U.S history study guide for eoc

30. Explain why support for the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) varied in the 1920's in regards to issues such as anti-immigration, anti-African American, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-women and anti-union ideas.

- The second KKK arose during the height of American race relations, but much of its growth was in response to new issues of urbanization, immigration and industrialization. The massive immigration of Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe led to fears among Protestants about the new peoples, and especially about job and social competition. The Great Migration of African Americans to the North stoked job and housing competition and racism by whites in Midwestern and Western industrial cities. The second Klan achieved its greatest political power in Indiana; it was active throughout the South, Midwest, especially Michigan; and in the West, in Colorado and Oregon. The migration of both African Americans and whites from rural areas to Southern and Midwestern cities increased social tensions.

32. Explain why support for the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) varied in the 1920's in regards to issues such as anti-immigration, anti-African American, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-women and anti-union ideas.

- The second KKK arose during the height of American race relations, but much of its growth was in response to new issues of urbanization, immigration and industrialization. The massive immigration of Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe led to fears among Protestants about the new peoples, and especially about job and social competition. The Great Migration of African Americans to the North stoked job and housing competition and racism by whites in Midwestern and Western industrial cities. The second Klan achieved its greatest political power in Indiana; it was active throughout the South, Midwest, especially Michigan; and in the West, in Colorado and Oregon. The migration of both African Americans and whites from rural areas to Southern and Midwestern cities increased social tensions.

What were the causes, course, and consequences of the labor movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

- the demands for unions in the workplace (targeting higher pay, safer working conditions, and shorter work days/weeks, etc. led to an increase in union activity and memberships that fluctuated with the success or failures of strikes, sit-downs, and protests by the workers against the companies they worked for. (Ex: Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel and Pullman Strike against railroad)

How did the WW1 impact German Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Jewish Americans, Native Americans, women, and dissenters in the U.S. ?

-All of these groups were discriminated against in some way or another during WW1, but some (African Americans and women) also made a few gains from their participation in WW1.

27. What was the impact of U.S. foreign economic policy during the 1920's?

-American foreign investments continued to increase greatly during the nineteen twenties. Increased foreign investment was not the only sign of growing American economic power. By the end of World War One, the United States produced more goods and services than any other nation, both in total and per person. Americans had more steel, food, cloth, and coal than even the richest foreign nations. By 1920, the United States national income was greater than the combined incomes of Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Canada, and seventeen smaller countries. Quite simply, the United States had become the world's greatest economic power. Higher tariffs by the U.S. did make it harder for European countries to pay off their war debts to us and contributed mightily to lack of world trade (international) and the soon to come Great Depression. How did the economic boom during the "Roaring Twenties" (1920's) change consumers, businesses, manufacturing, and marketing practices? -Consumers were buying stocks and investing heavily. -Businesses had a supportive government that encouraged growth, domestic investment, as well as an increased foreign trade and investments. -Manufacturing was booming both domestically and for foreign trade. -marketing practices were expanded to take advantage of both domestic and foreign trade and production advantages during this immense economic boom of the 1920's.

What were the major factors that drove U.S. imperialism and acquisition of new territories?

-Americans were in competition against European (Great Britain, Germany, Russia) and Asian (Japan) countries for world economic power and new markets in which to sell the abundance of goods produced by American factories, farmers and businesses, so many politicians thought it was reasonable to acquire new lands such as Hawaii, Philippines, Puerto Rico as territories , and to enter into China for the new market opportunities as well as for new sources of raw materials for our factories to produce even more goods to sell around the world, since our domestic market was already flooded and at maximum.

29. Compare the views of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and Marcus Garvey relating to the African American experience in the U.S. in the early 20th century.

-Booker T. Washington believed African Americans would be gradually accepted into white society if they would develop working skills and learn trades. Blacks and whites didn't have to interact socially, but could cooperate together economically. -W.E.B. Dubois believed that African Americans should be immediately accepted into white society with equal and civil rights. - Marcus Garvey believed that African Americans should stay segregated and have their own businesses and communities and even supported the belief that many should return to live in Africa and form their own country there.

Who were the significant people or groups of Reconstruction and what were their goals?

