VTNE Dentistry

Palatal

Surface of tooth toward hard palate

Occlusal

Biting surface of tooth (applies to maxillary molar 1 and 2 in dogs)

Complecated crown fracture

Fracture of crown of tooth involving the pulp

Uncomplicated crown fracture

Fracture of crown of tooth not involving the pulp

A boxer presents with overgrowth of the gums. This condition is known as which of the following? Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions Stomatitis Faucitis Gingival hyperplasia Explanation Gingival hyperplasia is overgrowth of the gum tissue characterized by non painful swellings of the gingiva. In some cases, a biopsy may be required to rule out neoplasia. The proliferative tissue can be trimmed away during a dental but dogs with this condition are prone to recurrence. The cause is often unknown, but it may be hereditary or caused by medications such as cyclosporine, phenytoin, or amlodipine.

Gingival hyperplasia

What percentage of dogs and cats, on average, has periodontal disease? 40% 75% 95% 25% 60% Explanation It is thought that 80% of dogs and 70% of cats have some degree of periodontal disease over the age of 3 years. This is why it is so important to discuss dental care with pet owners.

75 %

Which of the following is the best description of an epulis? A gingival lesion caused by inflammation A developmental tooth disorder A gingival lesion caused by trauma A non-malignant oral tumor Explanation An epulis is a non-malignant tumor of the periodontal ligament. These tumors do not metastasize but can be locally invasive. The most aggressive form of this condition, an acanthomatous epulis, can invade and destroy bone.

A non-malignant oral tumor

Lingual

Surface of tooth towards the tongue

Mesial

Surface toward rostral midline of animal

Which of the following is the correct term for dental decay, causing demineralization of the hard tissues of the tooth? Caries Odontoclastic resorptive lesions Stomatitis Enamel hypoplasia Explanation Dental caries is the condition where trapped food is fermented by bacteria, forming acids that demineralize the hard tissue of the tooth. Odontoclastic resorptive lesions are a process where the cementum of the tooth is resorbed and replaced with bone-like material. Enamel hypoplasia, is the absence of enamel formation on the tooth crown during tooth development. Stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces.

caries

Which of the following is the correct term for dental decay, causing demineralization of the hard tissues of the tooth? Enamel hypoplasia Odontoclastic resorptive lesions Caries Stomatitis Explanation Dental caries is the condition where trapped food is fermented by bacteria, forming acids that demineralize the hard tissue of the tooth. Odontoclastic resorptive lesions are a process where the cementum of the tooth is resorbed and replaced with bone-like material. Enamel hypoplasia, is the absence of enamel formation on the tooth crown during tooth development. Stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces.

caries

The 4th upper premolars are connected with which structure in dogs? Nasal cavity Maxillary Sinus Frontal Sinus Pharynx The 4th upper premolars (carnassial teeth) communicate directly with the maxillary sinus. In the case of a carnassial tooth that becomes infected, an abscess builds up around the affected root just under the skin below and in front of the eye.

maxillary sinus

Which of the following species have teeth that only grow for a limited time during development and do not continually erupt or grow throughout the life of the animal? Horses Rats Rabbits Pigs Explanation Cats, pigs, humans and other carnivores have all brachyodont teeth. This means that they have a small crown relative to the size of the roots, and the apex of the each tooth root is only open for a brief period during development and does not continue to erupt. Horses, rodents, and lagomorphs have hypsodont teeth, which means that they have a relatively large amount of crown that is beneath the gingival margin as well as a root structure that allows for continued eruption during most of the animala's lifetime. Hypsodont teeth can be further categorized as radicular hypsodont teeth, such as the cheek teeth of horses. These have apices that eventually close and stop growing, but continued eruption offsets attrition from occlusion. Aradicular hypsodont teeth (such as the incisors of rabbits) lack a true root structure, allowing for lifelong growth of the tooth itself.

pigs

What is the permanent dental formula for a dog? 2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3) 2(I3/3 C1/1 P3/4 M1/3) 2(I3/3 C1/1 P2/4 M3/3) 2(I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1) Explanation The correct answer is 2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3). Remember the dog has 42 teeth total.

