U.S. History I Final

Shay's Rebellion

demonstrated the weakness of the national government. an uprising of armed farmers who marched on a federal arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts, in protest against higher taxes In 1787, Daniel Shays led about 1,000 farmers in a raid on a federal arsenal in Massachusetts to protest taxes and farm foreclosures. The revolt failed, but many people saw the unrest as a sign that a stronger central government was needed.

Embargo Act and effect

Jefferson asked Congress for an embargo (a government order suspending trade, usually to force some action ), hoping a loss of American goods would change Britain's policies. The embargo failed to hurt Britain (and France), but American merchants and farmers suffered from unemployment, bankruptcy, and loss of profits. Despite the failure of the embargo, the United States expanded westward, grew economically, and reduced its debt. 1808, Embargo Act repealed Replaced with the Nonintercourse Act forbade trade only with GB and France Due to expire in 1810

Nullification and response

In 1832 South Carolina voted to nullify tariff of abomination, the state threatened to secede from the union if the federal govt used force to collect the tariffs (nullification is concept that a state could void a federal law that it deemed unconstitutional) VP calhoun expected Jackson to reject the tariff, instead jackson modified it only slightly, in protest calhoun resigned as VP to lead the nullification battle in the Senate Resolution: jackson, a democrat, normally supported southern states but he strongly rejected this challenge to his authority and to the Union, economic nationalists such as Daniel Webster rejected concept of nullification, congress passed a force bill that authorized troops to enforce collection, in a compromise congress lowered the tariff, the issues of nullification and secession were left unresolved

War on the National Bank

In 1832, Congress voted to renew the Bank's charter. Jackson vetoed the charter renewal. The "Bank War" strengthened Jackson's popularity with ordinary Americans and helped him win reelection in 1832.

Martin van Buren

Jackson's campaign manager, first secretary of state, and second vice president Ran the first modern election campaign in 1828 Won the election of 1836, only lasts four years because of the panic of 1837 and the economic conditions left by Jackson that led to disaster Painted as an ineffective, corrupt aristocrat in 1840 The Trail of Tears happens under him but is because of Jackson

Aaron Burr and treason trial

AB: New York politician who became Vice President after Hamilton urged Federalist congressmen to back Jefferson; later killed Hamilton in a duel/Aaron Burr was charged with treason for plotting to set up a separate nation on lands claimed by the United States and Spain. He was acquitted at a trial presided over by John Marshall.

Lewis and Clark's Expeditions

"Corps of Discovery" sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory Jefferson sent a "Corps of Discovery" led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the territory. The corps was tasked with learning about the climate, plants, seeds, animals, and native people. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was aided by Sacajawea, a Shoshone woman. Corps of Discovery: Translation problem Sacagawea spoke Shoshone & Hidatsa Toussaint Charbonneau spoke Hidatsa & French Private Francois Labiche (half French/half Omaha Indian) spoke French & English

Sugar Act

(1764) Britain assigned customs officers and special courts to collect taxes on sugar and prosecute smugglers. They want the colonies to buy foreign sugar, and unlike the molasses act of 1733, the colonies could not bribe officals anymore and get around paying taxes

Quartering Act

(1765) required colonists to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers. The soldiers do not feel welcome Coercive Acts increased this

Boston Massacre

(Remember the quartering Act) the 1770 shooting of 5 Boston citizens by British soldiers colonists were throwing snowballs at British soldiers (some have never been away from home) so the British soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 5 people Patriots used this Boston Massacre to incite and organize colonists. engraving by Paul Revere- propaganda- shows unarmed, innocent colonists being killed by armed British soldiers Phrase coined by sam adams John Adams defends the British soldiers in court. were acquitted

Stamp Act

1765 act by Parliament that placed a tax on all printed materials led to colonial dissent. put tax on printed materials like newspapers, books, cards and contracts (makes sailors and lawyers very angry), first act passed not regarding trade Implied they would be taxed by a parliament that they had no representatives in- no taxation without representation Creates a "firestorm up and down the continent" and leads to many protests Colonists held the Stamp Act Congress (October 1765) and boycotted British goods. (British sales 13% in 1765) Parliament repealed the Stamp Act but replaced it with the Townshend Acts (1767)

Boston Tea Party

1773 Patriot protest against British tax on tea; Patriots dumped British tea in Boston Harbor parliament repealed the Townshend acts, but kept tax on tea. Parliament gave British East India Company a deal that made its tea cheaper than any tea sold in the colonies. there's a little bit of tax, but still cheaper than tea they've been getting Parliament thinks everyone works out, colonies are thinking we dont wanna pay the tax The tax isnt paid until the tea is taken off the ship, so the colonists refused to have tea taken off company tries to unload tea, but Boston patriots dressed as Indians and dumped shipments of tea into Boston harbor this is gesture politics- it's an act people remember. it was led by Sam Adams and was a very quiet affair

First Continental Congress

1774 meeting of colonial delegates to protest the Intolerable Acts delegates from each colony except Georgia met in Carpenter's Hall in PHilly they are discussing Intolerable Acts. they hope the king will stop parliament because of this and side with the colonists, some like john adams believed that a new country was being born disbands Overall, brought colonies together

Declaration of Independence

1776 document that explained reasons for American independence from GB Jefferson drafted it, congress approved it on July 3, 1776 "we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness." And talks about how colonists have the RESPONSIBILITY to change things was organized into 5 sections- preamble (reasons), purpose of government, list of grievances against king, then actually declaring independence, then signatures (Hancock's is most famous)

Treaty of Paris

1783 peace treaty that officially ended the American Revolution and recognized American independence Negotiated by Franklin, Adams, John JAy Recognized American independence. Franklin gained lots of territory Women still didn't have political rights, loyalists became refugees, and african americans were re-enslaved

Gadsden Purchase

1853 sale of Mexican territory in Arizona and New Mexico to the United States In 1853, the United States made the Gadsden Purchase (James Gadsden, US Minister to Mexico). Territory in southern Arizona and New Mexico was purchased from Mexico as a potential route for a transcontinental railroad. The lands obtained from Mexico increased the area of the United States by a third. The land formed New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and half of Colorado.

Manifest Destiny

19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the United States was not only inevitable but a God-given right The quick victory in the Mexican-American War and the discovery of gold in California fed into the expansionists' goal of Manifest Destiny. Expansionists were saying that God wanted the US to own all of north america, an expansionist is someone who favors territorial growth

Salutary neglect

A policy in which England allowed its colonies self-rule Glorious Revolution encouraged England to adopt this colonial policy In return for self-rule, the Crown expected colonial cooperation with its economic policies and assistance in the empire's wars against France and Spain

French and Indian War

A war that pitted British and their colonial allies against the French and Indians; William Pitt convinced colonist to fight for England for pay One point of conflict was the fertile Ohio River valley. French built Fort Dunquense to keep British from moving in. Angered British. Led to Great Meadows which led to F and I War (7 Years' War fought in Europe at same time) British were doing poorly at first in America, But then, threw evicted French settlers in Nova Scotia. But suffered defeat when Braddock died, but Washington saved the army. Later, French destroyed British forts and Indians raided British settlements. Tide then shifted when British cut off French shipping to Americas. Indians switched sides and British captured Fort Duquense and seized Louisbourg. Wolfe then attacked Quebec and occupied Plains of Abraham and attacked Montcalm. Then captured Montreal and French surrendered Canada Resulted in Treaty of Paris of 1763; Increased British territory GB received almost all French land in Canada Got all French lands east of Mississippi River except New ORleans Got Florida as Spain was France's ally in war;Changed relationship between colonies and GB. British placed new taxes and regulations and colonists hated it

Alien and Sedition Acts

Alien Act Federalists believed most foreigners became Democratic- Republicans Naturalization Act Citizens took 14 years (instead of 5) Alien Act: President has power to depart any alien he thought dangerous to the nation's security In war time: Power to deport and arrest all citizens who come from an enemy nation Sedition Act Banned all forms of public expression critical of the President or Congress Heavy fine and jail term for any person found guilty of combining and conspiring to oppose the execution of the laws, or publishing false, scandalous, or malicious writings against the President, Congress, or the government of the United States Even if they are true Very vague Adams disapproved of this, but he allowed it to go through. He will be blamed Had a federalist congress so if he vetoed it they would have overturned it Only democratic- republicans were tried Viewed as an attack on Freedom of Speech, both these acts led to VA and KY resolutions

Monroe Doctrine

American nationalism reflected in this, john quincy adams wrote this message to congress as secretary of state to pres james munroe President monroe feared france or spain might retake newly independent republics in latin america Monroe warned european monarchies they had no business in the americas or colonization there and promised that the US would not involve itself in europe or european wars unless american interests were involved The US would construe any attempt at european colonization in the new world as an unfriendly act In 1823 usa incapable of enforcing monroe doctrine but in time became cornerstone of american foreign policy

Battle of Saratoga

American victory in NY (1777) that led to alliance with France British have a plan to take control of Hudson River to isolate New England. General Burgoyne, Howe, and St. Leger were supposed to meet at Albany. Burgoyne takes Fort Ticonderoga, then travels by land to reach Hudson. But militia tries to slow him down. Howe never got the message about meeting in Albany and captured Philly instead Only way to albany is through saratoga. Takes army one month to get there.gives militia time to think Under Horatio Gates, militia over 7000 strong at Freeman's farm. Arnold upset- feels overlooked Burgoyne was surprised. Orders direct attack Arnold takes charge. British surrender and entire army taken prisoner Turning point of war- get french support- money, supplies, troops, and NAVY Thanks to arnold, patriots won

Proclamation of Neutrality

Americans worried about the British and French war as most of America's imports and tariff revenue came from British goods President Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality in 1793 But Britain ignored him and began seizing American trading ships at sea Americans were outraged but powerless to respond

Second National Bank

Andrew Jackson was against this and did not renew bank charter; "BAnk war" strengthened his popularity Marshall asserted superiority of federal laws over state laws in mcculloch v maryland, state of md tried to tax branch of second natl bank, ruled that the power to tax is power to destroy and a state cannot use taxes to destroy bank created by congress, ruling broadly defined commerce and the power of congress to control it

Annapolis Meeting

Annapolis Convention, in U.S. history, regional meeting at Annapolis, Maryland, in September 1786. It was an important rallying point in the movement toward a federal convention to revise the inadequate Articles of Confederation. In 1785 Maryland and Virginia differed on the matter of rights of navigation on the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay. A meeting on the question led to a general discussion of interstate commerce. As a result, the Virginia legislature called for a convention of all the states at Annapolis on September 11, 1786. But with only five states represented, the convention decided that such questions could not be effectively dealt with unless the Articles of Confederation were revised. A report, drafted by Alexander Hamilton on September 14, proposed that a convention of all the states be held for that purpose. The recommendation was adopted by Congress, and a convention was scheduled to be held eight months later in Philadelphia, where the present federal Constitution was drafted.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