-Carpet Baggers-came from the north to help or profit from the rebuilding of the South after the Civil war. -Scalawags-Were southerners that were seen as traitors to the southern causes of war that tried to help or benefit from the rebuilding of the South amid the social, economic, and political conditions that existed there after the Civil War. -Freedmen's Bureau- was a program passed by Congress to help the freed slaves and poor whites in the South provide for food, education, places to live, and helped to find their relatives and loved ones after the Civil War. -The Union Army-tried to provide protection for freed slaves against angry white citizens, former slave owners or racist groups such as the KKK during the Reconstruction period and Union military control from 1865-1877. Ku Klux Klan (KKK)-racist group that terrorized, threatened, and at times that murdered (lynched) blacks (and sometimes white supporters) because of their color and new found rights during the Reconstruction period.

What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Great Depression?

-Causes:- Easy credit with low interest rates encouraged people to borrow and go deeper in debt. - High tariffs among the U.S. and world reduced much trade internationally. -Farm prices were low on the U.S. and world market, forcing farmers to go deeper in debt due to buying more land to plant more crops, which resulted in even lower prices due to more supply than demand. - an uneven distribution of income between the rich, middle class, and poor. -Stock market speculation (gambling) and buying on margin stock purchases. Course: -Eventually the Stock Market crashed on Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929) leading to bank and business failures, which resulted in loss of bank savings and jobs. Eventually, high unemployment (25-50%) across the nation, low wages for the few available jobs, higher suicide rates, men abandoning their families, farmers facing loss of land and farms due to foreclosures and inability to pay their debts, and soup and bread lines to feed millions of destitute Americans became the norm from1930-1941 under the Hoover and FDR presidencies.

What were the economic, military, and security motivations of the U.S. to complete the Panama Canal as well as the major obstacles (problems) involved in its construction?

-Economic reasons-the building of the Panama Canal would eliminate the need to go all the way around S. America (reducing by 8,000 miles) to get to the west coast from the east coast, saving fuel and labor costs for trading ships around the world. It acted as a toll road on the trip from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. All ships would pay a certain fee to use this shortcut. -Military and other security or defense reasons-the shortcut to and from the east coast to the west coast would also provide a faster response by the U.S. Navy and military to any attacks by countries upon the U.S. Some countries (Germany and Hitler in WW2) thought about bombing the Panama Canal to block the shortcut from the east coast to the west coast and make it more difficult for the U.S. to respond during the war (the U.S. had a secret plan in case this happened to keep the Panama Canal operational).

28. What influence did Hollywood, the Harlem Renaissance, the Fundamentalist movement, and Prohibition have in changing American society in the 1920's?

-Hollywood was adding the newly developed culture and entertainment of film, actors and actresses to American society. - the Harlem Renaissance accentuated the skills, talent, cultural ideas and a variety of artistic abilities of many African Americans during the 1920's. -the Fundamentalist (religion based on the bible) tried to reduce the sinful excesses of the American society during the 1920's and tried to influence society to repent and become more religious overall. -Prohibition had many negative influences on American society from 1919-1933. Crime increased related to the production, distribution and sales of bootlegged and illegal alcohol during this era. Due to this increase in crime and because the U.S. needed more tax revenue during the early years of the Great Depression, the 18th Amendment-Prohibition-was repealed with the 21st Amendment-Repeal of Prohibition.

26. What was the Red Scare and how did the public react to it?

-It was the paranoia and fear of communism that Americans associated with native and immigrants groups that were seen as being chaotic, anarchists, anti-democratic and anti-American. Many Americans feared an overthrow of our political, social, and economic systems and it being replaced with a totalitarian, communist, dictatorial, form of government. -Americans supported tougher immigration laws, especially against southern and eastern European peoples, and the arrest and imprisonment and possible eventual deportation out of the U.S. of peoples that supported socialist and communist ideas (anti-American and democratic ideas).

How did different non-governmental organizations and Progressives work to shape public policy, restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life?

-Organizations like the Grange and Farmers' Alliances joined the Progressive party (the People's Party) and worked to get politicians elected that would vote for more laws against railroad rates and more government control of the railroads and business monopolies-that eliminated competition and set high prices against farmers, workers, etc.

