Venice Final
The Venice Film Festival
"International Exhibition of Cinematographic Art of the Venice Biennale"), founded in 1932, is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the "Big Three" film festivals alongside the Cannes Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival. The film festival has since taken place in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice, Italy.
MOSE (moses)
-$9 billion dollar project -funded by government officials -much corruption a project intended to protect the city of Venice, Italy, and the Venetian Lagoon from flooding. The project is an integrated system consisting of rows of mobile gates installed at the Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia inlets that are able to temporarily isolate the Venetian Lagoon from the Adriatic Sea during high tides.
The Biennale
-1st International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice -Came to be known as the biennale after WWI -The effort was supported by the city and its government The Venice Biennale is an arts organization based in Venice, and also the original and principal exhibition it organizes. Began in 1895 throughout the 20th century into the 21st. Today, the Biennale includes a range of separate events including: the International Art Exhibition; the International Festival of Contemporary Music; the International Theatre Festival; the International Architecture Exhibition; the International Festival of Contemporary Dance; the International Kids' Carnival; and the annual Venice Film Festival, which is arguably the best-known of all the events.
Aqua alta
-Flood of 1966 (Nov. 3-4) -Torrential rain for 2 days -2 meters -Happens more than 60 times per year which is way more than ever in history is the term used in Veneto for the exceptional tide peaks that occur periodically in the northern Adriatic Sea. The peaks reach their maximum in the Venetian Lagoon, where they cause partial flooding of Venice. The phenomenon occurs mainly between autumn and spring, when the astronomical tides are reinforced by the prevailing seasonal winds which hamper the usual reflux
Marghera
-Industrial City over looking Venice -Now a ghost town By the start of the 20th century it was obvious that Venice's existing port at Bacino San Marco was incapable of servicing large modern ships. Modern port across from Venice.
Austrian Occupation
-Napoleon falls in 1814 and venice is again under Austrian control -Built railway between Venice and Mestre 1846 -Horses of St. Marks are returned -The Venetian Spritz (wine and soda water) -Strudel Austrian took control of Venice after Napoleon was defeated.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Story of Anthony and Cleopatra, Ballroom of Palazzo Labia, 1745-50
-Two story ball room Tiepolo returned to the subject a few years later at the Palazzo Labia in Venice with his frescos on Antony and Cleopatra: the Banquet was paired with a Meeting of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony and surrounding scenes of gods and attendants
Giovanni Antonio Canaletto, Piazza San Marco, late 1720s & Francesco Guardi, Piazza San Marco, 1750s
-Vedutisti (view painter) -usually made views of the city for foreigners who traveled the city and took the paintings home The paintings of the Piazza San Marco by Canaletto and Francesco Guardi are similar in several ways. Both of these paintings depict the Procuratie, Saint Marks Basilica, San Marco Campanile and the Doge's palace in the background. In both of these paintings there are many Venetians wandering around the Piazza and they are all dressed in what appears to be elegant fashion. There are also animals displayed in each painting. It also appears that there are draperies swaying from the upper levels of the Procuratie. The sky is depicted by similar brushstrokes and both paintings display a sunny day with few clouds. The main difference I notice is the scale of the paintings. Image 2 by Guardi appears to be painted on a bigger scale making the piazza appear much larger than the way it is show in the painting by Canaletto. Canaletto's painting, however, is much more detailed and more appealing to the eye due to its brightness and vivid colors. Judging by the shadow casted by the Procuratie the painting by Canaletto is later in the day where as in the image 2 the sun is higher in the sky. I like the painting by Canaletto more than the painting by Francesco because it seems more inviting and realistic. The people are evenly dispersed throughout the Piazza in image 1 whereas in image 2 it seems that they are huddled to the right in the shadow of the Procuratie. The reason the scale differs in these two paintings is because it appears that image 1 is shown from an angle looking down at the Piazza where as image 2 could have been done from the piazza itself.