In 1798 and 1799, Madison and Jefferson attacked the Sedition Act as unconstitutional in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions They suggested that states can nullify or reject unconstitutional laws Wasn't Madison considered the "Father of the Constitution"

Battle of Tippecanoe and New Orleans

B of T: Gov. William Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnee in 1811 Treaty of Greenville not adhered to by all frontiersmen Land not always purchased from tribes (as dictated in Treaty) Resentment ran high amongst tribes 1808 Tecumseh, a Shawnee chieftain, and his brother Tenskwatawa (the Prophet, holy man) launched a reform movement New settlement, Prophet's Town, at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers Tecumseh travels to other tribes to convince them to join the reform movement Leaves The Prophet in charge Tecumseh leaves instructions: Do not fight William Henry Harrison (Governor of Indiana Territory) fears Native uprising, and decides to strike quickly 1100 men march toward Prophet's Town The Prophet delivers a fiery oratory, and tells the Natives that the white man's bullet won't kill them Disaster strikes Confederation of the eastern tribes disintegrates William Henry Harrison a hero (slogan: Tippecanoe and Tyler too!) Safety of white settlements in Indiana improved Tecumseh dies in the War of 1812 fighting for the British B of NO: American victory by Andrew Jackson routing the British in January 1815 January 1815, Andrew Jackson crushed the British in the Battle of New Orleans. The Battle of New Orleans took place after the War of 1812 had officially ended. News of a treaty had not yet arrived. Although it did not affect the outcome of the war, Andrew Jackson's victory made him a national hero

Barbary Pirates

Barbary War: action from 1801 to 1805 against Barbary pirates who demanded protection money for U.S. shipping in the Mediterranean Sea In 1805, the Barbary state of Tripoli raised their price for "protection" against pirates (Washington paid this protection). Jefferson refused to pay, sending his small navy instead. They defeated the pirates (made a deal with Tripoli. Other pirates still a problem). This Barbary War was America's first overseas victory.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Between the British and Indians to keep peace after pontiac's rebellion; restricted colonial settlers to east of the Appalachian Mountains This was issued to keep the peace. Is more of a line However, British troops were too few to restrain colonists who pushed westward. Troops burned some log cabins, but settlers rebuilt them. Boundary did not protect Indians and irritated colonists

"American System"

Clay's plan for federally sponsored internal improvements and protective tariffs to promote commerce and link all sections of the us Clay believed diff regions cld work together for the prosperity of the entire nation All regions would benefit Nationalistic economic policy

Colonization styles

Colonies in general: Royal colony: Colony belonged to king of England Governor appointed by king Proprietary colony: Colony belonged to wealthy individuals who first raised and invested money to start colony Governor was usually a powerful individual in the group that started the colony All colonies were royal colonies at some point

Olive Branch Petition

Congress made one final attempt at reconciliation in July 1775. The Olive Branch Petition (written by John Dickenson of PA) was sent to Britain reaffirming allegiance to King George, but not Parliament. The petition was rejected. (News of Bunker Hill at the same time.) Britain responded by sending more troops.

Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott - a Missouri slave who sued for his freedom Within a year of the 1856 election, another event intensified the divisions in the nation over slavery. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case of Dred Scott, an enslaved man who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his owner had taken him to a free state. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney handed down a controversial decision in March, 1857. The court ruled against Scott, saying that slaves were property and as such were not allowed to sue in court. The court further ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The Dred Scott decision pleased the South, but angered the North and abolitionists.

Founding of the 13 original colonies

English colony of Jamestown: Earliest successful english colony in north america The virginia company, a group of wealthy london merchants, founded this Early life there held both promise and challenge, because of things like fertile land and navigable rivers, but also things like swamps, disease, and hunger Natives were not always willing to help, suspicious Jamestown colonists built a fort soon after they arrived and john smith emerged as a leader It eventually began to thrive thanks to cultivation of tobacco, which rolfe helped begin Virginia: Founded by people looking for new ways to succeed financially Appointed governor and elected assembly Little religious tolerance Tried to convert Indians to a certain extent Took land from Indians English colony of Pennsylvania: Founded by William Penn and quakers seeking religious freedom; his holy experiment for political and religious freedom Had a constitution Religious tolerance Did not try to convert natives Bought land from them English colony of Plymouth: Pilgrims, the first puritan emigrants to north america, founded plymouth colony on ma bay, went to holland first then to plymouth Made mayflower compact Eventually became a part of ma bay colony Leaders included john carver, William bradford and miles standish English colony of Massachusetts: Proprietary colony founded by Puritans seeking religious freedom Elected governor (first colony to) and assembly Republic in which you had to be a male member of puritan church to vote No religious tolerance Tried to convert natives Took land from them English colony of Maryland: Only southern colony founded for religious reasons Proprietary colony founded as refuge for english catholics Owned and governed by lord baltimore Allowed slavery Tobacco was main crop English colonies of the Carolinas: Mostly tobacco and rice plantations Proprietary colonies founded by Lord's Proprietors Divided into north and south carolina Both became royal colonies (royal governor who had to cooperate w elected assemblies in both colonies) Allowed slavery English colony of Georgia: Proprietary colony founded by james oglethorpe as haven for debtors England hoped it would prevent expansion of spains florida colony Slavery not allowed Silk production from mulberry trees didnt work Settlers protested strict rules Had to work own land, no slaves Colony became royal colony Laws against slavery were abolished Least populated and prosperous of thirteen original colonies English colony of Rhode Island: Roger williams, banished because of beliefs from ma bay colony, founded providence, ri (the Lord's debris) on land he purchased from natives Williams established religious freedom and separation of church and state Every male member could vote, whether or not a member of a church New Netherlands: The dutch west indies company spurred its development Ships were sent up hudson river to trade for furs w natives Fort nassau was founded w traders and farmers, now present day albany New amsterdam founded at tip of manhattan island, now city of new york New netherlands is now new york English colony of New York: New netherlands renamed to this cuz of duke of york Duke governed it as proprietary colony English took control of the dutch colony of New Netherlands New Sweden: Dutch took control of it Before they took control, swedish and finnish farmers and traders built this small colony on lower delaware river in delaware Only 500 colonists in present day nj, pa, md Dutch governor peter stuyvesant sent warships to this colony and assumed control of the colony New Hampshire ?? New Jersey: The Duke of York designated formation of a new colony in 1664, now present-day New Jersey (between the Hudson and Delaware rivers)

Madison as Founding Father vs. Madison as President

FF: James Madison, framer of the constitution called the Father of the Constitution, already had a plan of government in mind. Favored a large republic with diverse interests to preserve the common good Favored a system where different interests would check each other's power to ensure liberty Virginia Plan: A strong federal government with power to tax, regulate commerce, and veto state laws A Senate and a House of Representatives, both based on population A strong President to command the military and manage foreign relations Federalist who favored the Constitution and helped write the Federalist Papers James Madison was assigned to create a Bill of Rights. Madison used Virginia's Bill of Rights as a model. Madison avoided any statements about equality that might offend the slave states. Madison and Jefferson attacked the Sedition Act as unconstitutional in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions. They suggested that states can "nullify" or reject unconstitutional laws. Wasn't Madison considered the "Father of the Constitution?" Pres: 1808 election, won as Thomas Jefferson's handpicked successor , was a dem rep now Nonintercourse Act due to expire in 1810 regulating trade (no trade with Great Britain or France) Macon's Bill #2 passed to take it's place Commerce open to the world President authorized, in case either Great Britain or France should withdraw its restrictions on our commerce, to cut off trade with the other power Napoleon ended his royal decrees against American trade Madison then stopped trade with Great Britain Annual message of 1815: Funds for national defense Frigates for the navy Standing army and federal control of the militia Federal aid for building roads and canals A protective tariff to encourage manufactures (Tariff of 1816) Re-establishing the national bank Federal assumption of some state debts Calhoun's Bonus Bill: John C. Calhoun, Representative from S. Carolina "internal improvements" Bill to pay for roads and canals Tie the country together Passed Congress in 1817 President James Madison vetoed the Bonus Bill His last official act as President Why would he veto? He is from VA in South and South needs this bill

Federalists vs. Antifederalists

Federalist - a person who favored ratification of the new Constitution of 1787 They stressed the weaknesses of the Articles. They argued that only the proposed Constitution could remedy these weaknesses. They were led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who, along with John Jay, published a series of essays called The Federalist. (The Federalist Papers) Pushed for fast approval of the Constitution Federalists gained the support of Massachusetts Governor John Hancock by hinting he might be picked as the first vice president. Federalists favored North, industrial, British, federal govt, loose contruction, etc. Antifederalist - a person who opposed ratification of the new Constitution They feared a loss of liberties and distrusted the absence of a bill of rights. They feared concentration of power in a distant elite, believing instead that power should remain in democratically elected state governments. Leading Antifederalists included Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry. Antifederalists included many farmers. They feared the Constitution threatened state debtor relief laws, which rescued many from foreclosure. Farmers also distrusted lawyers, merchants, and the wealthy, who were largely Federalists, and antifederalists favored french and french revolution, strict construction, and thomas jefferson

House of Burgesses

First representative body in colonial America Virginia company allowed colonists to create this male landowners could elect two leaders (burgesses) to represent their settlement. could make laws and raise taxes

John Marshall's Court

In 1801, John Marshall became Chief Justice and redefined the role of the Supreme Court. A last-minute Federalist appointee, Marshall eventually served 35 years and participated in over a thousand court decisions. Marshall wrote over half of those decisions himself, more than any other Supreme Court Justice. Marshall applied four Federalist principles to his decisions The Court's role is to determine if acts of Congress or the President are constitutional, a concept known as judicial review. Federal laws are superior to state laws. The Constitution is to be interpreted broadly based on the government's implied powers. Contracts should be strictly enforced.