What were the economic outcomes of demobilization for the U.S. after WW1?

-Rapid readjustment and demobilization produced social unrest in the United States in 1919-20. Right after World War I, the US economy went into a bit of a recession. This was largely because of the fact that the war had ended. Farmers suffered more than most groups due to world-wide market competition and low crop prices after the war.

What were the effects of sharecropping and debt peonage as practiced in the U.S. ?

-Sharecropping tied many blacks and poor whites to the landowners in the South in a way very similar to that of the plantation days before the Civil War. In many cases they had no choice but to work as sharecroppers in order to provide for their families. The landowner would provide the land, seed, and tools, and the sharecroppers would plant and harvest the crops. They would get an agreed to amount of the crops or money from its sale by the landowner. In many cases, especially after a bad harvest year, many sharecroppers might go into debt to the landowner or local businesses and be enslaved to the debt until it is paid off (debt peonage).

What new technologies were used in WW1 and what impact did it have on warfare?

-Some new weapons used were the improved machine guns that could fire up to 600 bullets per minute, airplanes loaded with machine guns and bombs, airships for surveillance and spying, antiaircraft guns to shoot down enemy planes, poison gas to sicken, suffocate, burn and blind victims, gas masks to protect from poisonous gas attacks, and the first tanks were used in WW1. Both the Allied and Central Powers used new technologies to attack more soldiers from greater distances and kill or wound more of the enemies in combat than ever before.

What impact did the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution have on African Americans and others?

-The 13th Amendment ended slavery in the U.S. forever -The 14th Amendment made African American men citizens of the U.S. -The 15th Amendment gave black men the right to vote in local, state and national elections

Compare and Contrast the experience of European immigrants in the East to that of Asian (Chinese and Japanese) immigrants in the West (Recall the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the Gentleman's Agreement of 1907-08 with Japan).

-The European Immigrants coming into Ellis Island in New York on the east coast were treated much better and allowed into the U.S. much quicker overall than the Asians on the west coast -who had to have more money on hand and an American sponsor in order to stay in the U.S.-more racism against them due to darker skin and slanted eyes.

What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Spanish-American war?

-The U.S. intervened in Cuba and sided with Cuba in their revolution to gain independence from Spain. Due to yellow journalism of the American newspapers portraying Spain as evil and committing atrocities against the Cuban people (reported that the Spanish leaders were poisoning the local water sources and feeding young children to the sharks-thousands were dying in fenced in prisons from the conditions). The incident that finally had the U.S. go to war on Spain was the sinking of the battleship the U.S.S. Maine, that newspapers, and the American citizens and government blamed on Spain (falsely so from present evidence). The U.S. ended up defeating Spain in a 15 week long war, gaining the Philippines for $20 million dollars, Puerto Rico, Guam, from Spain and becoming the protectorate of independent Cuba.

How did the U.S. government prepare the nation for WW1?

-The U.S. military was unprepared for WW1 at the beginning of 1917, after President Wilson asked Congress for war on Germany and the Central Powers. The government instituted the draft of men (almost 3 million) into the military forces. Women were also used in non-warfare positions and for factory production of war resources. The U.S started a mass production of war equipment (ships, guns, planes, uniforms, tents, etc.), and a mass anti-German and extreme Patriotic propaganda campaign to convince Americans to support the war effort, especially by buying war bonds to help finance the war. American citizens rationed foods and energy resources, and raised small farm crops to supplement the war effort.

What were the causes, course and consequences of the U.S. involvement in WW1?

-The U.S. tried to remain neutral and isolated from choosing sides during WW1 when it started in 1914, and did so until 1917. Continuous attacks by German submarines on non-military merchant and passenger ships from the U.S., as well as from other countries with Americans on board was unacceptable and pushed the U.S. toward going to war with the Allied Powers on the Central Powers and Germany. The final cause was the Germany recruitment of Mexico against the U.S., and the return of land to Mexico from the U.S. IF Mexico would side with Germany and the Central Powers as revealed in the so called Zimmermann Note.

How did westward Expansion influence the lives of Native Americans (Indians)?

