VTHT 1349 Veterinary Pharamcology

An example of a cholinergic medication would be which of the follwing?

bethanacol

The strongest warning the FDA can require is a

black label warning

Many medications have the acronym "USP" listed on their label. What doe USP represent?

United States Pharmacopeia

What is the name of the sole member of the inodilator class of medications that are used in veterinary medicine?

Pimobendan

A cat that weighs 5 kg is given 0.1 ml of a drug with a concentration of 10 mg/ml;. What dose did this cat receive?

0.1 ml ÷ 5 kg × 10 mg/ml = 0.2 mg/kg

If the Doctor orders 300μg of vitamin B12, how much is this in mg?

0.3 mg

In the medical record indication of ½ mL of a drug was given subQ can be denoted

0.5 mL SubQ

A 75-lb dog must be de-wormed. If the daily dose of the dewormer is 1 teaspoon per 25-lb body weight for 3 days, approximately how much should be given each day?

1 Tbsp

You just administered one tablet of 64.8 mg of Phenobarbital. How many grains of drug did you deliver?

1 g

Palpation of the ventral neck of a cat should be performed on hyperthyroid felines that exhibit

tachycardia.

Five tonometer readings in mm/Hg are 14, 15, 19, 14, and 18. What is the average?

(15 + 14 + 14 + 19 + 18) ÷ 5 = 16 mm Hg

The volume of an injection for a small iguana is 0.005 ml. This amount is too small to measure accurately. What dilution would allow you to give a volume of 0.05 ml?

0.005mL(10)= 0.05mL 1:10

Cytotoxic drugs

- Include chemotherapeutic drugs - must be handled with extreme care - should be stored away from other drugs to prevent mistakes

VCPR means ___________________.

- the veterinarian has examined the patient the - - veterinarian has adequate medical knowledge of the patient - the veterinarian can write a prescription for the patient

You have just administered an injection of 0.02 ml of acepromazine (10 mg/ml). How many mg did you give?

0.02 ml × 10 mg = 0.2 mg

Kyra, a 7-year=old, F/S mixed breed dog (107 lb) is presented to the clinic with signs of increases vocalization and urine leaking. She does not appear to be PU/PD (increased urination/increased drinking) or having accidents due to lack of training. She usually leaks urine after she has lain down (her bed is damp). The U/A (urinalysis) is WNL as the PE. Scout radiographs of the urinary bladder are unremarkable. Based on her history and pattern of urine leaking, the vet determines that she might have estrogen responsiveness incontinence. She is prescribed DES (diethylstilbestrol) at a dosage of 1 mg po sid for 3 days, followed by maintenance therapy of 1 mg po per week. DES comes in 1-mg and 5-mg tablets. How many mg does this dog receive per dose?

1 mg

The three volumes that are calculated to arrive at the total fluid therapy volume are ______________.

1. the hydration deficit 2. maintenance requirement 3. contemporary/ongoing losses

You just administered 1.2 ml of penicillin (300,000 U/ml). How many units did you administer?

1.2 ml × 300,000 U/ml = 360,000

The order is 15 mg of prednisone, and 10 mg (scored) tablets on hand. How many tablets will be administered?

1.5 tablets

If the practice employs more than ___ employees, you have the right to review OSHA form 300A.

10

How many ml of 50% dextrose should be added to 1L of 0.9% NaCl to make a 5% dextrose solution?

100 ml

Fenbendazole is an antiparasitic drug used in the treatment of whipworms, roundworms, hookworms, and some species of tapeworms. For dogs the dosage is 50 mg/kg po for 3 days. How many mg would you give a 50 lb dog?

1136 mg

Six blood pressure readings are 115, 120, 123, 121 121, and 112 mm Hg. What is the average value?

119

NPH insulin is labeled 100 u/ml. The order is for a 12 lb poodle and reads: NPH 1 u/kg qd. How many units do you deliver?

12 lb ÷ 2.2 lb/kg × 1 unit/kg = 5.45 (5.5 units)

You are taking the heart rate of a cat. If you count 10 beats in 5 seconds, what is the rate in beats per minute?

120

A 13-year old M/N domestic short hair (DSH) named Buttons has a bite wound in the right side of the mandible. The owner does not know when the cat got the bite wound because Buttons is an outside cat. He has not been eating or drinking the past few days, is lethargic, and on PE has a T= 103.5 >, HR = 180 bpm, and RR = 45 breaths/min. Other than the mandibular wound, he is healthy. He is current on vaccinations. The decision is made to sedate Buttons so that the wound can be clipped, cleaned, and debrided. You must calculate the dose of injectable anesthetic for Buttons, who weighs 12.5 lb. The dosage of Ketamine is 22 mg/kg IM. The concentration listed on the vial of ketamine is 100 mg/ml. How many mg of ketamine should he receive?

125 mg

How many tablets would you dispense for a 1-month supply of a drug with a dose of one and one-half tablets three times daily.

135

If a prescription calls for one tablet to be given BID for 3 days, then one tablet SID for 5 days, then one half tablet given every other day for 2 weeks, how many tablets should be dispensed?

15

You regularly order six 10 ml vials per month of a drug that has a concentration of 50 mg/ml. Now that same drug is only available in 20 ml vials of 10 mg/ml. How many vials should you order this month?

15 vials

Four hundred pounds is how many kilograms?

182 kg

The order is 500 mg of amoxicillin, and tablets on hand are 250 mg. How many tablets will be administered?