Talleyrand

French foreign minister French agents X, Y, and Z asked American negotiators, Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry for money before they could see him

X, Y, Z Affair

French upset over Jay's Treaty 1778 Franco-American Treaty (France helps US, US helps France) Washington chose neutrality 1796, French begin seizing American merchant ships Democratic Republican James Monroe recalled as US Minister to France CC Pinckney, new US minister to France France liked Monroe but did not accept Pinckney Not allowed in country One thing that made Adams popular CC Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry sent to negotiate a peace with France (undeclared war) Quasi War- undeclared but going on French foreign minister, Tallyrand Agents titled X, Y, Z asked for a loan of $10 million, and a personal bribe of $250,000 just to see Tallyrand "No. no. Not a sixpence. Millions for defense not one cent for tribute." Adams became popular over this incidence (nothing else, though)

War Hawks: Clay and Calhoun

In 1811, the War Hawks took the lead in Congress. They were led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky. They denounced Britain's impressment of U.S. sailors and its support for Native Americans. They believed an invasion of Canada would stop British aid to the Indians and force Britain to respect America at sea. War Hawk: nationalistic western and southern Congressmen who urged war with Britain in 1812

Wilmot Proviso

Purchase of the Mexican Cession caused a debate over the expansion of slavery. In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso proposed a ban on slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico. The Proviso passed in the House, but failed in the Senate. Both Whigs and Democrats voted along sectional lines. The Proviso brought the issue of slavery before Congress, which had tried to avoid the topic. In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso, proposed that all lands acquired from Mexico would be free territories. It was defeated, but it brought the issue of slavery to the forefront of public debate.

Missouri Compromise

Henry clay averted a crisis with this, 1820, temporary solution to bigger problem Maine and missouri became states, first free, other slave Line was drawn across the territories, any new state south of MOs southern border would be slave, anything north would be free, issue is that a free state will not always join at same time as slave state Missouri prohibited from discriminating against black citizens of other states (wanted to keep out free blacks from other states)

Washington's Presidency

In 1789, George Washington traveled from Virginia to New York City, the nation's first capital, to be inaugurated as the first President of the United States. When Washington took office, he quickly established precedents for running the government. The new President faced many challenges. The nation was $52 million in debt. There was no navy and the army had only 400 men. Spain closed the Mississippi River in New Orleans to American trade. British troops occupied American land along the Great Lakes. Washington picked a Cabinet to head each of four executive departments in his administration. Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War: Henry Knox Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Attorney General: Edmund Randolph One of the first tasks was to set up a court system. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created 13 district and 3 circuit courts and a six-member Supreme Court. The office of Attorney General was created to prosecute legal cases for the government. John Jay was appointed as first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Federal courts serve as appeals courts The huge debt was the biggest problem facing the administration. Treasury Secretary Hamilton suggested a controversial plan. Hamilton persuaded Washington to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion. Twelve thousand militiamen were sent to deal with the rebellion, but they found no organized insurrection. Washington warned against political parties Issued a proclamation of neutrality in 1793 for british and french war Citizen genet affair and jay treaty, treaty of san lorenzo First term of office dealt primarily with domestic issues, establishing the government 1789-1793 Second term of office dealt primarily with foreign affairs 1793-1797 President Washington chose to retire in 1796. He felt that voluntary retirement after two terms would set an important precedent for the peaceful transfer of the office. In his farewell address, Washington advised successors to temper political strife in favor of national unity. In foreign affairs, he suggested Americans avoid "entangling alliances" with European powers. Washington helped the young nation survive early tests. As the first President, Washington Established the government Opened western land for settlers Kept the nation out of war Developed foreign trade Put the nation on solid financial footing

Treaty of Greenville

In 1794, General Anthony Wayne defeated Native Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The resulting Treaty of Greenville gave the United States control of Ohio

Lincoln/Douglas Debates

In 1858, in a race for the Illinois senate seat, Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln debated the issue of slavery. The seven Lincoln-Douglas debates received national attention. Lincoln and Douglas laid out their views. Lincoln: Spoke with direct and deliberate tone focusing on how slavery was a struggle between right and wrong Opposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty, and the Dred Scott decision Opposed the annexation of Texas Douglas: Had an energetic, commanding voice and spoke of the political issues Supported the Kansas- Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty Supported the annexation of Texas

"The Power to tax is the power to destroy"

In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Marshall asserted the superiority of federal law over state laws. The state of Maryland tried to tax a branch of the Second National Bank. Marshall ruled that the power to tax is the power to destroy and a state cannot use taxes to destroy a bank created by Congress. The ruling broadly defined commerce and the power of Congress to control it.

Washington's Farewell Address

In his farewell address, Washington advised successors to temper political strife in favor of national unity In foreign affairs, he suggested Americans avoid entangling alliances with European powers

John Quincy Adams and the "Corrupt Bargain"

JQA: Wrote monroe doctrine to congress as secr of state to pres james munroe Negotiated adams onis treaty Secretary of state under monroe and son of pres john adams Selected for president by House of Repr in 1824 after Clay backed him, named clay secr of state, jqa was natl republican Considered an aloof aristocrat, called for huge federal outlays for something that looked like the American System Unfortunately distrusted and would not tone down his ideals to compromise with his party JQA does not veto tariff of abominations passed in 1828 Won much of New England vote in election of 1828 but lost to jackson Election of 1824: Four candidates ran for president, natl republican john quincy adams, democratic republican william crawford, democrat andrew jackson, senator and whig henry clay Jackson received the most popular votes but no candidate won majority in electoral college In the house of representatives adams was selected after clay threw his support behind adams and when adams named clay to be secretary of state jackson angrily called it a corrupt bargain and began preparing early to defeat adams in 1828

"Kitchen Cabinet"

Jackson had a ton of people in his cabinet over time because he got rid of people He got rid of some cabinet members because their wives talked badly about his wife Has a "Kitchen Cabinet" of his friends who just come around to talk with him about what he should do (very unofficial) He brings in people he knows will do what he says He brings in people to secretary of treasury that he knows will do exactly what he says He only really trusts Van Buren

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Jefferson: Democratic republican and Favored a strict construction of the constitution Congress should be limited to the powers specifically granted by the Constitution The constitution does not give Congress power to charter a national bank, so it could not establish one Promotes farming Rural Wants states rights If it's not in the constitution, you can't do it When Jefferson becomes president, he inherits a loose construction government because it is the only way to get things done Hamilton: Federalist and Favored a loose construction of the constitution Congress has implied powers (elastic clause), and can take any actions not specifically forbidden Congress has power to make all laws that are necessary The Constitution allows congress to act for the general welfare so it could charter a bank North Promotes strong central government and views industry as most important Urban

Calhoun's Bonus Bill

John C. Calhoun, Representative from S. Carolina "internal improvements" Bill to pay for roads and canals Tie the country together Passed Congress in 1817 President James Madison vetoed the Bonus Bill even though is from South and South needs this His last official act as President

Harpers Ferry

Location of federal arsenal that John Brown tried to seize to arm a revolution against slavery Radical abolitionist John Brown believed that violence was the best way to end the evil of slavery. In 1859, Brown organized a small party of men and attacked a federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. His goal was to inspire local slaves to join a revolution that would defeat slavery. Most abolitionists (black and white) refused to join Brown, although a few sent money for guns. John Brown's raid failed in its purpose, but it intensified national division. Brown was arrested,,tried, and executed (Robert E. Lee). Although Lincoln and other Republicans condemned Brown, many northern abolitionists considered him a martyr. Southerners were outraged that a man who had planned a slave revolt was hailed as a hero.

Loose vs. Strict Interpretation

Loose construction: a broad interpretation of the Constitution relying on the implied powers of Congress, elastic clause Strict construction: a narrow interpretation of the Constitution that limits Congress's actions only to powers specifically granted by the Constitution Hamilton favored loose and Jefferson favored strict

Sectionalism

Loyalists/Patriots: British viewed Patriots as in north and Loyalists as in South Declaration of Independence: Things had to be rewirtten because of issue of slavery with South for it and North against it Alien/Sedition Acts: Federalists wanted to deport immigrants (Alien Act) or fine and jail people against the govt (Sedition Act) because most immigrants were Democratic Rebublicans, only DRs were tried in the Sedition Act, with Federalists in North and DR in South, Federalists wanted more power Whiskey Rebellion: Democratic Republicans did not believe it should be put down, did not want federal force used to repress legitimate criticism, but Federalists did put it down, this happened in PA so it represents that sectionalism can be in the west Ratification of Constitution: South was not for ratifying if anti slavery phrases were included, some refused to sign in protest When Madison wrote Bill of Rights wanted to make sure all states would ratify Madison avoided any statements about equality that might offend the slave states. Election of 1828: John Quincy Adams won NE as a National Reublican Jackson won South and Southwest as a Democrat Tariff of Abominations: North favored tariff because it promoted industry South opposed it because it hurt farmers and they pay tariffs first Missouri Compromise: In 1819, Missouri sought admission as a slave-owning state. Acceptance would upset the balance between free and slave-owning states in the U.S. Senate. A northern proposal to ban slavery as the price of Missouri's admission caused debate/also a debate over who had more power in Congress, north v south The slavery debate worried many. Thomas Jefferson likened it to a "fire-bell in the night." Henry Clay averted a crisis with the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Maine and Missouri became states at that time—one free, the other slave. A line was drawn across the territories; any new state south of Missouri's southern border would be a slave state, anything north a free state. Annexation of Texas: In 1844, expansionist James K. Polk was elected president on a promise to obtain both Oregon and Texas. In Congress, northern Democrats reluctantly agreed to annex Texas if all of Oregon was also added. South wanted Texas while North was reluctant to add it, Whigs in North also opposed war while democrats in south favored it but since whigs were minority did not speak up that much Compromise of 1850: legislation designed to avoid division between North and South The North: California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. The territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide on slavery by a vote. The South: Congress would pass a stricter Fugitive Slave Act. Slavery would be enforced in Washington, D.C., although the slave trade would end. Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, and President Millard Fillmore signed it into law. The compromise was supposed to bring calm to the nation, but many people were dissatisfied. Northerners were particularly upset by the Fugitive Slave Act. Larger crises loomed in the decade ahead. Election of 1824: Secretary of State John Quincy Adams (no party affiliation, later a National Republican) of Massachusetts was the most experienced. A congressional caucus of Democratic Republicans favored Georgian William Crawford. War hero Andrew Jackson (Democrat) of Tennessee and Senator Henry Clay (founder of the Whig party in 1833) of Kentucky were seen as Adams's greatest competition. Jackson received the most popular votes, but no candidate won a majority in the electoral college. This represents how each political party was found in certain parts of the country and people voted for each candidate accordingly Andrew Jackson's presidency: Jackson symbolized the rise of new democratic ideals uniting city workers, western settlers, and southern farmers against privileged "aristocrats." This combination came to be known as Jacksonian Democracy. North v South and West War of 1812: North, Federalists, was pro British so they did not really want to fight in war, so they only became nationalistic after war so were not seen as traitors but were still labeled as unloyal South, Democratic Republicans, wanted to fight in war. Wilmot Proviso: proposed that all lands acquired from Mexico would be free territories. It was defeated, but it brought the issue of slavery to the forefront of public debate. Purchase of the Mexican Cession caused a debate over the expansion of slavery. In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso proposed a ban on slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico. The Proviso passed in the House, but failed in the Senate. Both Whigs and Democrats voted along sectional lines. The Proviso brought the issue of slavery before Congress, which had tried to avoid the topic.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Marshall asserted superiority of federal laws over state laws in mcculloch v maryland, state of md tried to tax branch of second natl bank, ruled that the power to tax is power to destroy and a state Ucannot use taxes to destroy bank created by congress, ruling broadly defined commerce and the power of congress to control it

Marbury v. Madison

Marshall established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison In 1801, outgoing President John Adams appointed William Marbury (Federalist) to be a judge. Incoming Secretary of State James Madison (Democratic Republican) refused to give Marbury his appointment, so Marbury sued for a Writ of Mandamus, and began his case in the Supreme Court, but federal courts are appeals courts only In ruling against Marbury, Marshall also ruled that section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. Marshall's ruling gave the court more power, which was a Federalist goal. Because Madison and the Democratic Republicans won the case, he could not appeal. Marshall's decision set the precedent that the Supreme Court is the institution that determines the constitutionality of laws (judicial review).