Carnival
-away with meat -period of festivity before the beginning of lent -ends on fat Tuesday -celebrated many places, but best known in Rio de Janeiro, New Orleans, and Venice The Carnival ends with the Christian celebration of Lent, forty days before Easter, on Shrove Tuesday (Martedi' Grasso or Mardi Gras), the day before Ash Wednesday. The festival is world-famed for its elaborate masks. It was very famous during the eighteenth century.[3] It encouraged licence and pleasure, but it was also used to protect Venetians from present and future anguish.[4] However, under the rule of the King of Austria, the festival was outlawed entirely in 1797 and the use of masks became strictly forbidden. It reappeared gradually in the nineteenth century, but only for short periods and above all for private feasts, where it became an occasion for artistic creations.[5]
Giardini Pubblici
-established by Napoleon as the Public Gardens for the "National Artistic Exhibition Laid out by order of Napoleon, and somewhere in the 19th century they were landscaped in the spirit of the elegance typical of the English style gardens. The Public Gardens of Venice are a pleasant refuge for people who want to relax away from the hustle of the city. Also home to Biennale of Architecture.
Commedia dell'arte
-make-shift stages in the piazza's is a form of theatre characterized by masked "types" which began in Italy in the 16th century and was responsible for the advent of the actresses and improvised performances based on sketches or scenarios.
19th Century "New Myths of Venice"
-sinking ruin (poverty) -politically corrupt -tourist city (conflict between preservation and modernization) -picturesque beauty -city for lovers
The Enlightenment
1650's-1780's -Napoleon -Key themes: Reason, Science, History, Individual Rights -Horses of St. Marks taken by Napoleon to Paris European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition. The goals of rational humanity were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
1696- 1770 -reincarnation of Veronese The most famous Venetian artist of the eighteenth century; one of the most famous Venetian artists of all time. A kind of re-incarnation of Veronese—a great sense of facility and a great sense of color. Ironically, for a Venetian painter, his most famous works are in fresco, not oil on canvas.
Francesco Guardi, Piazza San Marco
1750
Napoleon Bonaparte
1769-1821 - Started as general of French army during French Rev - Becomes emperor of France in 1804 - Names himself King of Italy & Nephew Prince of Venice - Takes horses of St. Marks to Paris was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.
King Victor Emmanuel II
1820-1878 -first king of italy was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878.
Railway connector to mainland
1846 -austrian occupation The line was designed by the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia to connect its two joint capitals. Influx of major tourism with easy access.
vedutisti
A veduta (Italian for "view"; plural vedute) is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, actually more often print, of a cityscape or some other vista. The painters of vedute are referred to as vedutisti. By the mid-18th century, Venice became renowned as the center of the vedutisti. The genre's greatest practitioners belonged to the Canal and Guardi families of Venice. The two most famous Venetian vedutisti were: Giovanni Antonio Canal (called Canaletto) (1697-1768) and Francesco Guardi (1712-1793). Their vedute were usually made for foreigners who traveled to the city and took the pictures home. There are huge quantities of Canaletto's and Guardis in English art collections especially.
John Singer Sargent, Watercolors views of Venice (shown in class), first decade 20th c.
As he goes on he becomes more interested in sights rather than people of Venice, He painted his watercolors on site and from a boat generating a low perspective, preferred classical buildings as opposed to gothic style,
The French occupation (1797, 1806-1814)
Horses of Saint Mark taken to Paris and mounted with the inscription: "Brought from Corinth to Rome and from Rome to Constantinople, from Constantinople to Venice, from Venice to France: they are at last in a free country!" Napoleon falls in 1814 and Venice is once again under Austrian control. The Horses of San Marco are returned
Baldassare Longhena, Santa Maria della Salute, begun 1631
In 1630, Venice experienced an unusually devastating outbreak of the plague. As a votive offering for the city's deliverance from the pestilence, the Republic of Venice vowed to build and dedicate a church to Our Lady of Health (or of Deliverance, Italian: Salute). The church was designed in the then fashionable baroque style by Baldassare Longhena
Mestre
Is the center and the most populated urban area of the mainland of Venice. Venetian domination ended on July 16, 1797. In 1808 Mestre, following the French practice, constituted itself into a free commune. It remained such under the subsequent Austrian and Italian rules, receiving the title of city in 1923.
Teatro La Fenice, 1792, then 1836, then 2004
It is one of "the most famous and renowned landmarks in the history of Italian theatre",[1] and in the history of opera as a whole. Especially in the 19th century, La Fenice became the site of many famous operatic premieres at which the works of several of the four major bel canto era composers—Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, and Verdi were performed.