2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3)

Answer Correct The Triadan numbering system is commonly used in human and veterinary dentistry to specify a tooth. What is the correct number of the permanent right maxillary canine tooth of a dog or cat? 301 201 501 104 404 Explanation In this system, the first numeral denotes the quadrant of the tooth and if it is permanent or deciduous. They are numbered starting at the right maxilla and moving counter-clockwise: 1 = Right maxilla (5 = deciduous) 2 = Left maxilla (6 = deciduous) 3 = Left mandible (7 = deciduous) 4 = Right mandible (8 = deciduous) The next two digits indicate how many teeth over from the midline. For example, in the dog: 701 is the deciduous mandibular left first incisor. 104 is the permanent right maxillary canine. 409 is the permanent mandibular right first molar.

104

Answer Incorrect The Triadan numbering system is commonly used in human and veterinary dentistry to specify a tooth. What is the correct number of the permanent right maxillary canine tooth of a dog or cat? 404 501 301 201 104

104

A 60-lb patient is to go home on Clavamox after his dental cleaning. The dose is 14 mg/kg. What size tablet should the patient be sent home with? 62.5 mg 125 mg 375 mg 250 mg Explanation After converting the body weight to kilograms the dose needs to be multiplied by the body weight. 60 lb / (2.2 lb/kg) = 27 kg (Notice the pounds cancel out) 27 kg x 14= 378 mg Many medications are available in different concentrations to accommodate different sized patients. This is particularly the case with oral medications so that owners don't have to worry about trying to halve or quarter medications.

375 mg

Which material is used to record impressions or imprints of the teeth for orthodontic evaluation? Alginate Plaster of Paris Casting gel Gel foam Explanation This material is mixed, placed into an impression tray, and placed over the teeth. After it sets, the tray is removed in one motion in the direction of the long axis of the teeth. Plaster of Paris is the classic material that used to be used to make casts; however, nowadays most doctors use fiberglass to make casts. Gel foam is a collagen sponge that surgeons use to help create clots during surgical procedures.

Alginate

Subgingival

Below the free gingival margin (gum line)

Interproximal

Between the 2 teeth

Periodontal disease can refer to processes affecting which of the following? Tongue Dentin Hard palate Enamel Gingiva Explanation Periodontal disease is one of the most common conditions seen. The periodontum includes the gingiva, the alveolar bone, the periodontal ligament and cementum of the tooth. Gingivitis is usually the first sign of periodontal disease.

Gingiva

Distal

Surface away from the midline of animal

Libail

The tooth surface that faces the lips

Supragingival

above the gingival margin (gum line)

which of the following species have hypsodont teeth? Pigs Cats Dogs Horses Explanation Hypsodont teeth have a long crown height and erupt throughout the animal's life, such as in horses and rabbits. Humans, pigs, dogs, and cats have brachyodont teeth, which have a short crown length and do not continue to erupt throughout life.

horses

Buccal

Surface of tooth towards the cheeck

A dog presents for a broken adult canine tooth. The tooth is broken at the tip and a small area of pulp is exposed. Exposure of pulp in a tooth should be treated in which way? Antibiotics and soft food until it heals A sealant Endodontic treatment It should be left alone since treatment is not required Explanation The pulp is the soft pink portion inside the tooth that includes the nerves and blood vessels. If the pulp is exposed, this is painful and may lead to infection. These teeth are treated with a root canal (an endodontic procedure), especially for the larger premolars and canine teeth) or are extracted.

endodontic treatment

What is the maximum time that an ultrasonic scaler can be used on a tooth surface? 3-5 seconds 60 seconds 30 seconds 10-15 seconds Explanation The scaler must be kept in constant motion on the tooth surface and should not be on a tooth for more than 10 to 15 seconds. This is because heat can buildup and cause thermal damage to the tooth. The water from the scaler also helps to prevent heat buildup. The scaler should be held in a modified pen grasp during the procedure.

10-15 seconds

Which is the dental formula for a cat? 2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3)= 42 2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)= 30 2 (I 2/2 C 1/1 P 3/3 M 2/1)= 30 2 (I 3/2 C 2/2 P 3/3 M 0/1)= 32 Explanation Cats have 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 1 molar on one side of the upper jaw and 3 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 1 molar on one side of the lower jaw so the dental formula for the cat is: 2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)= 30 permanent teeth Dogs have 42 teeth, so their dental formula is : 2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3)= 42

2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)= 30

Which of the following is the correct dental formula for guinea pigs and chinchillas? 2(I1/1 C1/1 PM1/1 M2/2) =20 2(I3/3 C1/1 PM1/1 M2/2) = 28 2(I2/2 C0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) =20 2(I1/1 C0/0 PM1/1 M3/3) = 20

2(I1/1 C0/0 PM1/1 M3/3) = 20

Cats do not have first and second premolars on the mandible. Therefore, what is the number in the Triadan system for the premolar that is closest to the canine on the left mandible? 305 405 404 307 407 Explanation In the Triadan system, each tooth has a predictable number, even with teeth missing. Therefore, even though cats do not have PM 1 and 2 (numbered 305 and 306 on the left mandible), the third premolar which is the tooth closest to the canine is 307. In all species, the canine tooth ends in 04 and the first molar ends with 09.