Battle of Bunker Hill

May 1775: Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia Guns were put on Breed's Hill (originally meant for Bunker Hill) Why battle there? Overlooks Boston Harbor Americans hold the high ground 2000 British charged the Americans twice Third charge won the hill Costly Victory for the British British lost 1000 soldiers 1/8 of all British officers killed in the Revolution fell at Bunker Hill Americans defeated but a moral victory British commander William Howe made a costly mistake at Bunker Hill. To show British strength, he ordered a frontal assault. The Redcoats took the hill, but suffered heavy casualties. Patriot troops dragged cannons captured at Fort Ticonderoga to Boston to fire on the British. The Redcoats evacuated Boston in early 1776.

Whigs

Member of a political party formed in the 1830s, favored a strong federal govt, borad interpretation of constitution, protective tariffs, a natl bank, moral reform, and internal improvements Led by Webster of MA and Clay of KY Bank supporters denounced Jackson as power hungry tyrant and formed this new political party, many of jqas followers eventually became these The whigs who become president , like WHH and Tyler died off, rejected Whig policies, or were never in the office long enough to have power

Naturalization

Naturalization Act part of alien act Citizens took 14 years to become a citizen (instead of 5)

Midnight judges

Outgoing Federalist John Adams tries to increase the amount of Federalists in the judicial system 42 new positions: Justices of the Peace Appointments must be approved Signed Sealed Delivered by Secretary of State John Marshall Does the final step have to be completed for the commission to be official?

Townshend Duties

Parliament repealed the Stamp Act but replaced it with the Townshend Acts (1767) that taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea. After Boston Massacre, Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts, except for the tax on tea.

Tea Act

Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts, except for the tax on tea, and the Declaratory Act is still there Parliament gave the British East India Company, who has a monopoly on tea, a deal that made its tea cheaper than any tea sold in the colonies. This led to Boston Tea Party

Hamilton's Financial Plans - Debt, National Bank, Industries

Pay foreign debt and interest in full Result: Restore national credit Lasting Legacy: Est. US as trustworthy Federal Government assumes state debts Bring stability and stimulate economy Unified country Impose excise taxes and tariffs Pay debts and increase manu. Est. precedent of nation paying its debts Create national bank and currency Help government regulate econ and commerce; generate income through loans Federal reserve system modeled after this Hamilton's plan (specific): Buy up all the bonds Gives them a new bond issue, issued by the new government, takes the old bonds and gives them new bonds , and if these people support the government, in ten years the US should be on its feet and they'll have the money to pay off the bonds. He needs time for the country to develop economically and increase treasury. Promise to pay in ten or more years Wants wealthy investors to back the government of the US and they have to if they are holding the new bond issue because the don't want the government to tank Hamilton also proposed chartering a Bank of the United States to regulate state banks and insure business support Some worried that the states are going to lose power He hoped to replace the nation's agriculturally based economy with commerce and manufacturing He proposed a high tariff or tax on imported goods to earn revenue and encourage domestic industry He proposed an excise tax (Excise Tax of 1790) on liquor Jefferson believes that farmers are the workers of God, Hamilton vs. Jefferson, hate each other Going to build up the treasury and he'll have the money to pay back the new bonds Excise tax= more on luxurious items Congress is worried about the National bank regulating state banks and the fact that my state finished paying its debt, why should we help the other states pay off theirs, capital moved to dc because of this Hamilton saw three advantages to his financial plan: The plan would establish the nation's financial credibility The plan would gain political support from the wealthiest Americans The plan would enrich investors who would reinvest and thus create more wealth Report on Manufactures: Only report of Hamilton's not to pass Congress Made in America Loan entrepreneurs money to manufacture in America Move away from an agrarian society Jefferson totally against

Puritans and the Mayflower Compact

People who wanted to purify the Anglican church, the official and legal church of England Puritans sought religious freedom They challenged the hierarchy of the Anglican church, had strict ideas as to how people gained salvation (predestination - Calvinism), tried to purify or change the church and did not have bishops in their church structure, and did not grant religious tolerance to others Lived by values of thrift, diligence, and morality. Work hard, fulfill all your duties, separatists sought to practice these principles in their own separate churches Pilgrims: The first Puritan emigrants to New England in 1620 Puritans going from Holland (religious toleration) to Virginia Upon arriving, went too far North Puritans did not have permission to be there (not on charter) Founded Plymouth Colony on Massachusetts Bay Signed Mayflower Compact, an agreement to form a government and obey its laws They are still loyal to king, mention religion, nationalism, and the fact that no one is exempt from it, and it is an apology for going against the charter Self-government was important to them Leaders of them included William Bradford, John Carver, and Miles Standish In order to vote, had to be a male member of the church

Phase 1 vs. Phase 2 of the fighting

Phase 1: War in New England Lexington and Concord- Revere, shot heard round the world, British vs. Militia Bunker Hill- Guns on Breed's hill- overlooks harbor. Americans have high ground, british charged americans twice, third charge won the hill. Was costly for british, but still won. Howe tired to order frontal assault Ticonderoga and Dorchester Heights- got cannon from Ticonderoga w help from knox arnold and allen and put it pointing toward Boston and harbor Boston Massacre - British soldiers killed five Boston mob, used to incite and organize colonists Phase 2: War in the Middle Colonies Battle of Long Island- Howe was there. Idea was to crush rebellion. Glover helped americans escape across East river Battle of Trenton- surprise Christmas attack on Hessians Battle of Princeton- washington inflicted heavy casualties on Cornwallis here Battle of Saratoga- idea was to take hudson and isolate New England. Want 3 british leaders to meet in Albany. Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga, travels by land to reach hudson, is delayed. Militia deals with him. 7000 strong at Freeman's Farm. Burgoyne surprised, orders direct attack. Arnold takes charge. British surrender. Turning point BAttle of Yorktown- cornwallis trapped, siege. French fleet with Degrasse arrived. Cornwallis surrenders. Led to end of war Second Continental Congress - met in Philly to take control of the fighting

Jackson's prejudices, policies and the "Spoils System"

Prejudices: PREJUDICE AGAINST SLAVES: Jackson ordered General Gaines, as well as battle ships, to destroy Negro Fort because slaves were escaping to this fort and the British were aiding them in attacking the Americans. This shows how Jackson thought that the slaves were inferior and the property of Americans so they should not be allowed to oppose him. PREJUDICE AGAINST THE BRITISH: All of Jackson's family was killed during the American Revolution so he wanted to avenge their deaths. Also, a British soldier slashed Jackson's face as a child, which left him with a scar his entire life. Jackson had a prejudice against British because of these harsh incidences. PREJUDICE AGAINST THE NATIVES: Jackson wanted the natives' land, but he did not like the people themselves. An example of this was that the Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830 with help from Jackson's persuasion. This act moved the natives off their land to a different section of the country. The destruction of villages belonging to the Seminoles also happened under him as he attempted to take Florida. This shows how he believed that he was superior to the natives and could take anything belonging to them. Policies: Jacksonian Democracy - a movement toward greater popular democracy and recognition of the common people as symbolized by Andrew Jackson Jackson promised a return to a weak federal government, but he was ruthless against anyone who challenged his decisions. Most states became more democratic in the Jacksonian era. Jackson supported Southerners and Westerners over Native Americans. With Jackson's urging, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. In 1832, Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the seizure of native lands was unconstitutional. Jackson defied the ruling. He reportedly said, "Justice Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." Only slightly modified Tariff of Abominations Despite his opposition to nullification, Jackson generally supported the agricultural South. His ideal was an agrarian republic in which almost all white men owned farms and enjoyed a rough equality. Industrialization and the growing class of wage earning factory workers made his ideal unrealistic. Vetoed second Bank's charter The Specie Circular local and state banks sprang up everywhere issuing paper currency that had no precious metal backing Inflation Specie Circular in 1836: All sales of government land be paid for in specie (gold and silver coins.) Demand for specie quickly increased But banks which had issued banknotes without gold and silver backing didn't have the funds to make good on their notes They collapsed. The large number of failing banks was a primary cause of the Panic of 1837, a deep economic depression that lasted for years. Kitchen Cabinet Spoils system: Opponents of Jackson as president were replaced in government jobs by supporters, using what critics called the spoils system Practice of giving government jobs to loyal party supporters Jackson can essentially fire people he does not like and hire people who might not be the best fit for the job

Macon's Bill Number 2

President James Madison: 1808 election, won as Thomas Jefferson's handpicked successor Nonintercourse Act due to expire in 1810 regulating trade (no trade with Great Britain or France) Macon's Bill #2 passed to take its place , #1 did not Commerce open to the world President authorized, in case either Great Britain or France should withdraw its restrictions on our commerce, to cut off trade with the other power Napoleon ended his royal decrees against American trade Madison then stopped trade with Great Britain

Roanoke and Jamestown

Roanoke: Sir walter raleigh loyal to elizabeth I, wants to establish colony, gets full permission, puts all his money into establishing colony in roanoke, he got ships and people together A ship is supposed to bring supplies every so often Sir francis drake drops by to see how they're doing, realizes they cant survive the winter, brings them back and raleigh is done, sir raleigh wants to try again, he comes up w joint stock company, he got other people to put up some of their money so if the colony busts you only lose the money you put in and if it is success you get percentage The second colony of roanoke gets established A ship is supposed to come back w supplies England goes to war w philip ii of spain, spanish armada, england started to take over the seas No one was available to go and bring supplies to coloony of roanoke, they found word croatoan, they think natives accepted people into their tribe Jamestown: Earliest successful english colony in north america, it is located on chesapeake bay The virginia company, a group of wealthy london merchants, founded this Early life there held both promise and challenge, because of things like fertile land and navigable rivers, but also things like swamps, disease, and hunger Colonists did not want to farm. Looked for gold and silver The 10,000 original were brave. During winter of 609-1610, ¾ of population died of starvation Problems: Picked a bad location Didn't want to use manual labor Didn't know enough about the land Natives were not always willing to help, suspicious Had issues with Powhatan's people at first. Jamestown colonists built a fort soon after they arrived and john smith emerged as a leader, he was good with natives It eventually began to thrive thanks to cultivation of tobacco thanks to Rolfe Eventually used headright system (anyone who paid for voyage got land) Eventually formed House of Burgesses

Great Compromise

Roger Sherman's proposal to break impasse of Virginia and New Jersey plan, which included a House representing the population and a Senate with two votes per state Two Houses in Congress The lower house was based on a state's population. In the upper house, each state had two senators. A system of federalism : Power would be divided between the federal government and the states. Certain powers, such as issuing money, were forbidden to states.