2

The DEA requires that all records of controlled substance inventory and use be maintained and readily available for inspection for a minimum of:

2 Years

Eliza, a 3-year-old, F/S German Shepherd, was presented for signs of weakness and joint pain of three months duration. On PE, vital signs were WNL. The hips were palpated because of the breed's tendency to develop hip dysplaysia. Pelvic radiographs showed no signs of hip dysplaysia. Because Eliza is a young, active dog that spends a lot of time outside, a Lyme titer was drawn. Her blood test returned positive and she was started on doxycycline antibiotic. The dosage is 5 mg/kg po sid for 30 days. Eliza weighs 100 lbs. Doxycycline comes in 50-mg and 100-mg tablets. How many of the 100 mg tablets would she get per dose?

2.3

A 2 % solution contains

20 mg/mL

If a dog receiving fluids at a rate of 120 ml/hr has a rate reduction of 20%, what would be the new rate in ml per hour?

20% of 120 ml/hr = 0.2 × 120 ml/hr = 24 ml/hr; 120 ml/hr − 24 ml/hr = 96 ml/hr

Loop diuretics inhibit the tubular reabsorption of what?

Sodium (NaCl)

Eliza, a 3-year-old, F/S German Shepherd, was presented for signs of weakness and joint pain of three months duration. On PE, vital signs were WNL. The hips were palpated because of the breed's tendency to develop hip dysplaysia. Pelvic radiographs showed no signs of hip dysplaysia. Because Eliza is a young, active dog that spends a lot of time outside, a Lyme titer was drawn. Her blood test returned positive and she was started on doxycycline antibiotic. The dosage is 5 mg/kg po sid for 30 days. Eliza weighs 100 lbs. Doxycycline comes in 50 mg and 100 mg tablets. How many mg of doxycycline should she get per dose?

227.3 mg

How many ml will you draw up to administer 25 units of epoetin (2000 u/ml)?

25 units ÷ 2000 units/ml = 0.0125 ml

Colloids are either natural or _____.

Synthetic

When storing flammable materials, place them no closer than ___ to an ignition source.

3 Feet

A patient requires 3 units of insulin every 12 hours. If the concentration of insulin is 100 u/ml, how many ml should be given?

3 units ÷ 100 units/ml = 0.03 ml

To make a solution with a concentration of 15 mg/ml, how many ml of sterile water should be added to 30 g of powdered drug?

30 g × 1000 mg/g ÷ 15 mg/ml = 2000 ml

Approximately how many ounces of bleach diluted with water make 1 gallon of a 30% bleach solution ( 1 quart = 32 oz)?

32 oz/qt × 4 qt/gal = (128 oz/gal) × 30/100 = 38.4 oz

If you need to prepare a 15 mL volume of a 2.3% solution of Drug A, how much of the Drug A powder would you add to the diluent to produce the desired solution?

345 mg

Eliza, a 3-year-old, F/S German Shepherd, was presented for signs of weakness and joint pain of three months duration. On PE, vital signs were WNL. The hips were palpated because of the breed's tendency to develop hip dysplaysia. Pelvic radiographs showed no signs of hip dysplaysia. Because Eliza is a young, active dog that spends a lot of time outside, a Lyme titer was drawn. Her blood test returned positive and she was started on doxycycline antibiotic. The dosage is 5 mg/kg po sid for 30 days. Eliza weighs 100 lbs. Doxycycline comes in 50 mg and 100 mg tablets. How many 50 mg tablets would she get per dose?

4.5

For safety, two people are required to lift anyone weighing more than _____ lb.

40

Your patient is a 42 lb Shepherd cross with a history of vomiting. The order reads: metoclopramide HCL (5mg/ml) 0.3 mg/kg IM q 6h prn. How many mg will you deliver?

42 lb ÷ 2.2 lb/kg × 0.3 mg = 5.7 mg ÷ 5 mg/ml = 1.1 ml (Answer 5.7 mg)

Kyra, a 7-year=old, F/S mixed breed dog (107 lb) is presented to the clinic with signs of increases vocalization and urine leaking. She does not appear to be PU/PD (increased urination/increased drinking) or having accidents due to lack of training. She usually leaks urine after she has lain down (her bed is damp). The U/A (urinalysis) is WNL as the PE. Scout radiographs of the urinary bladder are unremarkable. Based on her history and pattern of urine leaking, the vet determines that she might have estrogen responsiveness incontinence. She is prescribed DES (diethylstilbestrol) at a dosage of 1 mg po sid for 3 days, followed by maintenance therapy of 1 mg po per week. DES comes in 1-mg and 5-mg tablets. How many tablets does this dog receive for 3 weeks of treatment

5

Intravascular fluid (plasma) makes up approximately ___ of body weight.

5%

The concentration of furosemide (Lasix) is 5%. How many milligrams are in 0.5 ml?

5% = 50 mg/1 ml or 25 mg/0.5 ml

Tell how you would prepare 750 ml of 5% dextrose from a 50% stock solution.

5%/50% = x/750, cross multiply 50X = (750) (5) 50X = 3750, divide both sides by 50 X = 75

A growth in skin that is 2 inches in diameter is how many cm?

5.08 or 5

A 13-year old M/N domestic short hair (DSH) named Buttons has a bite wound in the right side of the mandible. The owner does not know when the cat got the bite wound because Buttons is an outside cat. He has not been eating or drinking the past few days, is lethargic, and on PE has a T= 103.5 >, HR = 180 bpm, and RR = 45 breaths/min. Other than the mandibular wound, he is healthy. He is current on vaccinations. The decision is made to sedate Buttons so that the wound can be clipped, cleaned, and debrided. You must calculate the dose of injectable anesthetic for Buttons, who weighs 12.5 lb. The dosage of Ketamine is 22 mg/kg IM. The concentration listed on the vial of ketamine is 100 mg/ml. What is the animal's weight in kg?5.7 l

5.7 kg

The level of fluids in the liter IV bag reads halfway between the four (4) and the five (5) mark. How much fluid remains in the bag?