307

How many 3-rooted permanent maxillary teeth are in the mouth of a dog? 6 4 2 8 Explanation The correct answer is 6. The 3-rooted permanent teeth in the maxilla of a dog are P4, M1, and M2 (so 3 on each side of the upper jaw). There are no 3-rooted permanent mandibular teeth in the dog.

6

In general, at what age are puppy teeth (deciduous) considered to be retained? 18 months 3 months 6 months 1 year Explanation A tooth is considered retained if it is still present after full eruption of the permanent tooth. Teething can begin around 3 1/2 to 4 months, and will continue until about 6 months of age on average, at which point all 42 permanent teeth should be present. If the deciduous teeth are still present after the permanent teeth have come in, they are considered retained and should be extracted (typically at the time of the spay or neuter). The dog in the photo has multiple retained teeth. The most common teeth to be retained are the upper canines, followed by the lower canine teeth and the incisors. Sometimes, the premolar teeth may also be retained.

6 Months

This 6-year-old Friesian cow has developed a mass on the left jaw region (see image). The farmer reports that it developed over the last several weeks. The mass is firm, immobile, and painful on manipulation. While assisting the veterinarian, you notice a thick granular discharge coming from the mass. The veterinarian suspects "lumpy jaw", which is caused by which of the following agents? Reason "Lumpy jaw" is caused by Actinomyces bovis. It is most often diagnosed by palpating a firm mass that is immobile over the mandible. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes caseous lymphadenitis. It results in an onion appearance in abscesses found most commonly in the neck region and abdomen Mycobacterium bovis causes bovine tuberculosis and is a zoonotic disease. It most often causes coughing and other respiratory symptoms. Moraxella bovis causes pinkeye in cattle.

Actinomyces bovis

Caudal

Any structure closer to the back of the head relative to another structure

Rostral

Any structure closer to the front of the head relative to another structure

As teeth make contact and grind together they gradually become worn. What is this process known as? Dentition Thinning Attrition Hypertrophy Explanation Attrition is the wearing of teeth by tooth-on-tooth contact during mastication. Hypertrophy is a general term that means enlargement or overgrowth.

Attrition

BOP

Bleeding on probing with light pressure with a blunt periodontal probe

Facial

Can be labial or buccal surface the surface of the tooth visible from the front (same as the vestibular surface but applies mainly to the incisor teeth)

Which species regurgitates food for remastication? Cattle Pigs Horses Lagomorphs Cats Explanation Cattle chew their "cud", which is food that they regurgitate for remastication. When a cow chews her cud, she regurgitates a food bolus into her mouth, which is then re-chewed and re-swallowed. While cattle are chewing their cud, they produce saliva which acts as a natural antacid that helps to buffer and protect the rumen. Cows sometimes spend up to 8 hours a day chewing their cud.

Cattle

A 10 year old male neutered West Highland White Terrier with a history of 1st degree AV block is admitted to the clinic for a routine dentistry. All of his pre-anesthetic lab work has come back normal. Which of the following anesthetic drugs would be most contraindicated in this case?

Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) is an alpha 2 agonist of which the major side effect is bradycardia. Patients with 1st degree AV block are often already bradycardic, and the AV block could be made worse by giving an alpha 2 agonist. While diazepam, butorphanol, and acepromazine all cause different degrees of sedation, they do not cause significant changes in heart rate or contractility. Acepromazine causes vasodilation, which can lead to hypotension, but it is anti-arrhythmic and can actually help stabilize the heart.

The tooth crown is covered with which of the following? Dentin Cementum Pulp Enamel Explanation Enamel is the hard mineralized surface of the tooth. It is made up of hydroxyapatite, or calcium phosphate. The cementum is the thin calcified layer of tissue that covers the dentin of the tooth root. The tooth itself is made up mostly of dentin. The dentin is covered by the enamel on the crown and by cementum on the roots. The pulp is the center part of a tooth that is made up of living connective tissue and is the softest part containing nerve fibers.