Election of 1800 and 12th Amendment

Shortly before the 1800 election, President Adams sought peace with France This angered other Federalists, including Alexander Hamilton. When Adams ran for re-election against Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton supported Jefferson The election ended with Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for electoral votes. The HOR selected Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President (Persuaded by Hamilton a Federalist) Hamilton is against peace with france and Adams in general Don't have party platforms- just people who put their name in for PResident Democratic Republicans rigs the election Jefferson gets most votes in electoral college and Aaron Burr would get the second most and be vice president - they rig election so Jefferson can win but someone votes incorrectly and it ends in a tie Revolution of 1800: Hamilton persuades his friends in Congress to vote for Jefferson over Burr He is by far not so dangerous a man; and he has pretensions to character Burr is unpredictable 12th Amendment: 1804, Name President and VP separately on each elector's ballot The election of 1800 changed the balance of power and ended the Federalist era The election of 1800 marked an important precedent as the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another

James K. Polk/Mexican American War

Southern Democrat and expansionist elected President in 1844 In 1844, expansionist James K. Polk was elected president on a promise to obtain both Oregon and Texas. In Congress, northern Democrats reluctantly agreed to annex Texas if all of Oregon was also added. Britain did not concede all of the territory. Rather then fight, Polk made a deal to split Oregon and extend the 49th parallel border with Canada to the Pacific Ocean. Northerners felt betrayed. The United States annexed Texas in 1845, leading to war with Mexico. President Polk claimed all land as far as the Rio Grande, tripling the previous size of Texas. General Zachary Taylor was sent to occupy these border lands. Mexico objected to the granting of statehood to Texas and saw statehood as an invasion of Mexican territory. When Mexican patrols killed American soldiers, Congress declared war on Mexico. Southern Democrats favored war, while Northern Whigs felt that Polk deliberately provoked Mexico The war was popular in the United States. Whigs dropped their opposition, fearing they would be labeled disloyal as the Federalists were for opposing the War of 1812. The United States easily defeated Mexico The U.S. advantages included greater wealth and a better-equipped military. General Winfield Scott led an overwhelming campaign from Veracruz to Chapultepec, forcing Santa Anna to abandon Mexico City and the war. The army and navy combined to defeat Mexico As a result of the loss, Mexico was forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico had to sell a third of its territory to the United States (1.2 million square miles). For $15 million, the United States obtained California and New Mexico. The Texas border was set at the Rio Grande. Mexico was humiliated and remained bitter toward the United States for decades.

Pinckney's (San Lorenzo) Treaty

Spanish concerned over treaty with Great Britain Americans now had access to the Mississippi Right of deposit- used to have to pay a toll tax Right to transfer cargoes at New Orleans from riverboats to ocean going vessels without paying a duty

Tariff of 1828

Tariff of Abominations: Name that opponents from the agricultural south gave to the high protective tariff of 1828 passed by Congress The goal was to promote industry, but the tariff raised the prices farmers had to pay for goods It was not thought that it would be passed, it was only supposed to make North look bad and kick John Quincy Adams out, this did not happen Industrial north favored tariffs while agricultural south opposed them, jackson did not reject this like calhoun thought he would but instead made small alterations, led to nullification crisis,calhoun resigned and led nullification battle in Senate

War of 1812 (people and places)

Tecumseh - Shawnee who attempted to unite the Indian nations to resist expansion by settlers Battle of Tippecanoe - Gov. William Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnee in 1811 War Hawks - nationalistic western and southern Congressmen who urged war with Britain in 1812 The War of 1812 began when Congress declared war in June 1812. But the nation was totally unprepared, with only a small army and navy. Thomas Jefferson advised Madison that an invasion of Canada would be easy. American victories: The U.S.S. Constitution, known as 'Old Ironsides,' defeated H.M.S. Guerrière. Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet on Lake Erie. War of 1812 - war with Britain, 1812-1815 British troops occupied eastern Maine. A second army invaded New York from Montreal but was turned back. A third force invaded Maryland, burning Washington, D.C., but failed to take Baltimore "Nest of Pirates". A fourth Army headed to New Orleans. They would be routed by Andrew Jackson. The Americans' worst humiliation came when British troops burned the White House and Capitol. Armstrong was replaced with monroe as secretary of war after Washington burned down. Andrew Jackson - defeated the Creek and Seminole Indians and then the British at New Orleans Francis Scott Key - penned "The Star Spangled Banner" during the British attack on Fort McHenry "The Star-Spangled Banner" - Key's poem that later became the national anthem Mary Pickers Gill- responsible for making the flag flown at fort mchenry Battle of New Orleans - American victory by Andrew Jackson routing the British in January 1815 Treaty of Ghent - treaty ending the War of 1812 Hartford Convention - meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812

Tecumseh Confederation

Tecumseh - Shawnee who attempted to unite the Indian nations to resist expansion by settlers Battle of Tippecanoe: Treaty of Greenville not adhered to by all frontiersmen Land not always purchased from tribes (as dictated in Treaty) Resentment ran high amongst tribes 1808 Tecumseh, a Shawnee chieftain, and his brother Tenskwatawa (the Prophet, holy man) launched a reform movement New settlement, Prophet's Town, at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers Tecumseh travels to other tribes to convince them to join the reform movement Leaves The Prophet in charge Tecumseh leaves instructions: Do not fight William Henry Harrison (Governor of Indiana Territory) fears Native uprising, and decides to strike quickly 1100 men march toward Prophet's Town The Prophet delivers a fiery oratory, and tells the Natives that the white man's bullet won't kill them Disaster strikes Confederation of the eastern tribes disintegrates

Sam Houston

Texas army commander, President, territorial governor, and later senator Sam Houston led a counterattack to Santa Anna. At the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was defeated and taken prisoner. Houston later became president of the Lone Star Republic. After statehood in 1845, Houston served as governor and then as U.S. Senator from Texas.

The Alamo

Texas garrison where Santa Anna executed all the defenders following battle in 1836 In 1835, Texans declared independence for the Lone Star Republic. Santa Anna personally led a siege of Texan forces at the Alamo in San Antonio. After twelve days, he stormed the mission and executed any surviving defenders, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. Several weeks later, Santa Anna took Goliad and again executed prisoners, in an attempt to frighten Texas into surrender. Instead, Santa Anna created a set of martyrs. "Remember the Alamo," became the Texans' rallying cry. (More people died at Galiad than the Alamo) Many Southerners were inspired to volunteer and joined the Texans

Northwest Territory

The Articles created a method to settle and govern the Northwest Territory vast territory north of Ohio and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River, which was key to expanding the republic

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation was created by the Continental Congress the original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress This first national constitution created a loose confederation, or league of states, in 1777. Congress drafted the Articles of Confederation under the leadership of John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. Congress's power was limited to prevent the problems experienced under Britain. Under the Articles, government power was limited. Congress implemented and enforced laws. Executive power was shared by committees. Each state had one vote in Congress. Minor issues were passed by a simple majority. Major issues, like declaring war, required nine states. Amendments to the Articles required the agreement of all 13 states. Congress had a limited role. Fear of a strong central gov't Congress could Declare war or conduct foreign policy Administer relations with Indian nations Congress could not Raise money through taxes Regulate commerce between states or states and foreign nations There was also no federal court system The articles made treaty of paris to end american revolution They planned a course for western settlement with the land ordinance and northwest ordinance

Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation was created by the Continental Congress. This first national constitution created a loose confederation, or league of states, in 1777. Congress drafted the Articles of Confederation under the leadership of John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. Congress's power was limited to prevent the problems experienced under Britain. Under the Articles, government power was limited. Congress implemented and enforced laws. Executive power was shared by committees. Each state had one vote in Congress. Minor issues were passed by a simple majority. Major issues, like declaring war, required nine states. Amendments to the Articles required the agreement of all 13 states. Congress had a limited role. Fear of a strong central gov't Congress could Declare war or conduct foreign policy Administer relations with Indian nations Congress could not Raise money through taxes Regulate commerce between states or states and foreign nations There was also no federal court system Articles were flawed and needed at least two major changes The power to regulate interstate and international commerce The power to tax Constitution: Two Houses in Congress The lower house was based on a state's population. In the upper house, each state had two senators. A system of federalism Power would be divided between the federal government and the states. Certain powers, such as issuing money, were forbidden to states. 3/5 Compromise Three branches of government with Supreme Court Not expecting passage in all 13 states, they changed the rules for ratification to be by special conventions in each state, not by state legislatures required approval of only nine states James Madison was assigned to create a Bill of Rights. Madison used Virginia's Bill of Rights as a model. Madison avoided any statements about equality that might offend the slave states. Ten amendments guaranteed individual freedoms. To prevent future abuse or limitations on freedom, any unmentioned rights were retained by the people. Six principles of constitution: Popular sovereignty, limited govt, separation of powers, federalism, checks and balances, and judicial review

"Citizen" Genet

The Citizen Genet Affair France's ambassador to the US was Edmond Genet 1793: What was the government like in France? Commissioned US privateers to fight for france Use US ports against the British Against neutrality agreement Genet was recalled as ambassador Jefferson was embarrassed and resigned as Secretary of State in part over this affair

3 Branches of a government and Checks and Balances

The Executive Branch: President Elected via the Electoral College 4 year term Commander-in-Chief of the US military Could appoint judges Could veto (I forbid) legislation The Judicial Branch: Supreme Court Judiciary Act of 1789 formalized the rest of the federal court system Legislative Branch Senate Upper House Equal representation 6 year terms Approved legislation Elected by State Assemblies House of Representatives Lower House 2 year terms Introduced legislation Elected by the people Checks and balances: a system in which each branch of government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two : one of six principles of Constitution

Sons of Liberty

associations of Patriots that protested against British taxes As discontent increased, colonists organized. Those who opposed British taxes called themselves Patriots. Associations known as the Sons of Liberty organized protests. (Richest and most respectable colonists) Colonial leaders emerged, such as Patrick Henry, in Virginia, and John Adams, in Massachusetts.