550

What type of syringes should be used when administering hazardous medications

Luer lock

What is the minimum duration that an antimicrobial should be administered for a respiratory infection?

7-10 Days

What is the minimum duration that an antimicrobial should be administered for a respiratory infection?

7-10 days

A cockatiel needs 100 mg/kg piperacillian IM. If the bird weighs 80 g and the concentration of the drug is 100 mg/ml, how many milliliters should be given?

80 g ÷ 1000 g/kg × 100 mg/kg ÷ 100 mg/ml = 0.08 ml

The level of fluid in the liter bags reads at the 300 mark. How much fluid remains in the bag? (see picture)

700 ml

Tell how you would prepare 750ml of 5% dextrose from a 50% stock

750ml x 5 ___________ = 75ml added 50

What are the milliliters each of diazepam and ketamine for an 8-lb feline.? The dosage for the 50:50 mixture is 1 ml/20 lb.

8 lb ÷ 20 = 0.4 ml total ÷ 2 = 0.2 ml each

Which disease is characterized by joint pain, fever, and flulike symptoms in humans after the bite of a deer tick?

Lyme

Which resource is considered the least helpful in providing up-to-date guidelines on the appropriate requirements for the use of a specific medication

A veterinary pharmacology textbook

Put an S by secretory diarrhea, put an E by excretory diarrhea [a]_____________________ can be caused by bacterial enterotoxins [b]_____________________ caused by inflammation or damage to the intestinal wall [c]_____________________ parvo virus can cause [d]_____________________ transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs

A) S B) E C) E D) E

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following products degrade mucus, making it less viscous and sticky?

Acetylcysteine

Emetics must be used after their risk-to-benefit ratio has been calculated. Which of the following is not a consideration in this calculation?

Age of the patient

Why aren't positive inotropes such as the catecholamines used for long-term maintenance of cardiac muscle contraction dysfunctions?

Adrenergic receptor numbers decrease over time

A dog has been treated with the β-blocking drug atenolol for the past 6 months. The dog's owners go on a 1 week vacation with their pet, but they forgot to pack the medication. While out one morning, a bee stings the dog on the neck and his breathing becomes labored. Why would using epinephrine (EpiPen) to address anaphylaxis be potentially dangerous in this scenario?

Adrenergic receptors are increased

When performing veterinary dental procedures, which is not a helpful protector against Pasteurella Multocida?

Aerosol disinfectants

When performing veterinary dental procedures, which of the following is not a helpful protector against Pasteurella multocida?

Aerosol disinfectants

Which natural colloid provides 75% of the oncotic pressure of plasma

Albumin

Every time a medication is administered to an animal, there lies the potential to cause harm. Based on the dose delivered, the frequency with which additional doses are administered, and the route in which the dose is given, toxicity can range from mild alterations in physiology to major toxicity. Which of the "4Rules To Live By For Safe Drug Usage" principles does this example personify?

All drugs are poisons

Electrolytes with a negative charge are known as ___.

Anion

Electrolytes with a negative charge are known as ___.

Anions

All of the following are requirements on prescriptions except one. Which item is not required to be included on every prescription?

Answer is B a. Name of the Drug b. The label "C" with a roman numeral indicating the DEA schedule level c. Signature or equivalent of the prescribing veterinarian d.The symbol "Rx" e. Date the prescription was writte

A common opioid cough formulation combines codeine with acetaminophen. In what species would this medication be extremely dangerous to use?

Cat

What is the main benefit of using butorphanol in an animal that is experiencing chest pain because of pleuritis associated with aspiration pneumonia?

Butorphanol is both an antitussive and an analgesic

The Roman numeral on a controlled drug label indicates its level of abuse potential. Which label has the highest potential for abuse?

C-I

Beta-adrenergic antagonists inhibit the action of ___________ and other sympathomimetic agents.

Catecholamines

Which two species are most susceptible to Microsporum

Cats & Horses

What nonzoonotic entity is most likely to cause pinkeye or conjunctivitis in technicians?

Chlamydia

Which of the following drug-adverse effect pairs is incorrect?

Chloramphenicol-elevated red blood cell production

On an animal that is not responding particularly well to phenobarbital or the phenobarbital/bromide combination for long-term seizure control, all of the following drugs might be tried except:

Clomicalm

Anticholinergic drugs produce what effect on the muscles they target? Relax or contract?

Contract

The MSDS will not contain ____ information for the product?

Cost

Which of the following is not a cause of nonproductive coughing?

Coughing up mucus

__________________historically has been the most commonly used long term positive inotropic drug.

Digoxin

Which is not a recommended disposal of needles and syringes?

Discard in regular trash containers.

________________ are used to remove accumulated fluids form the lungs.

Diuretics

Drugs that target cell wall synthesis are most active against the bacteria's.

Division Phase

Hypothyroidism is commonly recognized and treated in

Dogs

Which neurotransmitter does acepromazine antagonize to decrease anxiety in both humans and veterinary patients?

Dopamine

The parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems function to counter balance one another. As one system upregulates, the other is diminished. What would you expect to occur to the autonomic nervous system if you administer a drug such as glycopyrrolate, which is considered an anticholinergic?

Downregulation of the PSNS, Upregulation of the SNS

After assisting with the delivery of a malpositioned calf, it is noticed that the Holstein newborne is not breathing properly. A drug that works by direct stimulation of the midbrain respiratory center is administered, and this successfully restores the calf's breathing. What is the name of this drug?

