US History Unit 6

General Joe Hooker

Lincoln gave him the command of the Army of the Potomac. He ably reorganized the army, improved rations, medical care, and the troops morale. He moved the troops deeper into Virginia but then took the army into a deferral disaster.

Union naval blockade

Lincoln issued a proclamation closing off southern ports to international trade. The union navy was still incapable of enforcing the president's policy against daring and resourceful southern blockade runners. The potential for a clash with Britain and France was great. In order for a blockade to be accepted under international law it had to be real and not just a paper blockade.

Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln issued this which said unless the seceded states rejoined the Union by 1 January 1864, he would free all their slaves.

John Fremont

The Republicans nominee that had support among congressional party members. He caused grave political embarrassment when he issued on his own authority an emancipation order for Missouri. He was the first candidate of the anti slavery Republican party.

U.S.S. Monitor vs. C.S.A. Merrimack

The U.S.S. monitor was A big steel warship. For tree hours the monitor and Merrimack were locked in a deadly embrace off Hampton Roads Virginia. Both damaged vessels broke off the action and it appear to be a tie. But because the confederates had a greater need for a naval break through the Monitors actions represented a union victory.

Fall of Richmond

The capital of the south. When Grant captured Petersburg and Richmond April 1865. President Davis, his cabinet And the confederate defenders abandoned Richmond and fled south on the last open railroad line.

Second Bull Run/ Second Manassas Junction

The deciding battle in the Civil War campaign waged between Union and Confederate armies in northern Virginia in 1862. It was a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run (or First Manassas) fought on the same ground.

Abraham Lincoln meets men of color

The first official meeting between a president and. Black Americans. Lincoln was inviting the gentlemen in only in order to invite them out. He never said the black man was regarded as equal to the white and said he was powerless to change this and therefore it was better that the Two races part.

Battle of Brandy Station

The largest cavalry battle ever fought in the Western Hemisphere. It was an all day fight with Stuart that proved that Union cavalry could face the world famous Confederate cavalry without fear. From this point on the union fought with increased skill and spirit.

Army of liberation

The practical effect of the Emancipation Proclamation so that the union would become an army of liberation.

Confederate promise to soldier slaves

The south is so desperate for men that they say they'll put slaves in the confederate army and if they win they will let the slaves be free. The reason the south is fighting the war is for slavery so this is weird!

Frederick Douglass and black soldiers

When Lincoln opened the ranks of the US military to black soldiers and sailors, Frederick Douglas responded enthusiastically and travelled through the north to encourage enlistments. He said who fights the battles of America can claim America as his country. Frederick Douglas wanted nothing less than full civil and political equality for black people. You'll have black men fighting to save the Union. Douglas figured out that if they helped the country then after the war whites must acknowledge they helped save the country, this is a huge step for equality!

Lincoln letter to Horace Greely

When Lincoln turned to white Americans and answered Horace Greeley's editorial that demanded immediate emancipation. He says his most important object is to save the Union and not to save or destroy slavery.

Battle of Antietam/ Sharpsburg

Where confederates met a superior union army and all day the two armies clashed. McClellan never committed enough to win the battle or risked enough to lose.

andrew johnson

he became president as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

Nathan Bedford Forest

lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War

Border states

slave states that didn't declare a secession from the union and didn't join the confederacy. Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware.

Southern "cotton diplomacy"

the diplomatic methods employed by the Confederacy during the American Civil War to persuade the United Kingdom and France to support the Confederate war effort by implementing a cotton trade embargo against the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe. The south withholds its cotton so that they can get help from other countries so they can get the cotton. It doesn't work.

Siege of Vicksburg

the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River; therefore, capturing it completed the second part of the Northern strategy, the Anaconda Plan.

Day of Jubilee

1 January 1863, the day when the emancipation proclamation was issued... (this doesn't free the slave the army does)

New York city's military draft riots

A draft is when the governor forces you to fight in the army, this draft was widely hated in new York because people couldn't afford to pay off the 300 dollars to not fight in the army. Basically if you had 300 dollars you could have someone take your place in the army if you are drafted. The people who have money get out of fighting and the people who don't get drafted in the army because they can't afford it and this upsets them therefore they riot!

Matthew Brady

A famous New York photographer who displayed the photos of the battles carnage to a stunned society audience as "the dead of Antietam".

"Seen the elephant"

A half humorous way newly enlisted soldiers described the shocking brutality of combat.

General George Meade

A native of the keystone state (nickname for Pennsylvania) Lincoln turned to him in hope that he couple be relied on to "fight well on his own dung hill". He beat Lee at Gettysburg and then let Lee escape after he was beaten.

Colonial Joshua Chamberlain

A union officer and professor of classics in civilian life, he spoke 8 languages which was rare those days. He commanded the twentieth Maine and the hero of little roundtop and he saves part of the union army at Gettysburg.

Ulysses S. Grant

A west pointer and combat hero of the Mexican War, he washed out of the peacetime army because he really didn't do much. Lincoln liked him because he is loyal and keeps on fighting.

