Voices and Visions: Chapter 5 War and Peace

3 reasons for why the french general didn't have to be worried

-They had 16 000 troops ready to battle -Fortress was made out of stone -If they they were to hold out until winter, the British would have to retreat

Montcalm was on the ____, Wolfe was on the ____

Montcalm was on the Defence, Wolfe was on the Attack

strengths of the French (3)

-Most powerful army -strong fortresses at Louisburg and Quebéc -lots of First Nation allies,such as the Odawa, Ojibwa, and Algonquin

The Quebec act

-Quebec was expanded to it's original size -Much of the land that had been set aside for the First Nations became apart of Quebec -French language rights were recognized -Catholics were given freedom of religion and were allowed to hold government jobs -Roman Catholic Church got back the power to hold property and to tithe

Where were the Acadians deported? (6)

New England colonies, some were sent to the Caribbean, France, or England, few escaped and --others made their way to New Orleans, Louisiana still part of New France (cajun people)

The Great Deportation

The removal of 10 000 Acadians from Acadia by Britain, starting in 1755. Britain took their land, homes, and other possessions left behind.

Quebec Act of 1774

(1774) - Granted equal rights to Catholics in the province of Quebec and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; and extended the boundary of the province southward to the Ohio river without consulting First Nations.

Because of the Quebec Act, what rights did the British then recognize for the Canadiens? (3)

- The Catholics were given freedom of religion. Now, they would be allowed to do jobs of the government. -The Canadiens were allowed to keep their language and religion, which made the foundation for peace. -French Seigneurial System remained still.

The proclamation created:

-A system of British laws and courts replaced the french's system -Catholic church lost its ability to collect church tax -Interior of the continent was set aside for First Nations people, as their "hunting grounds" though he claimed he alone ruled the land -New France became much smaller

strengths of the British (3)

-Had a powerful navy -Haudenosaunee allies(later in the war) -The Thirteen Colonies could provide the British with military supplies

options the British have to govern New France.

1.Eviction 2.Assimilation 3.Accommodation

In all, how many soldiers died at the battle of the Plains of Abraham?

1300

Acadian

A Francophone citizen of Acadia.

Superpower

A country than is more powerful and has more prestige than mostly all the other countries. Britain and France were ________ , they dominated world affairs.

Habitant

A francophone farmer of New France

Tithe

A payment made to the Roman Catholic Church that was 1/10 of your pay.

Francophone

A person who's first language was French

Strategic position

A place whose physical location makes it important or invaluable, often for military reasons.

Ultimatum

A solemn threat of penalties. In 1755, The Governor of Nova Scotia, Charles Lawrence, told the Acadians that if they do not swear loyalty to the British, they will lose their land

How many acadians fled their homes?

A total of 10 ,000 Acadians fled their homes.

Pontiac( also known as Obwandiyag in his native language.)

A well known Odawa War Chief. He inspired a war against the English called the Pontiac's War.

Treaty of paris

After this event, the british took over the french fur trade, they didn't follow the same trading practices as the French. (see chapter 4 for more information.)

What land was set for the First Nations?

All lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi river, where Europeans couldn't live

Minweweh

Anishinabe leader that was an ally of Pontiac fighting for First Nations rights.

The Upper Town of Quebéc

Another French city (was also a fortress, just like Louisbourg). This place was located high upon a cliff, just in front of a farmers field. This location was in high demand during The Battle on the Plains of Abraham.

Officially bilingual Canada

Canada has two languages (English & French) that are recognized and used by the government.

What was the fortress of Quebec equipped with?

Cannons

Bicultural

Combining two cultures in a distinct region

What do you think the fortress of Quebec was built to protect?

Easy access into the fortress and the area

Anglophone

English-speaking (person)

After the Treaty of Paris, what parts of New france were still in the French's hands? (3)

Guadeloupe, a sugar-producing island in the Caribbean. Tiny islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon near the coast of Newfoundland

Why did Pontiac expect the French to help him?

He expected the French to help him because he and his allies had served the French in their war against English.

Acadia

Homeland of the Acadians on the east coast. Was renamed Nova Scotia by the British when they gained control of it

The French

Ile-saint-jean (prince edward island), Cape Breton, and Louisiana all belonged to the imperial power before the seven years war

What was the difference of the fortress in Quebec to the one in Louisbourg?

It could not be surrounded from the countryside, so Wolfe couldn't cut off their supplies

Who signed the The Royal Proclamation of 1763? What was it for? What land did First Nations receive?

King George III of England signed the Royal Proclamation, which set out the plans for the British government to govern to the colony. It also sat aside land west of the Appalachians and east of the Mississippi river for First Nations.