Caffe Florian
It was established in 1720, and is the oldest coffee house in continuous operation. The Caffè was patronised in its early days by notable people including the playwright Carlo Goldoni, Goethe and Casanova, who was no doubt attracted by the fact that Caffè Florian was the only coffee house that allowed women.
The Lido
Th11-kilometre long sandbar in Venice, northern Italy; it is home to about 20,000 residents. The Venice Film Festival takes place at the Lido every September. Used to be home to fisherman and Jewish cemetery, was developed in 19th century to introduce more wealth to the city and surrounding area during time of poverty.
Henry James, "The Aspern Papers", 1888
The Aspern Papers is a novella written by Henry James, originally published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1888, with its first book publication later in the same year. One of James' best-known and most acclaimed longer tales, The Aspern Papers is based on the letters Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote to Mary Shelley's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, who saved them until she died. Set in Venice, The Aspern Papers demonstrates James' ability to generate suspense while never neglecting the development of his characters. Lord Byron is the inspiration for the character "Jeffery Aspern". Came from a wealthy New York family Eventually settled in England Novels are often about Americans' encounters with Europe
Antonio Da Ponte, "Rialto Bridge", 1591
The Rialto Bridge is one of the four bridges spanning the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. It is the oldest bridge across the canal, and was the dividing line for the districts of San Marco and San Polo. Has shops on either side, completed in 1591. One of the architectural icons of Venice
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Apotheosis of the Pisani Family, Villa Pisani, Strà, 1760-62
The ceiling fresco is conceived as a trompe-l'oeil opening onto a silvery-blue sky, whose endless depths are defined by various towering cloud formations. The composition consists of two sections which exist independently of one another: the portrayal of the Pisani family and various allegorical figures in the lower portion, and the Continents in the upper portion. The figure of Fame, sounding her trumpets in either direction, connects the two. Below her, Divine Wisdom is enthroned and reigns over a harmonious empire. The Virtues Faith, Justice, Love, Hope and Strength appear at her feet.
Lord Byron, "Ode to Venice", 1818
The poem deals with the lament on the decadence of Venice. It starts with the fear of Venice's sinking. The author asserts that he, a foreigner, would deeply regret such a thing, and therefore its inhabitants should be even sadder for it. He thinks the city is in decay, and this is a real pity, especially taking into account the fame and glory Venice had before. Once again, we see Byron lamenting the decadence of a previously glorious place. But, in this case, the poet not only talks about the city in question (Venice), but reflects on all history, and extrapolates the situation of Venice to the whole (or, at least, the Western) world. His true sorrow means he had a strong relation with Venice, that he was an admirer of its architecture, history and allure, and that he felt that its deterioration would be a loss for him, the venetians and the humanity.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Neptune offering Gifts to Venice, Doge's Palace, 1750
This painting in the Sala delle Quattro Porte is one of the last public works commissioned by the Venetian Republic. As its thousand years of history drew to a close, the city commissioned this painting of Neptune pouring out the treasures of the sea and the riches of commerce before Venice. It was commissioned from Tiepolo to replace a lost painting by Tintoretto. The dating is controversial because of the painting's stylistic anomalies. In homage to the context, the work takes up motifs typical of the golden age of Venetian art.
Mark Twain, "Innocents Abroad", 1869
Twain muses on his own American arrogance, his ignorance of foreign customs, the even greater ignorance of his travel companions and the grandness of it all. The first impression of Venice, late at night on their arrival, was a grim one. Venice used to be a magnificent city of influence and now it looks like a neglected poverty pit. Even their first gondola ride is a letdown, mostly because the driver couldn't sing. Soon, however, that impression was replaced when their gondola arrives in the Grand Canal, where all the Venice action is taking place. There is music and people and romance. This is the Venice Twain had heard about! The gondolas of Venice are a wondrous thing to Mark Twain. Most are painted black, which Twain calls the color of mourning. He says people mourn in Venice, for their past and for the city's poverty and ruins. But it is curious to watch people travel in gondolas just as naturally as they would a street carriage. Children visit friends with the gondola, women go shopping, and men attend business meetings.