Doxapram

Atropine is an anticholinergic medication that is often used to negate the effects of parasympathetic stimulation which occurs because of the endogenous effects of acetylcholine. In this scenario atropine is considered a(an)

blocker

If a drug is excreted via the liver, but after passing into the intestine is modified by gut bacteria to become more hydrophobic than it was originally, what can be said about the presence of this drug in the body?

Duration of drug presence will be increased

There are many liquid formulations available for pharmaceuticals. Which of these forms involves the mixture of a hydrophobic medication that is dissolved in an alcohol base and has sweetened syrup added to increase palatability for oral dosing?

Elixir

A ___________ drug produces vomiting needed to remove a toxic substance from the GI tract.

Emetic

A bacterial strain was tested at the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory and was shown to be resistant to amoxicillin. Of the following, which would be the best choice to use for treating an infection with this bacterial strain?

Enrofloxacin

Approval by the ________ allows a drug company to market a new drug

FDA

0.125 is larger than 0.25 mg

False

51 cm is the same 200.1 inches

False

400 cc is the same as 0.04 L

False (0.4 L)

Your doctor orders a patient to have 100 ml LRS with 5% Dextrose. You will need 100 ml of 50% Dextrose.

False (10 ml of 50% Dextrose)

A 40 kg dog needs 0.5 mg/kg of medication that comes in 10 mg tablets. You will need to give 4 tablets.

False (2 tablets)

OSHA enforces which laws that ensure workers' safety?

Federal

Two conditions in veterinary medicine where the use of steroids has been beneficial are:

Feline asthma and equine RAO.

The class of this commonly used diuretic is named for the area of the nephron where it works, and causes diuresis by blocking the resorption of electrolytes, especially potassium

Furosemide

The term_______ refers to the stomach.

Gastric

__________ is (are) a zoonotic protozoal agent that causes diarrhea and gastrointestinal cramping in humans

Giardia & Coccidia

Suppose a technician calculates that a patient needs a 2.35 mg oral dose of a medication. This drug, which has a wide therapeutic index, is only available in 2.5 mg tablets. How should this medication be dosed?

Give a whole 2.5 mg tablet

What is a reason why many practitioners are reluctant to use glucocorticoids to treat gastrointestinal inflammation?

Glucocorticoids impair immune function

Cold sterilization uses which potent chemical?

Glutaraldehyde

Upon opening a shipment of vaccines, the technician notices the boxes state "Keep Cool" on their labels. Since the technician knows how sensitive vaccines can be to heat, she places them promptly in the freezer. In what temperature should the vaccines have been placed?

Greater than 8° C but lower than 15° C

It is important to understand the potential for drug residues when choosing therapies for specific groups of animals. For which of the following animals would drug withdrawal times need to be known?

laying hens

Which receptor does histamine bind to cause its effects (which are of questionable clinical incidence) in the respiratory tract?

H1 receptor

Which of the following is a property of potassium bromide?

Half-life exceeds 3 weeks

Cats with hyperthyroidism because of thyroid tumors often experience and increase in beta-1 receptors on __________ cells.

Heart

Which parasite appears as subcutaneous red lines in regions where the parasite larva has burrowed?

Hookworms

The three volumes that are calculated to arrive at the total fluid therapy volume are ______________.

Hydration Deficit Maintenance Requirement Contemporary (Ongoing) Losses

The route of administration of drugs for TB testing and allergy testing in known as

ID intradermal

The route of a drug administration directly affect the drug's bioavailability. Which route of drug administration has no absorption phase?

IV

Which fluid route is the most preferred when the deficit is severe and allows for quicker more precise delivery of fluids.

IV

The class 1 sodium channel blocker is used as an antiarrhythmic, which works by decreasing the rate of Na+ movement into a cell through the sodium fast channel most commonly used is

lidocaine.

When encountered with the choice to administer a drug twice a day or once a day, it is usually preferable to prescribe the SID dose. What is the main reason for this?

Improve client compliance

With regards to thyroid hormone, which is the correct statement?

In tissue, T4 is changed to T3 by losing a iodine

If the route by which a drug is eliminated is not available the level of the drug in the body will

Increase

Over time, barbiturate use results in upregulation of the enzymes responsible for the drug's breakdown. This phenomenon is known as enzyme __________________.

Induction

Developing ovarian follicles produce which two hormones.

Inhibin/Estrogen

Drugs are produced in many ways, ranging from the harvest of tissues from living animals to growth in a laboratory as part of a chemistry synthesis process. Which of the following would be considered an extract drug?

Insulin harvested from a pig pancreas

What is the function of the ACE inhibitors?

Interfere with the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Hyperkalemia is an excess of ___ in the blood.

K

Which of the following enzymes is not involved in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

Lactase

Lidocaine is used to treat certain specific cardiac arrhythmias. Of the following, choose the statement about lidocaine that is correct.

Lidocaine functions best as a ventricular antiarrhythmic

What is the portion of the brain that controls animal emotion and is thus targeted for alteration by behavior-modifying drugs?

Limbic Region

______________ are topically applied liquid dosage forms that always are administered by rubbing them into the skin

Liniments

To diffuse into a cell, a drug must navigate through the cellular membrane. What types of medications pass through cell membranes with the most ease

Lipophilic, non-charged compounds

Portable x-ray machines generally require ____ exposure times to produce images.

Longer

When working with equipment with moving parts, which is most dangerous?

Loose clothing and jewelry

The manufacturer of a product that contains hazardous chemicals will send an MSDS for the product to the hospital. What does MSDS stand for?

Material Safety Data Sheet

What does MSDS stand for

Material Safety Data Sheet

Why is the administration of oxygen potentially problematic in animals requiring respiratory support?

