US History Units 9-12

Truman Doctrine

"Containment"- how the US should handle the spread of communism. US allows it to stay in the places that it was originally in but not spread. will fight for democracy but he doesn't want to go to war

Causes of the Great Depression

-Overproduction -Farm crisis put farmers in debt -High poverty levels -High tariff on foreign goods -Growing amounts of consumer debt -oil replaces coal, cars replaces railroads -The stock market crash( this didn't cause the great depression but it announced it's arrival) ---> The plummeting stocks hurt businesses and caused the people to withdraw their savings from the banks causing the banks to close. The banks would need to lay off their workers because they were going out of business and those workers would withdraw their money from the bank (it's a cycle) Election of 1928: Hoover wins, he was unable to fix the negative economic consequences of the Great Depression

Prohibition

18th amendment (ratified in 1919 and overturned in 1933) Led to: Bootlegging and growth of organized crime Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcohol and alcoholic beverages Goals: to help end domestic abuse and cure society by banning alcohol (influence of Protestants and Women's church) to reduce crime rates (but instead it raised crime rates)

What led the US into World War I

A. Blockades B. Unlimited submarine warfare - German breaks promise of not attacking US ships C. Zimmerman telegram - Zimmerman (German diplomat) sends a telegram to mexico to go to was with US in attempt to distract them from WWI but it gets intercepted by America and releases to press and then all the Americans want to go to war.

Spanish-American War- causes

Crusader Nation Ideal- America feels obligation to go out and spread democracy, equality, freedom - Americans learned of the Spanish atrocities and human rights violations in Cuba from the "Yellow Press" -- Spanish-American War - 1898 (US wins) a. War in the Philippines b. War in Cuba

Economic policy of the 1920s

Economy was booming Presidents during this time took a laissez fair approach by of how well industries were doing Some farmers and other non-industrial workers probably would have benefitted from the governments help

Atomic Bomb

Einstein and other physicists found out that Europe aka Hitler was building an atomic bomb so they sent a letter to Pres. FDR and Einstein signed it (bec he was the most famous) asking to build an atomic bomb too. Drops bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Why drop the bomb? To show USSR the US's strength- they're allies but just of convenience. Prevent more than 250,000 more US deaths that would happen if the bomb wasn't dropped. Japanese were not going to surrender

New Deal

FDR organized the three R's which went against Laisez Faire type of government Relief: give people jobs-> homeowners loan association Recovery: recover economy-> agricultural adjustment act Reform: make sure depression never happens again-> social security act Opposition: 1. From the wealthy- they wanted laissez faire economics. 2. From the left- capitalism isn't working we need socialism. 3. Supreme court - it's not constitutional.

Lusitania

Germany sinks British ship called the Lusitania. Many Americans are on board. This led some Americans to want to go to war. Germany promises not to touch US boats(and they don't for two years)

Five Power Treaty (or the Washington Naval Treaty)

Goal: avoid war What: Between 1921 and 1922, the world's largest naval powers (basically the nations that won WW1) gathered in Washington, D.C. for a conference to discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia

Marshall Plan

Goal: prevent spread of communism What: US will give money to weak countries in order to preserve democracy and prevent communist powers from taking over

HUAC and McCarthyism

HUAC- House Un-American Activities Committee Committee established to investigate cases where people were accused of communism/ disloyalty People suspected of communism would be put on a Blacklist and not hired for jobs McCarthyism Joseph McCarthy- senator, was the originator of McCarthyism, making accusations of communism without any evidence

Executive Order 9066

Internment of Japanese Americans, majority of whom were US citizens: The president ordered that Japanese Americans, who most had citizenship have to be put in camps for 3 to 4 years. Goes against constitution

Keynesian Economics

John Maynard Keynes rejected Laissez-Faire: have to pump money into an economy during a depression and then everyone will recover and be able to pay taxes again.

Arms Race

Mutually assured destruction- Even though both sides have strong weapons such as atomic bombs, they have a mutual understanding to not use them because then they'd just be destroying each other, nothing would get resolved.