Il Risorgimento
Venice joins Kingdom of Italy the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.
The Veneto
Venice's region of Italy It was part of the powerful, independent Venetian Republic for more than 1,000 years, during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Venice, its regional capital, is famed for its canals, Gothic architecture and elaborate Carnival celebrations. The city's Lido and that of nearby Jesolo are popular beach destinations.
The French Revolution (1789-1799)
a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire
Piazzale Roma
a square in Venice, Italy, at the entrance of the city, at the end of the Ponte della Libertà. Piazzale Roma and nearby Tronchetto island are the only places in Venice's insular urban core accessible to ground motor vehicles, such as automobiles and buses.
William Wordsworth, "On the Extinction of the Venetian Republic", 1802
after the tremendous expansion of her power in the thirteenth century, Venice did much to protect western Europe from the Turks. The eldest Child of Liberty. The Venetians prided themselves in the belief that theirs was the oldest independent state in Europe. After a great naval victory of the Venetians in 1177, the Pope gave the Doge of Venice a ring with which to wed the Adriatic, that the world might know that the sea is subject to Venice, "as a bride is to her husband." The ceremony of wedding the Adriatic was celebrated annually by the Doge throwing a ring into it. Napoleon entered Venice on May 16, 1797, and proclaimed the end of the Republic. In October of the same year he handed Venice over to Austria.
Giacomo Casanova
an Italian adventurer and author from the Republic of Venice. His autobiography, Histoire de ma vie (Story of My Life),- 12 volume long autobiography is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of the customs and norms of European social life during the 18th century, He has become so famous for his often complicated and elaborate affairs with women that his name is now synonymous with "womanizer". He associated with European royalty, popes and cardinals, along with luminaries such as Voltaire, Goethe, and Mozart.
Flood of 1966
an unprecedented acqua alta, with waters reaching up to 194cm. Although Venice is known for its acque alte or high waters which often flood the streets, this flood left thousands of residents without homes and caused over six million dollars worth of damage to the various art throughout Venice; therefore making it the worst flood in the history of the city. After being neglected and quietly deteriorating ever since the defeat of the Venetian Republic by Napoleon about a century and a half prior, Venice was suddenly recognized as a city in urgent need of restoration
Molino Stucky
grain and pasta factory that began operation in 1884. On the guidecca, has been converted into a luxury hotel and apartment complex.
John Singer Sargent, A Street in Venice, 1880 or 1882 [Clark Art Institute, Williamstown]
is a c. 1882 oil on wood painting by the American artist John Singer Sargent (1856-1925). Painted in a post-impressionist manner, it is set in a quiet backstreet off the Calle Larga dei Proverbi, near the Grand Canal in Venice. Depicts venetians as exotic, suggesting gypsy like qualitites. Interested in way light is portrayed, more interested in the back alleys and less noted locations in Venice rather than the flashy monuments artisits generally depict. Reminiscent of Henry James, similar notions of Venice such as intonation of death and the past, two men dressed in black and gloomy in deteriorating alley in Venice. The painting shows a young woman walking along the flagstones, kicking her skirt with her right foot, and observed by two men in the shadows to her right. From the manner in which Sargent depicts her down-turned eyes and seemingly fast pace with which she passes the two men, he is concerned largely with the invasive male glare and its effect on the passing woman.
Napoleonic Wing, Piazza San Marco, 1810-1813
part of the Procuratie, The Procuratie (literally, "procuracies") are three connected buildings on St Mark's Square in Venice. They are also connected to St Mark's Clocktower. They are historic buildings over arcades, the last of them completed, to finish off the square, under Napoleon's occupation.
The Grand Tour
traditional trip of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means, or those of more humble origin who could find a sponsor. The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transport in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard itinerary. Rite of passage taken mostly by Britt's who would leave as boys and return as men. Three hundred years ago, wealthy young Englishmen began taking a post-Oxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the roots of Western civilization. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and months (or years) to roam, they commissioned paintings, perfected their language skills and mingled with the upper crust of the Continent.
Benito Mussolini 1883-1945
was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. Known as Il Duce ("the leader"), Mussolini was the founder of fascism.