Oxygen is extremely dry if not humidified

What reproductive drug is recommended to be in a clinic's crash cart? _____

Oxytocin

Methylxanthines such as theophylline can cause an upregulation of liver enzyme expression because of the drug's metabolism. As a result, the _______________ of other drugs such as barbiturates may be affected.

Metabolism

What does the term MDI refer to?

Metered dose inhaler

What illicit drug is similar in structure to the decongestant pseudoephedrine, requiring special limits to be put in place to allow purchase of this behind-the-counter medication?

Methamphetamine

What is the drug of choice to treat both anaerobic bacterial enteritis and giardiasis in companion animals?

Metronidazole

Which listed pathogen does not cause bacterial infection?

Microsporum

Which parasite typically occurs in regions where there is tight clothing?

Mites

Which of the following classes of antidepressant medications function by modifying the activity of enzymes that are responsible for the biotransformation of neurotransmitters?

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

What is the general role of the neurotransmitter serotonin?

Mood Determinant

Which of the opioids is considered the standard to which all other opioids are compared in terms of analgesic effects, which are resulting from its primary activity at the µ (mu) receptor?

Morphine

Identify which of the following in NOT an effect of histamine on bronchiolar smooth muscle.

Muscular relaxation

Which of the following organizations is the division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that is responsible for tracking how bacterial resistance and sensitivity profiles change over time?

NARMS

A cat owner is startled to find his 7-year-old DSH acutely lame on her rear limbs. After quickly searching several cat web sites for help, he becomes convinced that the loss in limb function is because of a blood clot ("saddle thrombus"). Taking the advice of an online blog acquaintance instead of consulting with a veterinarian, the owner treats the cat with high doses of buffered aspirin. Why is this poor choice to treat this pet?

NO - Aspirin wouldn't degrade the thrombus effectively NO - The buffering on this type of aspirin decreases its ability as an anticoagulant

Which of the following would not be readily accessible by reading a drug insert?

Names of analogous drugs produced by other companies

Enteric-coated tablets are used for administering medications that are either sensitive to exposure to gastric fluids and their acidic pH, or for medications that cause stomach upset and indigestion. A client requires purchase of an oral NSAID medication for her 13-year-old dog experiencing arthritis. The dose her dog requires is one 10 mg entericcoated tablet PO q48h prn. Due to her dog's old age and history of gastric discomfort, the client decides to only give ½ tablet both morning and night instead of all together. Is this a good strategy

No, this NSAID is not meant to be spli

What is the euthyroid state?

Normal thyroid hormone levels

OSHA is an acronym for:

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Which type of renal failure might you use osmotic diuretics, such as mannitol, for?

Oliguric

Methazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, can be used for what type of glaucoma?

Open Angle Glaucoma

A patient requires long term treatment with a medication to control her seizures. The medication is available in several forms, and although the client is relatively inexperienced with treating animals is willing to be trained by a technician for home dosing. This drug is known to have a high first-pass effect. Which of the routes should be avoided if possible to administer this drug?

PO

Which of the following routes of administration are not considered parenteral?

PO

Which statement is false concerning the use of enzyme supplementation to treat exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

Pancreatic lipase effectively digests fats outside of the body

What is the role of mannitol as a diuretic?

Participates directly in osmotic diuresis in the tubules

Some drugs such as penicillin are excreted in active form via the renal system. What is a consequence of this property?

Penicillin is a reasonable choice to treat susceptible UTIs

It is not recommended to treat animals with bacteriostatic drugs such as tetracyclines while simultaneously treating with bacteriocidal drugs such as penicillin. Why?

Penicillin only kills active growing bacteria

The drug of choice for managing seizures long term is an oral barbiturate that has the benefit of being relatively inexpensive while having an extensive half-life. What is this drug?

Pentobarbital

A patient is experiencing an active seizure and requires the administration of an anticonvulsant that is available in a liquid form for administrating by various routes. To prevent aspiration of the medication if dosed orally, which is the next best route of administering this drug to ensure the patient receives the proper calculated dose

Per rectum

Prostaglandins are commonly used to terminate pregnancies in many domestic species. Injection of the specific prostaglandin F2α (PgF2α) is alone not 100% effective in causing parturition in cattle that are near term. Why?

PgF2α doesn't exert an influence on the uterus

What is the main problem with writing SID on a prescription that is filled at a local human pharmacy?

Pharmacists may not understand what SID mean

What is the main problem with writing SID on a prescription that is filled at a local human pharmacy?

Pharmacists may not understand what SID means

________ supplementation may be administered in conjunction with loop diuretics.

Potassium

What is another name for a Legend Drug?

Prescription Drug

The technician must be careful not to allow any part of the body to enter the _____ x-ray beam as it can cause a high dose of radiation.

Primary

Name a drug that is used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs.

Propantheline

________________blocks β1-receptors on the SA node and AV node and slows the conduction if the depolarization wave.

Propranolol

Which type of injectable insulin product should be used during a diabetic emergency, administered via the IV route?

Regular Insulin

Animals with follicular cysts will

Remain in prolonged estrus

Rabies is not typically found in which species

Reptiles

What is the primary reason medications aren't injected into arteries?

Risk of potential toxicity because of concentrated medication

The practice should have a collection of written safety policies called the Hospital:

Safety Manual

______ bottles must be labeled and identified with OSHA labels

Secondary

______ bottles must be labeled and identified with OSHA labels.

Secondary

A medication is administered to decrease the blood pressure of a cat. Because of a slight overdose of the medication, the patient's blood pressure drops to an unacceptably low level. For this drug, this is an example of a __________________

Side Effect

The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for keeping toxins and pathogens outside of the central nervous system. Which of the following is not a component of the BBB?

Specialized brain neutrophils that clear foreign substances from the blood

What time of the year should clinics make sure they are stocked up on antibloat medication such as poloxalene?