-The desire and greed for land by the white men from 1805-1890's eventually led to the end of the many different Indian cultures in the west by disease, warfare, destruction of buffalo herds-(which provided food, clothing, shelter, and tools) and eventually reduced their numbers so dramatically that they were forced to live on reservations with little freedom of movement outside of them.

Compare and contrast the first and second Industrial Revolutions in the U.S. First Industrial Revolution:

-The onset of the first Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human social history, comparable to the invention of farming or the rise of the first city-states; almost every aspect of daily life and human society was eventually influenced in some way. In the later part of the 1700s the manual labor based economy of the Kingdom of Great Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery. It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Once started it spread. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity.[2] The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous. Second Industrial Revolution: The insatiable demand of the railways for more durable rail led to the development of the means to cheaply mass-produce steel. Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterize a "Second Industrial Revolution", beginning around 1850. This second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include the chemical industries, petroleum refining and distribution, electrical industries, and, in the twentieth century, the automotive industries, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany.

What were the issues that divided Republicans during the early Reconstruction era?

-Who in the southern states after the Civil War should be punished and how? -How would the states that left the Union be Re-admitted to the U.S.? -Who would decide how to punish and control the South after the Civil War-The President (Johnson) or the Republican controlled Congress?

How did society show support for and resistance to civil rights for women, African Americans, Native Americans, and other minority groups during the late 1920's?

-Women got the right to vote with the 19th Amendment due to their overall support and contribution during WW1, despite many men opposing women being involved in politics. -The nation continued to be divided on issues of civil and equal rights for African Americans. Jim Crow laws existed in the South to discriminate against blacks based on racism. The North did not believe in equality and often was involved in conflicts over jobs and blacks moving into white communities. Many people in the North and South did support equal rights and civil rights for African Americans and other minority groups such as Native Americans, Latinos-Hispanics, etc. In 1924, the Snyder Act granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans, but they were still considered second-class citizens. In 1934, the Indian Reorganization Act moved official U.S. policy away from assimilation and towards more Native American autonomy (self-determination).

What experiences did African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, women, and conscientious objectors have while serving in Europe in WW1?

-about 400,000 African Americans served in the armed forces in WW1. Most were assigned noncombat duties (cleaning, digging, cooking, delivery of goods, etc.)-(one exception was the all-black 369th Infantry Regiment that saw more continuous duty on the front lines than any other American regiment-and from which 2 soldiers were the first to receive France's highest military honor-the "Cross of War"). Most did face some form of racism and discrimination while serving. -tens of thousands of Hispanic or Latinos served heroically, but also faced racism and discrimination. -Several thousand Asians (Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos) also served heroically, but faced the usual military racism and discrimination as many others. -women were accepted in the Army Corps of Nurses, but were denied army rank, pay, and the same benefits as men. Some 13,000 women accepted noncombat positions in the navy and marines, where they served as nurses, secretaries, and telephone operators, with full military rank. (Don't forget about ALL of the non-military contributions of the women at home, on farms, and filling in for the men in factory jobs while they were off fighting the war-all contributions that finally enabled them to be given the 19th Amendment-right to vote (Suffrage) for overall support and war effort during WW1. -Some conscientious objectors were approved and allowed to stay out of the military for religious reasons (Thou shalt not kill), others were seen as being invalid and just an excuse to not serve. One C.O.-Alvin York from Tennessee became the biggest hero of WW1, when on October 8, 1918, armed only with a rifle and a revolver, killed 25 German soldiers and with 6 fellow infantrymen, captured 132 German prisoners.

What social problems needed to be addressed in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

-excessive drinking -treatment of mental conditions -prison reform/rehabilitation -living conditions of the poor populations -the demands for unions in the workplace (targeting higher pay, safer working conditions, and shorter work days/weeks, etc.) -immigration quotas on targeted countries/peoples -women's suffrage -equal rights for blacks/minorities

What were the economic challenges to American farmers and how did farmers respond to these challenges in the mid to late 1800's?