Treaty of Ghent

The Treaty of Ghent ended the war of 1812 but signed before battle of new orleans Both sides agreed to return to prewar boundaries. A commission was set up to discuss any future boundary disputes. Impressment and American neutrality were not discussed. After the Treaty of Ghent, these Federalists were discredited as traitors and by 1820, the Federalist Party had disappeared.

Styles of fighting

The odds were against the Patriots. Britain− Well-organized, long established government. Produced many more ships and weapons. British troops were well trained and supplied. They fought in formation Colonists− Continental Congress just starting out. The Continental Congress had no money nor authority to tax. Continental soldiers were cold, hungry, and poorly equipped. Pros and Cons of the Patriots Pros: Relied on the militia wherever they went Never had to transport the whole army Cons: Relied on the militia wherever they went Never knew how many soldiers to expect Continental Congress paid the army, no power to tax, not much money British commanders made major mistakes: British generals didn't take Patriots seriously. The British battle tactics were unsuited for fighting in America. The hiring of brutal Hessian mercenaries angered colonists. The British failed to see that the real struggle was for the hearts and minds of the citizens. British commander William Howe: To show British strength, he ordered a frontal assault at Bunker Hill. The Redcoats took the hill, but suffered heavy casualties. Howe's overall strategy included three objectives: Defeat the Continental Army on the battlefield. Capture the seaports to block trade. Capture the capital of Philadelphia. The British attained all three objectives but still lost the war. No matter the setback, the Patriots kept on fighting. .George Washington did not win many battles at first, but he kept the Continental Army intact. He only fought when conditions were favorable and inspired his men despite extreme hardship. Thomas Paine's The American Crisis essays provided inspiration. The Continental Army kept the British occupied, allowing local militia to suppress Loyalists in the countryside.

Renaissance Man

Thomas Jefferson is Renaissance man because does so much (musician, politician, etc )

Trail of Tears and Indian Appropriations Act of 1851

Trail of Tears: Path on which 4,000 people died on a forced march This happened under van Buren but was because of Jackson 16,000 Cherokee were made to move from Southeast to Oklahoma along this trail in 1838 by federal troops, and the Indian Appropriations Act: The 1851 Indian Appropriations Act allocated funds to move western tribes onto reservations. Reservations were protected and enclosed by the US government. According to the federal government at that time, reservations were to be created in order to protect the Native Americans from the growing encroachment of whites moving westward. This act set the precedent for modern-day Native American reservations (Wikipedia)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

author of a best-selling novel that condemned slavery Popular novels condemned slavery, gaining northern support for abolition and infuriating the South. White abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, which gave readers compassion for the nonviolent enslaved Tom.

Importance of the Mississippi River/New Orleans

Very important for westward expansion in the US Spain owned them at first, and not allowing America to use them, they prevented Americans from traveling west in the south This prevented America from gaining territory and power and from bringing more people into the country The river can help with trade which is important for the economy This problem was resolved in 1795 with Pinckneys Treaty or the treaty of san lorenzo which the spanish made because they were scared of jays treaty With this treaty americans could access the mississippi river and port of new orleans and not have to pay anything They also had the right of deposit, which means that they could transfer cargo from riverboats to ocean going vessels without paying a duty This was important because the US could now continue to the west and gain land and power, while at the same time, improving their economy with trading All this was under Washington

New Jersey Plan and Virginia Plan

Virginia Plan - Madison's proposal for a strong federal government, dividing power between executive, legislative, and judicial branches A strong federal government with power to tax, regulate commerce, and veto state laws A Senate and a House of Representatives, both based on population A strong President to command the military and manage foreign relations New Jersey Plan - William Paterson's proposal for a unicameral legislature, giving each state one vote and retaining most features of the Articles of Confederation An executive by committee rather than one leader A unicameral legislature with one vote per state regardless of population States retain sovereignty except for a few powers granted to the federal government Larger states favored the Virginia Plan, while smaller states favored the New Jersey plan.

George Washington

Virginian chosen to command the Continental Army had to lead an army with almost no supplies didn't win many battles, but kept the Continental Army intact Did things like offer land and money to soldiers Only fought when conditions were favorable and inspired his men despite extreme hardship Led victory at Yorktown, Trenton, and Princeton The greatest betrayal of his life was Benedict Arnold's but he never lost faith publicly He has to set up camps Becomes first president and sets many precedents First term deals with domestic affair and second deals with foreign Warns against political parties and entangling foreign alliances in farewell address

Jay's Treaty

Washington sent John Jay to London in 1794 to negotiate The resulting Jay Treaty was narrowly approved by the Senate. Federalists praised it, but Democratic Republicans attacked it Britain agreed to give up forts on American soil, but Americans had to repay pre-Revolutionary War debts still owed to Britain Britain kept restrictions on American shipping, which angered many Americans

Constitutional Convention

What new system of national government did the delegates agree upon at the Constitutional Convention of 1787? After Shays' Rebellion, Congress called for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they created an entirely new constitution. By 1787 most citizens agreed that the Articles were flawed and needed at least two major changes The power to regulate interstate and international commerce The power to tax In May, delegates from 12 states, not RI, met in Philadelphia to propose Amendments to the Articles. Fifty-three of the nation's top leaders met at the Pennsylvania State House. Most helped to write their state constitutions Most were rich All were white males Twenty-one fought in the Revolution Eight were signers of the Declaration of Independence Not present: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. They were serving as diplomats in Europe George Washington was unanimously chosen as president of the Convention. Framers of the Constitution Alexander Hamilton advocated for a powerful central government. Ben Franklin contributed experience, wisdom, and prestige. James Madison, called the Father of the Constitution, already had a plan of government in mind. George Washington, called the Father of our country, attracted crowds when he arrived in Philadelphia. Hamilton and Madison emerged as leaders. Alexander Hamilton: Conservative; he feared too much democracy Favored a balance of aristocracy, monarchy, and republicanism James Madison: Favored a large republic with diverse interests to preserve the common good Favored a system where different interests would check each other's power to ensure liberty James Madison proposed his Virginia Plan. A strong federal government with power to tax, regulate commerce, and veto state laws A Senate and a House of Representatives, both based on population A strong President to command the military and manage foreign relations William Paterson and the New Jersey Plan An executive by committee rather than one leader A unicameral legislature with one vote per state regardless of population States retain sovereignty except for a few powers granted to the federal government Larger states favored the Virginia Plan, while smaller states favored the New Jersey plan. Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise to break the impasse. Slavery proved to be a divisive issue. Southern states feared larger free states would dominate Congress and threaten slavery. They saw slavery as essential for their economy and demanded protections in the Constitution. Delegates from Georgia and South Carolina threatened to walk out. No Bill of Rights Southerners such as Charles C. Pinckney feared the inclusion of antislavery phrases, such as "all men are by nature free." Some delegates refused to sign in protest. George Mason Edmund Randolph Elbridge Gerry, who called it "flawed" On September 17, forty-two delegates remained at the convention. Franklin urged all delegates to unite in support of the new constitution. Hamilton accepted the Constitution as the only alternative to "anarchy and convulsion." Thirty-nine delegates signed, and the Constitution was sent to the states for ratification. Although many delegates to the Constitutional Convention felt the Constitution was imperfect, all but three delegates signed it

Glorious Revolution

William and Mary replaced James II after this, with english bill of rights created Maryland now a royal colony Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies now united Salutary Neglect encouraged: Local self rule, in return the colonies cooperated with England's economic policies and helped with any wars with Spain and France

Adam's Presidency

XYZ Affair - became popular over this incidence but nothing else Federalist Government Adams popular and powerful now Federalist controlled Congress Make Federal Government even stronger Alien and Sedition Act, allowed this to go through and is blamed Shortly before the 1800 election, President Adams sought peace with France. This angered other Federalists, including Alexander Hamilton. When Adams ran for re-election against Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton supported Jefferson.

Whiskey Rebellion

a 1794 protest by farmers in western Pennsylvania against an excise tax on whiskey An excise tax on whiskey sparked a challenge to federal authority To increase their profits, western Pennsylvania farmers made whiskey from their grain The whiskey tax reminded farmers of British taxes In 1794, some farmers resisted payment. They harassed and intimidated tax collectors Hamilton encouraged Washington put it down, but nothing was found when people were sent Jefferson was angry at them trying to suppress legitimate criticism First test of federal authority

Free Soil Party

a political party that promised free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men In the election of 1848, the Democrats and the Whigs split over the issue of slavery, and a third party was formed, the Free-Soil Party. Former President Martin Van Buren ran on the Free-Soil Party against Whig Zachary Taylor and Democrat Lewis Cass. Taylor was elected. Although the Free-Soil party lost the election, it had a large influence on politics. Platform: "Free soil, free labor, and free men." Impact: It won 10 percent of the vote Platform: keep slavery out of the western territories Impact: It raised the question as to who would decide the slavery issue. Platform: a national platform of "freedom" Impact: Tensions increased when California sought to join the Union as a free state. A political party in 1856 that was absorbed into the Republican Party

Underground Railroad

a secret network of people who helped slaves escape from the South Abolitionists took action to save enslaved people. Free blacks and Northern abolitionists organized an escape network called the Underground Railroad. Harriet Tubman was famous part of it

Harriet Tubman

a woman who led slaves into freedom through the Underground Railroad A fugitive slave from Maryland, Harriet Tubman, was called the "Black Moses" because she led so many people to freedom on the Underground Railroad.