Spring

There are several mechanisms of action for behavior-modifying drugs used in veterinary medicine. Which of the following is not considered one of these mechanisms?

Stimulate euphoria by binding to the µ opioid receptor

Which drug is classified as a gastroprotectant, meaning it coats sites of ulcerated gastric mucosa and protects them from further damage?

Sucralfate

What is the name of the medication that is both an antibiotic as well as an anti-inflammatory?

Sulfasalazine

Sulfonamides are very wide spectrum antimicrobials that work via disruption of microbial folic acid synthesis. Which of the following statements regarding sulfonamides is not true?

Sulfonamides are effective against protozoal diseases

What is the meaning of SR when it is used in a drug name?

Sustained release

Tetracyclines are widely used antibiotics that are effective in treating numerous infectious diseases. A newborn calf is experiencing respiratory distress caused by a secondary bacterial infection. The producer would like to use oral tetracycline to treat this animal. What is a major reason that this treatment is not recommended?

Tetracyclines are not readily available by this route for calves

Which of the following is a characteristic of a drug ampule

They are made of glass

There are two pieces of information that are required to perform a proper dosecalculation. In addition to the size of the animal, what component must be available to calculate the correct dose of medication to a patient?

The amount of drug to give per unit of mass

What is the reason that decongestants often have a rapid heart rate as a side effect?

They are non-specific adrenergic agonists

What is unique about calculating doses for drugs such as chemotherapeutics?

They are often calculated by patient surface area and not mass

What would be the effect of using a U-40 syringe instead of a U-100 syringe to pull up a dose of insulin?

The dose will likely be incorrect, leading to possible dangerous side effects

Why are certain drugs packaged in amber colored glass containers

The drugs are light sensitive

Of the following list, who should be chosen to administer prostaglandin for estrous synchronization of dairy cows on a farm?

The healthy technician who is used to handling needles and syringes

All of the following are requirements on prescriptions except one. Which item is not required to be included on every prescription?

The label "C" with a roman numeral indicating the DEA schedule level

Why does the use of bronchodilators of the β2-class decrease in effect over time?

The lung adrenergic receptors decrease

A veterinarian decided to prepare a compounded drug as described below. Which activity associated with this specific scenario would deem this practice not allowable based on the FFDCA, the ELDU regulations and the AMDUCA?

The mixture contained a generic supplement

Why does a manufacturer go through the trouble with "scoring" tablet medications?

The score allows the tablet to be spli

Which of the following are violations of proper handling of hazardous chemicals?

Wearing a dedicated, clean cotton lab coat while handling cytotoxic agent

Why are DEA schedule I drugs not encountered in veterinary therapy regimens

They aren't considered therapeutically usefu

How do Glycosaminoglycans work in the urinary system to treat what disease process?

They work by keeping microorganisms and crystals from adhering to the bladder wall and limits the movement of urine proteins and solutes. Used for treating FLUTD or cystitis.

A 2-week-old calf is experiencing severe malabsorptive diarrhea and labored breathing. The veterinarian and technician arrive to the farm and perform a complete physical examination on the patient. The calf is hypothermic, 8% dehydrated, tachycardic and tachypneic, but still has a suckle reflex. The veterinarian asks the technician to prepare intravenous fluids to treat this calf, but he farmer is surprised when they opt to not give systemic antibiotics to address the obvious pneumonia. What is the veterinarian's reason for doing this?

This calf doesn't likely have pneumonia

A former client calls your clinic and ask to have a prescription of hydrocodone filled for his dog who was hit by a car a week ago and is still experiencing pain. You have no record of seeing his pet in your clinic. Why can't you fill this prescription?

This drug requires a valid VCPR since its use is extra-label

In the event of a fire, which is not the technician's responsibility

To rescue all patients from the building

Cat litter pans and gardening are sources for which protozoan?

Toxoplasma

0.015 mg is the same as 15 mcg

True

10 pounds is the same as 4.55 kg

True

2.5 cm = 0.98 inches

True

4 mg = 0.004 g

True

A 30 g mouse needs 400 microgram/kg of a medication that comes in a liquid form with a strength of 0.1 mg/ml. You will give 0.12 ml to the patient.

True

Both Increases in and decreases in GI motility can lead to diarrhea.

True

Diarrhea can result from an increase or decrease in muscle tone within the GI tract.

True

Placing a kitten with upper respiratory disease in a steamy bathroom produces a beneficial mucolytic affect and should be recommended to clients.

True

Rover a 52 lb dog needs 1.7 mg/kg of Gentocin. Using the 100 mg/ml concentration of Gentocin, you would administer 0.4 ml.

True

There are 12 mg of ace in 1.2 ml of a 10 mg/ml solution.

True

125 ml + 3 L = 3125 ml

True (1000ml/L = 3000ml+125 = 3125)

1/4 L is the same as 250 ml

True 250 ml = 0.25L

When bathing an animal, which piece of equipment is least important to wear?

Uniform

Emergency exits should be ____ and _____.

Unlocked & Unobstructed

You are asked to administer a drug that is supplied as an enteric-coated scored tablet at 100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg; you only require 25 mg but only have 50-mg tablets available, you should

Use a pill splitter to divide the 50 mg tablet into halves to have the most accurate dose. Order/purchase 25 mg tablets for the dosing schedule.

The United States Drug Enforcement Administration classifies drugs that carry the potential to cause human dependence on a scale from 1 to 5, denoted by roman numerals I to V. Regarding their ability to be abused, category ____ is considered the least likely, while category ____ is the most likely.

V, I

Rabies is a(n) ____ disease.