Vandreuil

Last governor of New France. Was born in the colony. He surrendered New France to the British in 1760. He returned to France when Britain took over.

Pontiac

Leader of the Odawa Nation who formed an alliance among the First Nations to oppose Britain's takeover of the French claims.

Where was the field known as the plains of Abraham located?

On the high cliff top behind the fortress

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation by the British. creating the province of Quebec, pressured french colonists to assimilate, encouraging settlement from British colonies, recognizing some lands as "Indian Territory."

Bilingualism, and how it applies to Canada.

Recognizing two identities that made up the foundations of our country; Canada has French and English as two official languages.

Battle on the Plains of Abraham

September 1759, battle fought between the British and French for control of Quebec city the capital of New France. The British won the battle

The perspective of the British with the Canadiens

Should the British exile the Canadians from their native land? And banish them from British North America, just like the Acadians?

Assimilation of the Canadiens- The choice and reasons

Since the British didn't want to evict the Canadiens from their native land, They assimilated them. The British wanted to populate Quebec with Anglophones

Neutrality of the Acadians and their perspective

The Acadians did not want to fight. They believed that they should not defend the French nor the British. They wanted to remain neutral.

battle tactic he First Nations implemented at Fort Michilimackinac

The Chippewa men congregated outside of the fort and played a game a lacrosse. One of the players chucked the ball into the open gate of the fort .The women handed weapons to the men and hid them under their shirts. The men were taking the British by complete surprise and captured the fort in a few minutes.

When the First Nations attacked the British, how many forts did they successfully capture?

The First Nations captured seven of ten English Forts.

What promise did the French governor ask the English to abide by?

The French Governor asked the English to promise not to take revenge against First Nations tribes who sided with the French.

Louisbourg fort

The French built fort and naval base on the eastern coast of Canada (Cape Breton)

Louisbourg

The French city founded at the end of the Mississippi River, used as a military base and then captured by England.

What happened to Pontiac's First Nations alliances?

The French had already surrendered at Montréal. Troops were sent by the British to battle with the First Nations. This made the alliance between Pontiac and his allies fall apart.

The Royal Proclamation

The Royal Proclamation brought in British institutions and laws and prevented settlement west of the Appalachians to attract anglophones to Quebec

Seven years war

The biggest war in the 18th century. Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain and their First Nation allies for power and control of land (North America).

Cajun

The descendants of the Acadians, a community that still thrives

Quebec act

The origin for Bilingualism was in this

cause of conflict between the British and the French

Their desire to control the fur trade, to be superior than the other, strategic locations and rich fishing areas

How did the Acadians react to the oath of allegiance?/ Acadians reaction to oath of allegiance

They wanted to remain neutral, and promised not to fight against the British, though they refused to take the oath, which led to the great deportation

Assimilation

To absorb into a population; to make similar to the dominant culture. Ex: The Acadians were separated from their families and scattered throughout the 13 colonies, ROYAL PROCLAMATION

Deport

To expel individuals from the country.

Expulsion

To forcibly remove people from an area or region.

Seven Year's War

Took place between 1756-1763. This war was close to being a world war. France and Britain had colonies and fought in India, Africa, and the Caribbean. Both superpowers wanted the same things, territories and resources.

General James Wolfe decided to attack from-

Up river to cut off the source of Quebec's supplies

Treaty of Paris

Was signed by the French and English in 1763. It gave England possession of almost all of North America. However, this made the First Nations very disappointed.

oath of Allegiance

a pledge that the british gave to the acadians to show them that the Acadians were loyal to Britain.

Coexistence

a state of living together in peace

Since the fortress could not be surrounded from the countryside, Wolfe's only hope was to-

draw the enemy out onto the open battlefield

colonization

the process of one country establishing domination over a territory in another country or region

Siege

the surrounding of a place in order to force it to surrender

Did the First Nations continue fighting with the English after the French surrendered at Montréal?

they continued fighting even after the French surrendered, the First Nations first had to negotiate neutrality with the English. Only then the English could claim victory.

to Assimilate

to force someone to give up their way of life, and to become something else.

What was James Wolfe's plan to capture the Upper Town of Quebéc? and why did he think this?

to make his way to a farmers field known as the Plains of Abraham behind the fortress up on the high clifftop. Wolfe thought that if British soldiers could secretly make their way there, they could attack the French where their defenses were weak.

Were the First Nations invited to partake in the treaty signing?

treaty in which the First Nations were not invited to partake in the treaty signing, it disappointed the first nations as they believed the future of their lands was at stake. The french governor made the english promise not to take revenge against the first nations who were their allies in the war.

How did the British capture Louisbourg?

using a siege that lasted seven weeks which cut of the fortress's supplies.

Royal Proclamation

worked to assimilate the French and attract english speaking people