Other Terms

anasazi- pueblo people Hohokam - canal builders Paleo-Indians - the first human beings that lived in the Americas; they most likely came from Siberia. ice age - a time in which ice and glaciers lie on top of the Earth for thousands of years Mayas (at the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coast) and Aztecs (in the highlands in the center) were found in Mexico. The five groups of Iroquois United to form a confederation called the Iroquois League: forum and ritual based main purpose to keep the peace first group or one of first to have a constitution charter - a certificate of permission from the king to colonize an area in the Americas joint-stock company - a group of investors in the colonizing effort who shared in profits and losses of a colony (started by Sir Walter Raleigh) Powhatan - powerful chief of 30 Indian tribes in area of Jamestown colony (father to Pocahontas) John Smith - leader in Jamestown colony (good at reaching out to natives for their aid) proprietary colony - English colony in America that belonged to powerful individuals or companies • Bacon's Rebellion - a revolt in September 1676, where Nathaniel Bacon marched his armed followers to Jamestown, drove out the governor, and burned the town John Winthrop − leader who, in 1630, led a large group of Puritans to America, settling first in present-day Boston Anne Hutchinson − religious dissenter who was banned from Massachusetts Bay Colony Pequot War − begun in 1636, battle between Indians and Puritans over Puritan expansions of land and control of trade King Philip's War − 1675 Indian uprising that included many Indian villages in Massachusetts Bay Colony Metacom − Indian leader also called King Philip by colonists push factor - events and circumstances that motivate people to leave their homes pull factor - events and circumstances that attract people to a new location indentured servants - poor immigrants who paid for passage to the colonies by agreeing to work for four to seven years triangular trade - three-part voyage that brought enslaved Africans to America Middle Passage - route across the Atlantic in which enslaved Africans were carried in brutal conditions Phillis Wheatley - first African American to publish a book of poems Columbian Exhange: exchange of goods,people, diseases, ideas, etc. between America, Europe, Asia, Africa; Things like tobacco left America and things like sugar came in Magna Carta - 1215 document that limited the king's ability to tax English nobles and that guaranteed due process and a right to trial Parliament - English lawmaking body English Bill of Rights - 1689 document guaranteeing a number of freedoms habeas corpus - idea that no one could be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime mercantilism - economic policy under which a nation accumulates wealth by exporting more goods than it imports Navigation Acts - a series of trade laws enacted by Parliament in the mid-1600s Enlightenment - European intellectual movement during the 1600s and 1700s Benjamin Franklin - American colonist inspired by the Enlightenment, he was a printer, author, scientist, and inventor Great Awakening - a religious movement that occurred in the colonies in the mid-1700s staple crop - crops that are in steady demand cash crop - crops grown for sale dame school - a private school for girls that was operated out of a woman's home Pontiac's Rebellion - an Indian uprising against the British in the Ohio River valley after the French and Indian War Albany Plan of Union - 1754 plan that called on the colonies to unite under British rule and cooperate with one another in war John Adams - Massachusetts lawyer who championed colonial independence Patrick Henry - Virginia colonist who demanded, "Give me liberty, or give me death." nonimportation agreements - colonial boycotts of British goods following the Stamp Act committee of correspondence - provided leadership and cooperation between colonies militia - a civilian group that trains as soldiers to serve in emergencies Loyalists - colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolution Continental Army - volunteers who supported the Patriot siege of Boston and were put under control of Congress George Washington - Virginian chosen to command the Continental Army Thomas Paine - author of the pamphlet Common Sense that proposed independence Thomas Jefferson - Virginia patriot and main author of the Declaration of Independence natural rights - Enlightenment idea embodied by the Declaration of Independence that all men have rights which governments cannot take away William Howe - British general whose mistakes resulted in many British deaths at Bunker Hill mercenary - soldier for hire Battle of Trenton - surprise victory by General Washington in December 1776 Charles Cornwallis - British general defeated at Princeton and later forced to surrender at Yorktown Battle of Princeton - 1777 Patriot victory that came on the heels of Trenton Saratoga -American victory in New York (1777) that led to alliance with France Marquis de Lafayette - French nobleman who assisted Washington Benjamin Franklin - ambassador to France who persuaded the French to aid the Americans Valley Forge - Pennsylvania camp where Washington's army spent the harsh winter of 1777- 1778 and where von Steuben helped drill Washington's men Monmouth - defeat of British troops after their evacuation of Philadelphia in June 1778, molly pitcher replaced her husband at his cannon Kings Mountain - 1780 battle in South Carolina where Patriots crushed a Loyalist militia Yorktown - final major battle of the Revolution, where a large British army was forced to surrender in October 1781 Treaty of Paris - 1783 peace treaty that officially ended the American Revolution and recognized American independence manumission - to voluntarily free a slave republic - a government in which the people elect their representatives unicameral legislature - a lawmaking body with a single house whose representatives are elected by the people bicameral legislature - a lawmaking body with two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives John Dickinson - a member of the Continental Congress and leader of the committee that wrote The Articles of Confederation federal - national Alexander Hamilton - New York delegate, favored strong central government James Madison - referred to as the Father of the Constitution, proposed the Virginia Plan ratification - official approval ; RI, VA, NC, NY last four states to ratify constitution Federalist - a person who favored ratification of the new Constitution of 1787 Antifederalist - a person who opposed ratification of the new Constitution The Federalist - a series of 85 essays, written primarily by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, which supported ratification (The Federalist Papers) John Jay - wrote five essays to The Federalist arguing for a strong federal government Bill of Rights - the first ten amendments to the Constitution guaranteeing individual rights popular sovereignty - the principle that all government power comes from the people limited government - where the powers of the government are specifically described, and officials may not act above the law separation of powers - political power specifically defined and divided between three branches of government checks and balances - a system in which each branch of government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two electoral college - a group of persons chosen from each state who then indirectly elect the president administration - the officials in the executive branch of government precedent - an act or statement that becomes a tradition to be followed Cabinet - the officials who head the major executive departments and advise the President tariff - a tax on imported goods strict construction - a narrow interpretation of the Constitution that limits Congress's actions only to powers specifically granted by the Constitution political party - a group that seeks to win elections, hold public office and shape policy Democratic Republicans - a political party that emerged in opposition to Hamilton's economic policies Little Turtle - Native American war chief who defeated forces sent to stop his attacks on settlers in the 1790s French Revolution - 1789 republican uprising in France against the monarchy that led to public executions and war with Britain John Jay - Chief Justice who negotiated a 1794 treaty with Britain that removed British soldiers from American lands, but maintained restrictions on American shipping bureaucracy - the departments and workers that make up the government embargo - a government order suspending trade, usually to force some action Tariff of 1816 - a tax on imports designed to protect American industry capital - money used to invest in factories or other productive assets labor union - a group of workers who unite to seek better pay and working conditions nativist - person opposed to immigrants and immigration nationalism - a spirit of loyalty and devotion to one's country John Quincy Adams - Secretary of State under James Madison and son of President John Adams Adams-Onís Treaty - treaty negotiated by John Quincy Adams to purchase Florida from Spain Monroe Doctrine - policy warning European monarchies not to interfere with Latin American republics in return for U.S. noninterference caucus - a meeting of party members for the purpose of choosing a candidate. Andrew Jackson - popular war hero elected president as a Democrat in 1828 Martin Van Buren - Jackson's campaign manager who ran the first modern election campaign in 1828 Indian Removal Act - 1830 Act forcing the relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes from the southeast to present day Oklahoma Trail of Tears - forced march to Oklahoma in the winter of 1838, during which 4,000 Cherokees died Tariff of Abominations - name that opponents from the agricultural south gave to the high protective tariff of 1828 John C. Calhoun - vice president who resigned to lead South Carolina's fight over nullification in the Senate nullification - concept that a state could void a federal law that it deemed unconstitutional autonomy - independent control over one's affairs Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1848 agreement formally ending the Mexican-American War, included the sale of Mexican territory to the United States forty-niners - those attracted to California by the Gold Rush in 1849 placer mining - use of metal pans, picks, and shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers/hydraulic mining - use of jets of water that erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold popular sovereignty - followers believed a territory's voters should decide themselves whether to allow slavery secede - to break away, especially from the Union Compromise of 1850 - legislation designed to avoid division between North and South over slavery Fugitive Slave Act - stringent laws that required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves Know-Nothings - members of an anti-immigrant movement Republican Party - political party founded in 1854 that opposed slavery Roger B. Taney - chief justice of the Supreme Court that ruled against Dred Scott Abraham Lincoln - Republican politician from Illinois who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

charismatic general who seized power of Mexico in 1834 seized power in Mexico City, seeking greater centralized control. But Texans wanted more autonomy.. In 1835, Texans declared independence for the Lone Star Republic. Santa Anna personally led a siege of Texan forces at the Alamo in San Antonio. After twelve days, he stormed the mission and executed any surviving defenders, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett Several weeks later, Santa Anna took Goliad and again executed prisoners, in an attempt to frighten Texas into surrender. Instead, Santa Anna created a set of martyrs. "Remember the Alamo," became the Texans' rallying cry/Houston defeated Santa Anna t battle of san jacinto Many Southerners were inspired to volunteer and joined the Texans. General Winfield Scott led an overwhelming campaign from Veracruz to Chapultepec, forcing Santa Anna to abandon Mexico City and the war.

Second Continental Congress

colonial delegates who met in Philadelphia in May 1775 to organize a bigger fight against the British met to take control of fighting. was one of two national institutions (continental army, which was a group of volunteers that came under Congress' control, being the other). if British get them, whole thing falls apart. When British get near, they go to Baltimore can only make requests, doesn't have real power ended navigation acts and opened ports to everyone but British

Intolerable Acts

colonial label for the Coercive Acts punishing Boston after Boston Tea Party closed port of Boston, quartered soldiers in Boston homes, increased governor's power at expense of legislature, allowed British officials to be tried in Britain, and did not allow town meetings colonists formed committees of correspondence to coordinate protests against these Intolerable acts

Eli Whitney's cotton gin

cotton gin - machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to quickly separate seeds from cotton fibers In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. By making it easier to separate the seeds from the cotton fibers, the gin turned cotton from a minor crop into the major export of the American South. Between 1793 and 1820, cotton production rose from 5 million pounds to 170 million pounds a year. Planters expanded or built new cotton plantations throughout the south. The new plantations filled a demand from factories in the Northeast and Europe as "King Cotton", a cash crop, soon accounted for half the value of all U.S. exports. Importation of slaves was abolished in 1808, causing a huge increase in the cost of a slave from $600 in 1802 to $1,800 in 1860. The slave population grew from 1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million in 1860 because slaves were used to run the machines

Kansas Nebraska Act

divided the Nebraska region into two territories, giving voters in each area the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. The legislation divided the Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska. Residents of each territory would vote to allow or outlaw slavery, popular sovereignty In effect, it nullified the Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery to spread in areas where it had been banned. Congress assumed Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska a free state. Northerners and Southerners went to Kansas to influence the vote. The Kansas-Nebraska Act set off violence between proslavery and antislavery forces in Kansas. Proslavery residents from Missouri, know as Border Ruffians, attacked the antislavery town of Lawrence. Northern abolitionist John Brown responded by killing five proslavery settlers. Both sides armed for battle Describing the violence in Kansas, reporters called the territory "Bleeding Kansas."