Enamel

Which of the following may be seen in a puppy who has had distemper? Enamel hyperplasia Enamel hypoplasia Retained deciduous teeth Gingival hyperplasia Explanation This dog has enamel hypoplasia, which is an enamel deficiency that causes an abnormal enamel matrix and presents as if the enamel has been eaten away. This may be a finding in adult dogs previously infected with distemper virus as a puppy. Tetracycline antibiotics may also cause this, seen as a permanent brown discoloration of teeth when used in young puppies.

Enamel hypoplasia

Which species has wolf teeth? Dogs Horses Pigs Cats Cows Explanation Wolf teeth are small teeth that are the first premolars in the horse. It is thought they may be deciduous teeth. They are located immediately rostral to the first cheek teeth in horses.

Horses

Which species has wolf teeth? Dogs Horses Cats Pigs Cows Explanation Wolf teeth are small teeth that are the first premolars in the horse. It is thought they may be deciduous teeth. They are located immediately rostral to the first cheek teeth in horses.

Horses

What is the dental formula for the adult horse (i.e. incisor-canine-premolar-molar)? Upper: 4-1-2-3 Lower: 4-1-2-3 Upper: 4-1-3-3 Lower: 3-1-3-3 Upper: 3-1-4-3 Lower: 3-1-3-3 Upper: 3-1-2-3 Lower: 3-1-2-3 Explanation The upper quadrant of the horse's dental arcade has 3 incisors, 1 canine (primarily male horses), 4 premolars (including "wolf" tooth) and 3 molars; the lower arcade has 3 incisions, 1 canine, 3 premolars and 3 molars. Not all horses have the 1st upper premolar, the so-called wolf tooth. Generally, females do not have canine teeth.

I3/3 c1/1 p4/3 m3/3

Which of the following correctly defines the term stomatitis? Inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces Inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone Inflammation of the region housing the tonsils Inflammation of the tongue Explanation Stomatitis describes inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces. It can be subdivided by region, such as buccal stomatitis (inflammation of the cheek mucosa). Inflammation of the tongue is known as glossitis. Inflammation of the glossopalatine folds around the area housing the tonsil is known as faucitis. Inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone fall under the category of periodontitis.

Inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces

Which of the following correctly defines the term stomatitis? Inflammation of the region housing the tonsils Inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone Inflammation of the tongue Inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces Explanation Stomatitis describes inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces. It can be subdivided by region, such as buccal stomatitis (inflammation of the cheek mucosa). Inflammation of the tongue is known as glossitis. Inflammation of the glossopalatine folds around the area housing the tonsil is known as faucitis. Inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone fall under the category of periodontitis.

Inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces

Which of the following nerve blocks can be used to decrease anesthetic requirements and provide analgesia for a dental extraction of a maxillary tooth? Infraorbital block Inferior alveolar block Auriculopalpebral block Mental nerve block Explanation The infraorbital block or maxillary block are local anesthetic techniques used to decrease anesthetic requirements and provide analgesia for procedures involving the maxilla. The inferior alveolar block and mental nerve block are local anesthetic techniques for the mandible.

Infraorbital block

Water comes from the ultrasonic scaler for which purpose? It smoothes the surface of the tooth It helps cool the instrument tip It prevents introduction of bacteria into the gumline It prevents dulling of the instrument Explanation The ultrasonic scaler uses water to cool the instrument tip and to flush debris from the tooth as it is scaled away. By cooling the instrument tip, the water helps to prevent thermal damage to the tooth. The polisher is the instrument used to help smooth the tooth surface.

It helps cool the instrument tip

In normal occlusion, what is the proper position of the incisors and canine teeth when the mouth is closed? Mandibular incisors are palatal to the maxillary incisors, and the mandibular canine is distal to the maxillary canine Mandibular incisors are palatal to the maxillary incisors, and the mandibular canine is mesial to the maxillary canine Mandibular incisors are buccal to the maxillary incisors, and the mandibular canine is distal to the maxillary canine Mandibular incisors are buccal to the maxillary incisors, and the mandibular canine is mesial to the maxillary canine Explanation In normal occlusion, the mandibular incisors are palatal (behind) the maxillary incisors, and the coronal third of the mandibular incisors rests on a smooth convex bulge on the maxillary incisors known as the cingulum. The mandibular canines should be centered between the maxillary third incisor and the maxillary canine (mesial to the maxillary canine), without touching either tooth.