Viral

Concerning the cascade responsible for the production of thyroid hormone, first a _______________ hormone is produced from the hypothalamus, which acts on the anterior pituitary to produce a ________________ hormone that function to cause the thyroid gland to produce the final hormone in the cascade, thyroxine.

WRONG stimulating, controlling ? releasing, stimulating

A farmer has a cow that has experienced chronic ketosis over the period of 2 months. The herd veterinarian diagnoses fatty liver syndrome, a condition where over conditioned cattle deposit excess lipid in their liver parenchyma resulting in a metabolic disorder which effects the body's utilization of blood sugar. In addition to the standard ketosis treatment of IV glucose, dexamethasone, and B vitamins, the veterinarian adds BID insulin to the protocol for 3 days. Why is this addition contraindicated in this scenario?

WRONG: Insulin is too expensive to be reliably used in farm practice WRONG: There is nothing wrong with this practice

Why would a cat with hyperthyroidism as well as blood calcium imbalances benefit from treatment with radioactive iodine in place of surgical thyroidectomy?

WRONG: This is obviously an old cat, which would not be suitable for a major surgery

Which of the following is not a side effect of barbiturate use?

Which of the following is not a side effect of barbiturate use?

Extra-label drug use of veterinary drugs is permissible and means a drug can be used for all except which of the following

With a pre-slaughter withdrawal time consistent with that specified on the label

When animals are raised as a source of food for humans, special guidelines must be met to ensure their products (meat, milk, eggs) do not expose consumers to pharmaceuticals. To provide a safe and wholesome product, a treated animal must be held out of the food stream for a period of time to allow for any drug residues to be eliminated from the animal. This period of time is called the ____________ time

Withdrawal

In an effort to save money, a clinic purchased 5 L jugs of vitamin B complex and proceeded to fill 500 mL bottles and place them for sale. No additional compounds were added to the vitamin, the bottles were purchased from a medical supply company, and the medication was filled under aseptic conditions using a laminar flow hood. Is this activity considered compounding?

Yes

You are asked to administer 10 units of insulin to a dog in your clinic. You know that insulin is quite fragile in its suspended form, so you carefully place the vial on your bench top and without disturbing the contents withdraw your volume from the very top of the fluid. What is wrong with this scenario?

You will have likely removed less insulin than desired

Diseases that can be transmitted from animal to human are called:

Zoonotic

A specialized cluster of receptors called the chemorecreptor trigger zone (CRTZ or CTZ) are

a cluster of receptors that can stimulate vomiting. adjacent to the emetic center in the brain. constantly monitor the blood and CSF for chemicals that stimulate vomiting.

In passive diffusion, a greater concentration gradient leads to

a faster net rate at which molecules move across the membrane.

Inert ingredients include all but ________________

active ingredient

Renal failure, based on individual parameters, has three classifications. What are they?

acute, chronic, or end-stage

Drugs that mimic the effects of epinephrine are called_______________.

adrenergic agonists & adrenergic antagonists

To determine whether a website is a credible source, look for all of the following except:

advertisements for products not relative to the website.

Which natural colloid provides 75% of the oncotic pressure of plasma

albumin

Tetracyclines are

bacteriostatic.

Without a bacterial culture to definitively diagnose the cause to respiratory disease in a cat antibiotic therapy could:

be unnecessary since most Feline upper respiratory diseases are viral. cause antibiotic resistance to develop. provide a false sense of security to the owner.

You should wear gloves when working with the carbon dioxide absorbent used in:

anesthetic machines

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to what?

angiotensin II

The most common types of injury to veterinary technicians are:

animal-related

Nebulization can deliver respiratory drugs directly to the alveoli but is not as effective in veterinary medicine as in human medicine because

animals do not inhale deeply enough when nebulized.

It has been shown that there is a strong correlation between antibiotic use in food animals and

antimicrobial resistance

Drugs that "lyse" anxiety or decrease fear responses are called:

anxiolytic drugs.

Several units of drug measurement are from a time prior to the modern era of pharmacology. These terms include "grain" and "minims." The measurement system to which these units belong is the _______________ system.

apothecary

Fentanyl transdermal patches

are dosed according to surface area of the patch

Drugs that must be reconstituted before use

are easily contaminated by repeated insertion of needles into the via

Guaifenesin can be used:

as a stimulant to respiratory secretions

Side effects of using phenobarbital to control seizure activity in dogs include

ataxia. polyuria. polyphagia.

Scours is a medical term that is used to describe diarrhea in what species?

bouvine

Scours is a medical term that is used to describe diarrhea in what species?

bovine

Several opioids such as butorphanol and buprenorphine exhibit a limited effect of analgesia regardless of the dose that is administered. This is a phenomenon called the ____________ effect.

ceiling

Compressed gas must be _____ in a(n) _____ position

chained & upright

Acute vomiting leads to a loss of potassium and ____ ions.

chloride

The term __________ refers to the colon.

colonic

The term______ refers to the large intestine.

colonic

Mixing several medications together in one syringe to deliver premedication for an animal about to be induced for surgery is considered ___________.

compounding

What type of fluid solution contains electrolyte and nonelectrolyte substances that are capable of passing through cell membranes and therefore capable of entering all body fluid compartments?

crystalloids

Cancer patients are treated with CDs, which are:

cytotoxic drugs.