Founding Fathers

fear of democracy Believed in mob rule and did not believed the people were informed enough to vote properly Afraid the common people would make mistakes, electoral college (when voters voted, they voted for electors, who then indrectly elected the president) Senate is voted by state legislatures, house of representatives voted by people, but senate (approve laws) is six years per term and house of representatives (make laws) is two, upper is six, lower is two Examples are Washington, Madison, etc.

Battle of Yorktown

final major battle of the Revolution, where a large British army was forced to surrender in October 1781 Was a siege- cut off british supplies. British moved africans out and killed horses. Yorktown was on water-thought they could get supplies, but had no clue french navy would be there Cornwallis was trying to get clinton to get reinforcements, but they were too late Cornwallis was trapped. French fleet got there in time. Cornwallis had to surrender 8,000 man army to LAfayette and Washington Led to end of war

General Winfield Scott

general who invaded Mexico, winning at Vera Cruz in 1847 The United States easily defeated Mexico. The U.S. advantages included greater wealth and a better-equipped military. General Winfield Scott led an overwhelming campaign from Veracruz to Chapultepec, forcing Santa Anna to abandon Mexico City and the war.

Zachary Taylor

general who led troops at the borderland between Mexico and the U.S. in 1846 The United States annexed Texas in 1845, leading to war with Mexico. President Polk claimed all land as far as the Rio Grande, tripling the previous size of Texas and General Zachary Taylor was sent to occupy these border lands. Mexico objected to the granting of statehood to Texas and saw statehood as an invasion of Mexican territory.

3/5 Compromise

in return for Southern support of the Constitution, northerners agreed to count each slave as three-fifths of a person for determining electoral votes and seats in Congress A slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in Congress and electoral votes for presidential elections. Importation of slaves could not be forbidden for 20 years. Northern states could not pass laws to help runaway slaves.

Louisiana Purchase

land between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains bought by the U.S. from France in 1803 In 1803, Jefferson doubled the area of the United States by purchasing the Louisiana Territory. Jefferson saw farm ownership as an ideal that freed citizens from a landlord or employer. He wanted to expand the United States westward so more Americans could be free farmers. But, French Emperor Napoleon owned Louisiana and threatened to forbid American farmers from using the port of New Orleans (just like the Spanish). Jefferson asked to buy New Orleans. To his surprise, Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory. The deal was so good that Jefferson decided to contradict his "strict construction" principles. (The power to purchase foreign territory is not specifically granted by the Constitution.) The Louisiana Purchase added 828,000 square miles and doubled the United States for only $15 million. Napoleon has Haiti problem at this time

Stephen F. Austin

leader of American emigrants who settled in Austin, Texas American settlers arrived in Texas, but tensions grew as Americans ignored the Mexican government. Led by Stephen F. Austin, 30,000 Anglo-Texans outnumbered the Tejanos six-to-one by 1835. Many brought slaves and ignored the Church.

Compromise of 1850

legislation designed to avoid division between North and South over slavery Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850, a series of resolutions that made concessions to both the North and South. The North : California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. The territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide on slavery by a vote. The South: Congress would pass a stricter Fugitive Slave Act. Slavery would be enforced in Washington, D.C., although the slave trade would end. During a heated debate in the Senate, Calhoun and Webster took different stands on the compromise. Calhoun : Clay's compromise did not give the South enough protection. The south would break away from the Union if it did not get its demands on the slavery issue Any state had the right to secede if it disagreed with national laws. Webster: The states should rally to the cause of unity Sectional compromise was needed in order to preserve the Union. Webster supported popular sovereignty. Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, and President Millard Fillmore signed it into law. The compromise was supposed to bring calm to the nation, but many people were dissatisfied. Northerners were particularly upset by the Fugitive Slave Act. Larger crises loomed in the decade ahead. Resolved slavery issues for only a short amount of time

California Gold Rush

mass migration of gold seekers into California in 1848 and 1849 In 1848, gold was found at Sutter's Mill on the American River near Sacramento, California. The resulting California Gold Rush brought a mass migration of 80,000 fortune hunters west. They were called forty-niners. Half traveled overland; the rest either sailed around South America or to Panama, where they crossed the isthmus and caught ships up the coast. The Gold Rush attracted miners from South America and China. California's population grew from 14,000 in 1847 to 225,000 in 1852. The first miners used metal pans, shovels and picks to find gold along river banks. Few became wealthy using this method, called placer mining. Merchants and traders made more money selling goods to the miners than the miners earned themselves. White miners quickly asserted control in California. Minorities faced violence in the gold fields and discrimination in the courts. Native Americans were killed or lost their land. Others found work on farms and ranches. Old Mexican land titles were generally ignored. Most of the original Californians were dispossessed. The Chinese were targeted by a foreign miner's tax and mob violence. Mexicans also had to pay a foreign miner's tax. San Francisco became the gateway to the California gold fields. After 1848, the city grew rapidly from a tiny Spanish settlement into a major American city. By October 1849, California prepared to seek admission into the Union. Most Californians opposed slavery, so California's admission as a free state would tip the 15 slave and 15 free state balance in the U.S. Senate. Debate over the spread of slavery into the territories obtained from Mexico became a leading cause of the Civil War.

Lone Star Republic

new nation created by Texans in 1835 In 1834, Antonio López de Santa Anna seized power in Mexico City, seeking greater centralized control. But Texans wanted more autonomy. In 1835, Texans declared independence for the Lone Star Republic. Santa Anna personally led a siege of Texan forces at the Alamo in San Antonio. After twelve days, he stormed the mission and executed any surviving defenders, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. Several weeks later, Santa Anna took Goliad and again executed prisoners, in an attempt to frighten Texas into surrender. Instead, Santa Anna created a set of martyrs. "Remember the Alamo," became the Texans' rallying cry. Many Southerners were inspired to volunteer and joined the Texans. Sam Houston led a counterattack. At the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was defeated and taken prisoner. Houston later became president of the Lone Star Republic./General Winfield Scott led an overwhelming campaign from Veracruz to Chapultepec, forcing Santa Anna to abandon Mexico City and the war. After statehood in 1845, Houston served as governor and then as U.S. Senator from Texas.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

plan for governing and creating new states carved out of the Northwest Territory Congress established a territorial government and appointed a governor. Once there were 5,000 men, an assembly could be elected. The appointed governor retained veto power. Settlers were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and rights of common law. Once there were 60,000 residents, a territory could apply for statehood. It abandoned the British model of keeping colonies permanently subordinate.

Land Ordinance of 1785

plan to dispense and distribute public land in the Northwest Territory Surveyors divided the territory into a grid of lines north to south and east to west, establishing hundreds of townships. Each township was subdivided into sections of one square mile (640 acre), to sell at $1 each. Many farmers couldn't afford the $1 an acre, and some land speculators got special deals.

Gold Standard

policy of designating monetary units in terms of their value in gold Using this means that the govt uses gold as the basis of the currency Major parties like Democrats and Republicans were commited to this standard; specie circular involved this?

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the Constitution guaranteeing individual rights James Madison was assigned to create a Bill of Rights. Madison used Virginia's Bill of Rights as a model. Madison avoided any statements about equality that might offend the slave states. Ten amendments guaranteed individual freedoms. To prevent future abuse or limitations on freedom, any unmentioned rights were retained by the people. When the Federalists agreed to add a bill of rights to Constitution, four more states quickly ratified. Congress convened in New York's Federal Hall on March 4, 1789 to add a bill of rights

Battle of Lexington and Concord

revolution began here redcoats marched toward Concord to seize weapons and ammunition and in Lexington, they met colonial militia. marching on to concord, British met hundreds of armed Patriots. as they marched back to Boston, patriots killed/wounded many of them ride of Revere and Dawes to Lexington on way to Concord- British coming. in Lexington common, 700 British troops against 70 militiamen (commanded by Parker). shot heard around the world

Fugitive Slave Act

stringent laws that required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves Part of the Compromise of 1850 Northerners were particularly upset about this The Fugitive Slave Act angered northerners. The Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850, required all citizens to catch and return runaway slaves Some northern states passed personal liberty laws These laws nullified the Fugitive Act Enabled state officials to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping free African Americans Increased northern white support of abolitionism

Battle of Trenton

surprise victory by General Washington in December 1776 Since enlistments are almost up, so PAtriots need a victory so they will reenlist. Was Christmas, 1776. Hessians were in Trenton with rall as their leader. Glover organizes crossing Delaware. Sneak attack Victory for americans! HEssians taken prisoners and washington able to take arms and ammunition. Morale booster!

Judicial Review

the authority of the Supreme Court to determine if a law or other government branches are line with the Constitution, and, in this way, it restricts the power of Congress It was established because of the Marbury v. Madison case

Cabinet

the officials who head the major executive departments and advise the President Washington picked a cabinet to head each of four executive departments in his administration Secretary of state: Thomas Jefferson Job is to deal with foreign affairs Secretary of War: Henry Knox Now called Secretary of Defense Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Deals with debt and money Attorney General: Edmund Randolph Lawyer for the country

Impressment

when the British halted ships from the United States and forced some people on them to go into battle on the side of the navy from Britain/practice of forcing ("pressing") American sailors to serve in the British navy The British essentially needed help fighting Napoleon from France War between France and Britain brought profits for American merchants but also led to trouble. The British Navy began stopping American ships and confiscating their cargo. To meet a shortage of sailors, they also began to force or "press" American sailors to serve in the British Navy, a practice called impressment. the British were doing it because they believed many of the people were still British citizens. This is because they did not allow for a change of citizenship, so they believed those people were obligated to fight on their side.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

written by Paine, crystallized colonial ideas in early 1776 depicted king as enemy of liberty, called for a republic, said government should be elected by common people, and reinforced Enlightenment; He called for a republic where opportunity is based on merit not on inherited privilege sold more than 100,000 copies that helped convince the colonists that independence was the answer