-farmers crops were often reduced or destroyed by the climate, weather conditions (droughts, snowstorms, etc.) insects, etc. Farmers normally responded to these natural disasters by buying more land and planting more crops to try and balance it out -farmers also faced high transporting rates by the railroads-they responded by protesting and trying to form a new political party (Populist Party) and social organizations (the Grange and Farmers' Alliances) to express their anger and fears and hopefully lead to a more fair system and more profits for them as farmers and producers of foodstuffs.

What was the impact of political machines on U.S. cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

-they dominated politics in the cities by controlling voting (often involving voter fraud), handing out bribes and incentives to new immigrant voters, taking bribes from corrupt businesses to receive jobs and contracts to do work, and trying to keep the opposing party from gaining any political positions.

What effects did the Black Codes and the Nadir have on freed people?

-was a series of statutes passed by the ex-Confederate states, 1865-66, dealing with the status of the newly freed slaves. They varied greatly from state to state as to their harshness and restrictiveness. Although the codes granted certain basic civil rights to blacks (the right to marry, to own personal property, and to sue in court), they also provided for the segregation of public facilities and placed severe restrictions on the freedman's status as a free laborer, his right to own real estate, and his right to testify in court. Although some Northern states had black codes before the Civil War, this did not prevent many northerners from interpreting the codes as an attempt by the South to reenslave blacks. The Freedmen's Bureau prevented enforcement of the codes, which were later repealed by the radical Republican state governments. It represented a low point (Nadir) for freed slaves that combined with Jim Crow laws made many African Americans begin to look for ways to gain more civil and equal rights as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution and related Amendments.

How did Jim Crow laws influence life for African Americans and other racial/ethnic minority groups?

After the Reconstruction period ended in 1877 to the mid 1960's, African Americans had to follow an established set of rules and etiquette created by racist southern whites to ensure that blacks knew they were inferior to whites in the South, such as drinking from separate water fountains, no service in white restaurants, sitting in the back of buses and movie theatres, had to pay poll taxes and pass literacy tests in order to vote, and were not allowed to shake hands with or look whites in the eyes, etc

What were the causes and consequences of the Civil War?

Causes: Social issues dealing with the rights and wrongs of slavery between the North and the South; Economic issues due to the fact that Southern businesses and plantations had enormous amounts of money invested in their slaves and also depended on the slave labor to plant and harvest crops-especially cotton; Political issues involving power in congress to decide whether to allow the expansion of slavery to other territories or states or to eventually outlaw slavery in the U.S. entirely; and finally AFTER the 11 Southern states left the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, the U.S. under newly elected President Abraham Lincoln fought against the South to keep the U.S. states together as the U.S. A. Consequences: The U.S. fought against the Southern Confederates States to keep the Union together. It involved Americas killing other Americans in many battles and led to the eventual deaths of over 620,000 Americans AND the end of slavery in the U.S. by 1865.

Who were the significant (important) American inventors and what did they invent during the First and Second Industrial Revolutions?

First Industrial Revolution Inventors (1780's-1860's): -Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin -Samuel Slater-Textile (cloth from cotton) machines -Robert Fulton-Steam engine powered boats (Could go upstream against currents) -Steam/coal powered railroad locomotives (who?) Second Industrial Revolution Inventors (1870's-1960's) -Thomas Edison-Incandescent light bulb & electric generator -Alexander Graham Bell-telephone -Henry Bessemer (England) and William Kelly (U.S.)-Bessemer Steel process -Christopher Sholes-typewriter ROBBER BARONS (Wealthy multi-millionaire businessmen and their companies) -Andrew Carnegie-Steel -John D. Rockefeller-Oil -Henry Ford-automobile -Cornelius Vanderbilt-steamships and railroads -J.P. Morgan-Banker, railroads, steel

How did the U.S. change as it shifted from and agrarian (agriculture-based) to an industrial society?

Work: American work changes, as people move from farming into industrial jobs. Urbanization: Americans begin moving from farms to cities (Urbanization) Inventions: major American inventions change the way we live and work. Wealth: The United States generates enormous wealth, becoming the wealthiest nation on earth...but it goes into the hands of wealthy business leaders, while workers struggle. Unions: struggling workers organize labor unions to fight for better conditions. Immigrants: opportunity in the United States draws a million immigrants a year to our shores.