The specialized cells of the heart that are not responsible for muscle contraction but instead are responsible for the heart's electrical conduction system include all but

depolarizing cells

A drug _______ is the amount of medication given to a certain patient at one instance, while a drug _________ is an amount of medication per a unit of body size.

dose, dosage

Name a respiratory stimulant drug that should be included in a clinic's crash cart.

doxapram, naloxone, yohimbine

In the ABCs of emergency care: A is for airway, B is for breathing, C is for circulation, E is for evaluation. What is D for? ___

drugs

Seizures generally originate from the brain but seizure activity can also arise from other causes. Veterinary technicians should always consider these other sources except:

hypothermia

The basis of maintaining body concentrations of a pharmaceutical involves balancing the _________________ of the drug with the _________________ of the drug.

elimination, inflow

The term ________ refers to the small intestine.

enteric

Progesterone has a negative feedback effect on the release of all except

estrogen

Liquid drain cleaners and developing chemicals can cause _____ reactions.

exothermic

Drugs are transported across a cell membrane by

facilitated diffusion active transport pinocytosis

Drugs that have active ingredients found in the original brand and are developed after the original brand's patent runs out are called ____________________.

generic equivalents

All of the following are penicillins except:

gentocillin

Fentanyl:

has a shorter duration of action than morphine.

A drug that has a narrow therapeutic range or a narrow therapeutic index

has a toxic dose very close to its minimal beneficial dose

Levothyroxine used to treat hypothyroidism

has a wide therapeutic (safety) index

Controlled substances are drugs that

have a potential for human abuse

Which of the following is not true about Terbutaline, Albuterol, and Metaproterenol?

have a shorter duration of action than epinephrine.

The H in pH refers to

hydrogen ions

Persistently high blood pressure is known as what?

hypertension

Thyrotoxicosis is another name for

hyperthryoidism.

The fluid additive, potassium chloride, corrects what electrolyte abnormality?

hypokalemia

Adrenergic effects on the heart are to

increase heart rate.

Phenobarbital induced hepatotoxicity:

is idiosyncratic in dogs.

Residue of a drug that can be found in a food product can be dangerous because

it can cause allergic reactions in the humans that consume or handle it. Resistance of bacteria in the GI tract

For metoclopramide all of the following are true, but

it is more effective in cats than dogs.

A dosage regimen that begins with a larger initial dose followed by smaller doses is called

loading dose and maintenance dose

The indications for administration of fluid therapy include: correct dehydration or hypovolemia, replacing electrolytes and nutrients, correcting acid-base and electrolyte imbalances, and to ________ __ ______ __ ______.

maintain an open IV line

Tablets are often coated after being compressed, but this does not ________________.

make them harder to swallow

Sources of water intake include: water that is drunk, water ingested with food, and ____________.

metabolic water

Methylxanthines such as theophylline can cause an upregulation of liver enzyme expression because of the drug's metabolism. As a result, the _______________ of other drugs such as barbiturates may be affected.

metabolism

The lowest concentration of a drug needed to inhibit bacterial growth is called:

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Endocrine hormones function to not only affect a target tissue, but to cause a subsequent decrease in the continued release of more of the same hormone. This mechanism that limits the amount of a hormone response that occurs is called:

negative feedback

There are five body systems that are to be assessed in the triage process. They are respiratory, cardiovascular, abdominal/renal, musculoskeletal, and what other system?

neurologic

Another name for a pain receptor is

nociceptor

The concise name given to a specific chemical is its

nonproprietary name

Minimum effective concentration will not be met if

not enough drug was given in each dose

Which of the following pairs are types of cathartic medications?

osmotic & irritant

What reproductive drug is recommended to be in a clinic's crash cart? _____

oxytocin

By decreasing the inflammation process shortly after trauma

pain can be reduced

Drugs that mimic the neurotransmitter acetylcholine produce affects like the parasympathetic nervous system and are called _________________.

parasympathomimetics

The majority of drug molecules move throughout the tissue fluid or across cellular membrane barriers by

passive diffusion.

The use of a mixed vasodilator results in a decrease of both arterial and venous resistance by dilating both types of vessels. With used of this medication, the heart's function improves because of the resulting decrease in __________ and ___________.

preload, afterload.

The addition of ____________ and benzathine to penicillin G delays absorption from IM or SC routes.

procaine

Auscultation of the heart while palpating a pulse will help identify ______ ________.

pulse deficits

Muscular contraction involves a stepwise series of events. In order for a subsequent contraction to take place, the original polarized state of the myocytes must be restored. For the period of time that it takes to repolarize, the myocyte is unable to contract. This period of time is called the

refractory period.

Ethylene oxide (EtO) is commonly used for:

sterilizing rubber products

Colloids are either natural or _____.

synthetic

There are three main considerations that must be made when deciding if an antimicrobial will be a successful choice to control a pathogenic infection. These include all of the following except

the antimicrobial must not cause any adverse effects

The primary organs involved in the removal of drugs from the body are

the liver and kidneys

An acceptable range of concentration of a drug needed to achieve the beneficial effects without causing significant toxic or side effects is called the

therapeutic range therapeutic window

β-lactams can be a good choice for urinary tract infections because

they pass unmetabolized by passive diffusion across the glomerulus.

Corticosteriods remain controversial in veterinary medicine as a treatment for respiratory disease since:

they suppress the animals immune system.

Formalin is most commonly used for ____ in the veterinary hospital.

tissue biopsy

Compounding laws were put in place by the FFDCA to

to prevent drug residues from entering food products.

Because _________ names are proper nouns, their first letter is capitalized.

trade

What part of the kidney is responsible for the reabsorption, or the secretion, of certain substances?

tubules

What classification of medication can be used to help with dissolving and preventing the formation of struvite uroliths?

urinary acidifiers

Normal routes in which water is lost from the body include: fecal water, sweat in horses, respiration, and ____.

urine

Human chorionic gonadotropin and equine chorionic gonadotropin are examples of gonadotropins

which have LH like effects.

All of the following are characteristics of activated charcoal except

works by adsorbing toxins.

Of the four adrenergic receptors which is located primarily in the heart

β1