to the war.
In the east
Tax based on an individual's earnings .
Income tax
Occurs when prices rise.
Inflation
Assassinated President Lincoln.
John wilkes booth
Gave money from sale of public lands to states to establish universities that taught agriculture & mechanical arts.
Land grant college act
____ formally surrendered to Grant in the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865.
Lee
Union troops didn't know what to do w/ slaves who came under their control in conquered territories. Slavery was unpopular among Union's European allies.
Lincoln further pressured about slavery
Criticized by some for seizing too much authority. Won 212 of the 233 electoral votes.
Lincoln presidential election of 1864
Plan for the emancipation of enslaved African Americans. Summer of 1862- shared w/ his Cabinet who generally supported it. They decided to wait for a Union battle victory to announce plan.
Lincoln takes action
United his northern supporters & critics. Left the nation w/o a strong, steady hand guiding Union. Intensified disagreement in Union over how to reunite the nation.
Lincoln's death
Photographer who documented horrors of war with his pictures of battles.
Mathew brady
Was former Union commander. Received 45 percent of the popular vote.
McClellan presidential election of 1864
1862 law that allowed African American soldiers to serve in the Union military.
Militia act
A psychological advantage: fighting to preserve their way of life Strong military tradition: inspiring leaders such as General Robert E. Lee Strategic advantage: fighting a defensive war on familiar ground
South's strengths
Having a larger population, more factory production, and more railroads.
North's advantages
Factory production Railroad miles An established navy A representative functioning government Recognition from European nations
North's strengths
Often assigned menial tasks & longest guard duty Fought 3 years to win = pay Killed if captured by Confederate.
Prejudices faced by African troops
1000s of African Americans became Union soldiers. Nearly 2 dozen black Civil War soldiers received the Congressional Medal of Honor. Some 70,000 black Union soldiers died in Civil war battles. 54th Massachusetts Regiment recognized for its outstanding action in battle for Fort Wagner in S. Carolina.
Results of the Militia Act
Military leader from Virginia who left the Union army to command the Confederate army
Robert E Lee
Both S. & N. women did jobs men had left when went to war. Many joined their husbands in camps & did the cooking/laundry. Some served as spies.
Role of woman during civil war
Tragic 1862 Tennessee battle in which 25,000 soldiers were killed or wounded
Shiloh
military tactic which an enemy is surrounded & all supplies are cut off in an attempt to force a surrender.
Siege
New war tech. injured/killed thousands. Poor drinking water & lack of sanitation in camps meant more died of camp diseases than in battle.
Soldiers that fought
It used up its existing resources & was unable to call upon fresh troops/supplies. Failed in gaining a European ally that could supply Confederate troops.
South weakened during war because
Confederate military hero who refused to yield to the Union army at Bull Run
Stonewall Jackson
Planned a long war to erode Union's will to fight Planned only to methodically defend their own territory (didn't invade North) Sought political recognition from France & Britain to maintain cotton trade
Strategies of the Confederacy
Anaconda plan: was to blockade southern ports w/navy & gain control of Mississippi River to split the Confederacy in two
Strategies of the north
What battle in Maryland was the single bloodiest battle of the war w/more than 23,000 soldiers killed/hurt?
The Battle at Antietam
The first battle in the war occurred?
Three months after fort Sumter
Military strategy where an army attacks not only enemy troops but the economic & civilian resources that support them.
Total war
Successful Union general who eventually became the leader of the Union army
Ulysses S. Grant
President Lincoln viewed any effort to _____ the war as a grave threat to the Union.
Undermine
Collected income tax Sold bonds Passed Homestead Act to sell western land Issued single currency & raised tarrifs
Union supplied military
Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River that surrendered to Union forces in 1863 after a siege.
Vicksburg
To win the war, Union had to gain control of ______ on the Mississippi River. Was key to the North's Anaconda Plan to gain control of the river & to cut the South in 1/2.
Vicksburg
Abundant resources. Larger pop. Emergence of new military leaders. Leadership of Lincoln. Determination of African Americans to end slavery.
Why north won civil war
He also practiced the strategy of total war. He tore up railroad tracks, destroyed buildings, and vandalized private homes & forced people out of the city of Atlanta and then burned it.
William Tecumseh Sherman
Union general, practiced total war as he marched through & conquered Georgia.
William Tecumseh Sherman