General william sherman

A west pointer who Brooked nonsense. He was older than grant but he had outranked grant in the old army and was fully willing to put himself under grants command. His plan was to sweep into Georgia and Tennessee and to whip the rebels, humble their pride, and follow them to their inmost recesses and make them fear and dread them.

General Order 191

Also known as the lost order, it was a general movement issued by Robert E. Lee's during the Maryland campaign. A copy of lees order was recovered by a union soldier and General McClellan knew Lees plans.

Pickett's charge

An assault ordered by Robert E Lee (confederate general) against general George Meade. It was predicted and an avoidable mistake that the southern war effort never fully recovered militarily or physiologically. It's named after George Pickett because he led the assault under longstreet.

Copperheads

Anti war northern democrats. They tried to get Lincoln out of office. They were a threat to the union because they were not a help to the cause. They wanted to cut a deal with the south and make peace. If this happened they would be an independent recognized country. Clement vallandigham was one of these who sought to obstruct the union war effort.

Battle of New Orleans

Benjamin Butler continued his controversial contraband policy and seized New Orleans which was important for the union.

The problem of belligerents

Blockades were declared against them. Lincoln took a serious risk that foreign nations would recognize the confederacy as a legitimate government. If they did they may use Lincolns own proclamation against him.

Battle of little round top

Commanded by colonial Joshua chamberlain and was In Gettysburg, it was the site of an unsuccessful assault by the confederate troops against the union. It helped save the union army.

General meades mistake

Even though he beat Robert e Lee and lee retreats, and instead of capturing him he just lets him go. This frustrates Lincoln because this was an opportunity to end the war!

Final emancipation proclamation

Final draft that proclaimed the freedom of slavery in 10 states. The practical effect of this was that the union army became an army of liberation. The emancipation is the permission slip for the army to set the slaves free.

Battle of Fredericksburg

Fought between Lee and Burnside in Fredericksburg Virginia. It was one of the most one sided battles of the war when the union frontal attack the confederates and the union suffered three times the casualties than the confederates.

Black in the union army

Freed blacks would fight harder against the south than anyone else. It was A huge victory of the war for blacks. Lincoln threatens to fight fire with fire if the south executes any of the officers.

Coup d'etat

French and translates into "hit of the state". Since McClellan couldn't fight like Napoleon, he tried to have napoleons skill for political intrigue.

Fredericksburg/ Marye's Heights

General Burnside proved that he was not capable of commanding an army here, many of his men were killed.

Arlington National Cemetery

General Miegs called for this union cemetery. Miegs was upset at his fellow West pointers because he felt like they betrayed their honor code, therefore he starts a union symmetry at Robert E Lees magnificent home. There are presidents, supreme justices & certain rules as to who can be buried there. There's a tomb of the unknown soldier there. This is a way to honor the soldiers that couldn't be identified.

Battle of Shiloh

Grant won this blood victory. It was a long drawn out affair where the union lost thirteen thousand men and the confederates lost eleven thousand. This battle resulted in more casualties in two days than the United States had suffered in its entire existence as a nation.

George McClellan

He built up the union army and then wouldn't actually fight. He was sent by the army as an observer of the Anglo-French effort in the Crimean War. When he left the army he quickly rose to become president of the Illinois Central Railroad.

Robert E. Lee

He disagreed with slavery and secession but when Virginia left the union he wouldn't fight against his own people.

General Winfield Scott

He drew up a plan to defeat the Confederacy by blockading Southern ports and sending an army down the Mississippi Valley. Scott's scheme was derided as the "Anaconda Plan", intended to crush the Confederacy slowly; eventually the actual Union victory followed its broad outlines. He was a staunch unionist.

Jefferson Davis responds to E.P.

He responded with predictable fury, he told the confederate congress "the most execrable measure in the history of guilty man". (The emancipation is a piece of poop!). He's trying to scare the southern congress and says Lincoln wants a violent slave rebellion which Lincoln never says!

Colonization/ Frederick Douglass response

He spoke for nearly all black Americans when he denounced Lincoln's coloration bid. He charged that Lincolns address showed all his inconsistencies, his pride of race, his contempt for Negroes, and his chanting hypocrisy. He says "we live here, we have lived here, have a right to live here, and mean to live here."

Lincoln's actions to keep Maryland loyal

If Maryland seceded, Washington, D.C. would have been isolated. Thus, Lincoln knew he had to keep Maryland from seceding. Since the Maryland legislature would make this decision, Lincoln had to devise a plan ensuring Maryland would stay in the Union. Thus, Lincoln arrested any Maryland legislator who would have voted for secession. This prevented Maryland from seceding. This action was really illegal, but nobody in the North questioned Lincoln's actions. Thus, by devising this plan, Lincoln was able to keep Maryland in the Union.

A people's contest

In Lincolns fourth of july speech that spoke to the states involved in the war.

Toll of war on president Lincoln

It seemed he aged a century in effect of those 5 years. He lost his son which made his wife mad with grief and therefore his relationship ship with her (Mary) suffered. He was overworked and didn't eat much leaving him looking visibly wasted and his clothes began ill fitting and hang in him.