Iron Curtain

Name of the boundary dividing europe into two separate place post ww2. This was a term that symbolized the efforts of the soviet union to block itself and its satellite states (the states it ruled over) from the non satellite states.

WWII cartoons

Overall: criticized US's isolation and hypocrisy Look at doc for more details

Reagan and the Cold War

Reagan tells Gorbachev to tear this wall down- 1988 Nov 1989: Berlin wall comes down-- wall was a symbol of CW

Pres. Hoover

Rugged individualism- Initially rejected govt. action After seeing the need, got government involved and gave people more jobs through Reconstruction finance corps and Hoover dam Continued to fail even after implementing these and giving more jobs because aggressive towards the bonus army (vets demanded war payments) and banks kept failing

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Schenck handed out fliers saying not to join the US army -This is against the espionage and sedition acts of 1917 He believes that this act was unconstitutional (1st amendment=free speech) The Supreme Court said that it is constitutional because if the words create a clear and present danger, the congress has the right to prevent it

Pearl Harbor

Surprise attack by the Japanese on US naval base at pearl harbor, Hawaii. Why did Japan attack them? Treaty of versailles- Japan was humiliated, it's economy was in trouble, there was a big natural disaster, the US places an embargo on Japan and they needed resources and thought if they got pearl harbor they could have control over the pacific and take what they want.

Theodore Roosevelt's "Big Stick Policy"

TR's Big Stick Diplomacy=the US as "international police" TR wanted to increase America's stature in the world, spread US culture and be ready to fight if needed Example of TR using Big stick policy is the creation of the Panama Canal - US helped Panama become independent - gave the US an economic advantage but also required the US to police Latin America The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - TR declared that the US had "international police powers" in the Western hemisphere -Roosevelt Corollary was used to justify military intervention in Latin America but often led to dictators TR's foreign policy with Japan=mediated the Russo-Japanese War and negotiated Root-Takahira Agreement

Cuban Missile Crisis

US had nuclear weapons ie. missiles off coast of Turkey, close to Russia So, Soviets put missiles in Cuba US announces blockade(didn't let anything in or out) on Cuba and Russia doesn't like that JFK and USSR mae a deal so USSR and US both backed down, but looked like a victory to American public bcs the deal was a secret-- Kennedy looked strong in the end

Spanish-American War- results

War ends- the U.S. takes control of Puerto Rico, the Pacific island of Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba gains nominal independence AMERICA IS NOW AN IMPERIALIST POWER

"Rural Counterattack"

What? -Prohibition against alcohol -The KKK- hated everyone but white people. -Red Scare- strikes and attacks on socialists, communists. Socialist, anarchist strikers shut down by gov't. -Palmer Raids- Mitchell Palmer, U.S attorney created a "red" list and they rounded up suspected communists and arrested them. -Nativism- Limited immigration based on ethnics. Significance: Showed roaring 20s was founded on shaky grounds.

Second Industrial Revolution

What? New goods products, many being powered by electricity (cars, fridge, vacuum, dishwasher) New ways for companies to advertise For producing cars at a fast rate, Ford created "assembly line" (1 in every 4.5 had cars) Significance: Also let to social and cultural changes for blacks (music, etc...) and women (birth control)

Wilson's 14 Points

Who/What? This was a statement of principles for peace, that was used for peace negotiations to end WW1. The principles were outlined in a speech by President Woodrow Wilson to the US congress . Why is this significant to the study of history? They were significant because this was done to get peace. His plan created the league of nations which was a failure, which was a major factor in the startup of WW2. 1. No secret diplomacy 2. Freedom of seas 3. Free trade 4. Reduce arms 5. Self determination 6. League of nations

Foreign Policy between World War I and World War II - mood of the country

from isolation to involvement Cash and Carry policy- Any country can come to America to buy things for the war (weapons) with cash- this benefited the allies because they were able to buy weapons from the US Lend Lease Act - the US would loan ships and weapons to the allies: US was becoming the "arsenal of democracy." end of WWII- US was completely interventionist

Definition of the Cold War

ideological struggle between communism and democracy/between communism and capitalism from 1945-1989. This war was fought between the USSR and America through a series of proxy wars fought in other countries.