Battle of Bull run/ manassas junction

It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. It was a Confederate (south) victory, the north ran away!! It was followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces. When General Irwin McDowell prodded by Lincoln and an impatient congress marched out to meet the confederate force near Manassas Junction, a days march from Washington. If it's a name of a town, it's the southern name for the battle.

Habeas corpus

Latin term which means body of evidence. You must be informed of your rights when you are arrested. Means government can't throw out constitution and do whatever they want with a person.

President Lincolns Second Inaugural Speech

Lincoln spent a lot of time talking about God and religion and judgement. His tone is short and sad compared to his first inaugural address. Lincoln still has high hopes for the future. Lincoln is implying that Gods judgment is on sin/slavery therefore without saying it he is saying God is on the norths side! He says this war is the punishment for the sin of slavery and suggesting God is using the north to carry out his purposes.

Election of 1864

Lincoln was tempted to delay/cancel the election because he thought he would lose but he trusted the people and the people trusted him. He didn't want to give up the struggle for the union. Lincoln carried the soldier vote against general McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes, McClellan won 21.

Abraham Lincoln & civil liberties

Means you have certain rights as an individual. He threw Maryland state legislatures in jail and suspended the right of habeas corpus and they didn't get their rights.

Gettysburg address

President Lincolns speech.. opening sentence refers to Declaration of Independence and the last paragraph says we are a government for the people by the people and of the people. Basically we will fight for the idea of freedom and so people can live under a democratic government.

General grants qualities and strategies

Quiet and businesslike, he wouldn't complain and took the resources he was given and fought. His work looked brilliant compared to Lincolns. He keeps moving forward no matter what when he is faced with a situation.

Battle of Chancellorsville

Robert E. Lee's greatest victory but also the scene of his greatest loss. Lee's risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. The victory, a product of Lee's audacity and Hooker's timid decision making, was tempered by heavy casualties and Jackson died which led to the entire south mourning.

Ambrose Burnside

Sent to fight with McClellan and fought for his beliefs. He Took the army of the Potomac deep into Virginia and he proved he was incapable of commanding an entire army.

"Total war"

Sherman was credited with being the first modern warrior in America and the first practitioner of total war.

Shermans march to the sea

Sherman's army troops destroyed the confederates supplies. Railroads were destroyed and there were massive casualties.

Robert E Lees military strategy

Simply convince the north to stop the war and the fighting and to make them tired so they give up and cut a deal.

General JEB Stuart

Southern general and the best cavalry officer in the south that humiliated the federal by riding completely around them.

Ex Parte Merryman

Taneys opinion in this was a carefully reasoned analysis of history and constitutional law. Taney scolded Lincoln for suspending habeas corpus a power which the constitution implicitly gave to congress and not the president. It was a U.S. federal court case that happened during the American Civil War. It was a test of the authority of the President to suspend "the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus" under the Constitution's Suspension Clause, when Congress was in recess and therefore unavailable to do so itself.

Contraband

The south would use this to buy slaves in their army, it had been used for material but not to human beings. The slaves started to figure out if they ran to the Union army they would be set free. The more slaves set free by the Union Army the more he hurts the Confederacy. This changes the purpose of the war.

Lincoln assassinated

There was a conspiracy to kill multiple men in the Lincoln administration including the Vice President and multiple men were involved. They were southern sympathizers and were upset about the war.

Lincoln and the press

There were openly racist articles and cartoons published about him. A London paper cartooned him as a card player about to throw in a losing game the ace of spades... the face on the cards was a young black man and his winning opponent was a confident smiling Jefferson Davis. If Lincoln wasn't depicted as black he was shown mocking the company of black peoples. These were used to stir up racial animosities against the president.

Massachusetts 54th regiment

They fight in South Carolina and they distinguish themselves by fighting well. It was A colored regiment that had been led into battle by Robert Gould Shaw. People start taking notice what good soldiers the blacks are.

Appomattox Courthouse

This is where Lee surrenders to Grant. It is A week after richmonds fall, general lee agreed to meet General grant here.

Lincolns military strategy

To defeat Lees army.

Battle of Vicksburg

Ulysses S. Grant's armies converged on Vicksburg investing the city and trapping a confederate army. This was one Of the most brilliant military campaigns of the war. The confederacy was essentially split in half due to the casualties.

Stonewall Jackson

a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and the best-known Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee.

Trent affair

a diplomatic incident during the American Civil War that threatened a war between the United States and the United Kingdom. The U.S. Navy illegally captured two Confederate diplomats from a British ship (the Trent) the UK protested vigorously.

Peninsula Campaign

a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia, it was the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. The operation was an amphibious turning movement against the Confederate States Army in Northern Virginia, intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond. McClellan was initially successful against General Joseph E. Johnston, but the emergence of the aggressive General Robert E. Lee turned the Seven Days Battles into a humiliating Union defeat.

battle of gettysburg

union victory stopped robert e lee invasion in the north.