Mandibular incisors are palatal to the maxillary incisors, and the mandibular canine is mesial to the maxillary canine

In dogs, which of the following are all permanent teeth with 2 roots? Mandibular premolar 1 and molars 2 and 3 Maxillary premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1 Maxillary molars 1 and 2 Mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1 Explanation While exceptions do occur, the following are generally accepted and true. In dogs, all of the permanent incisors and canine teeth have 1 root. In the mandible, premolar (PM) 1 has one root. PM 2, 3, and 4 all have two roots. M 1 and 2 have two roots. M3 can have one or two roots. In the maxilla, PM 1 has one root. PM 2 and 3 have two roots, although PM 3 can sometimes have 3 roots. PM 4 and M1 and 2 all have 3 roots.

Mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1

What personal protective equipment would be required for a dental cleaning? Mask, eye protection, gloves Eye protection, cap, booties, gloves Booties, cap, mask, gloves Mask, eye protection, cap Explanation For a dental, a face shield or eye protection is needed due to the splatter from dental cleaning. A mask is needed to prevent inhalation of this splatter or mist. Gloves are required to prevent the spread of infection. Dental cleanings are not sterile procedures, so a cap and booties would not be required.

Mask, eye protection, gloves

When referring to teeth, which of the following terms describes the portion of the tooth that is in line with the dental arcade and closest to the rostral midline of the dental arch? Mesial Apical Lingual Buccal Distal

Mesial

Which of the following species has a double row of incisors? Rat Ferret Hamster Guinea Pig Rabbit Your Answer Chinchilla Explanation Rabbits have a second row of incisors distal to the proximal incisors. When malocclusion occurs, it is important to trim both sets of teeth to maintain proper dentition.

Rabbit

Which species does not have canine teeth? Cows Horses Rabbits Llamas Explanation Rabbits have four incisors-two on the top and two on the bottom. Right behind the top incisor teeth are two small peg-like teeth called auxiliary incisors or "peg teeth". Rabbits have cheek teeth that they use to grind their food. These are the 6 upper premolars, the 4 lower premolars, 6 upper molars and 6 lower molars (and no canines). Cows have 2 lower canines. Horses and llamas both have 4 canine teeth (2 upper and 2 lower).

Rabbits

Which of the following animals develops dental caries? Goats and camelids Cattle and sheep Pigs and reptiles Rabbits and chinchillas Horses and cats Explanation Rabbits, chinchillas, and dogs develop dental caries. Caries are very rare in the other species listed. Caries are cavities.

Rabbits and chinchillas

Which of the following animals do not have canine teeth? Horses Rodents Ferrets Pigs

Rodents

Which of the following is an example of an endodontic treatment? Root canal Tumor removal from the tongue Dental scaling Soft palate resection surgery Explanation Endodontics deals with the tooth pulp and the tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. The root canal is the most common endodontic procedure.

Root canal

A dog is having his teeth cleaned and has a discolored upper right third premolar. The doctor would like you to take an x-ray of this tooth. Which patient position would make the radiograph easiest to take? Dorsal recumbency Left lateral recumbency Right lateral recumbency Sternal recumbency Explanation Sternal recumbency is best for the maxilla (upper jaws). Dorsal recumbency is easiest for the anterior mandible. Lateral is best for the premolars and molars of the mandible.

Sternal recumbency

Which of the following is true regarding dentition in dogs? The incisors on the maxilla should rest caudal to the incisors on the mandible The lower first molars in the dog are triple-rooted The incisors on the mandible should be palatal to the incisors on the maxilla The dog has a total of 6 incisors Explanation The incisors on the mandible (lower jaw) rest palatal (or behind facing up toward the palate) to the maxilla (upper jaw). If it were opposite, the animal would have an underbite. Also, the mandibular (lower) canine teeth should rest distal to the upper third incisor and mesial to the maxillary (upper) canine tooth. The dog has 6 upper and 6 lower incisors (12 total incisors). The lower first molars (309 and 409) in the dog are double-rooted.

The incisors on the mandible should be palatal to the incisors on the maxilla

What is the carnassial tooth? This is another term for a missing tooth The largest shearing tooth of each dental arcade This is another term for a supernumerary tooth The tooth with the deepest root in each dental arcade This is another name for the canine tooth Explanation "Carnassial" literally means tearing of flesh but is used in veterinary dentistry to describe the largest shearing tooth of the mandible and maxilla in carnivores. This is the tooth that does the most work during mastication. In dogs and cats, the carnassial teeth are the maxillary fourth premolar and the mandibular first molar.

The largest shearing tooth of each dental arcade

Labial

The surface towards the lips (applies to the incisors, canines)

What is the purpose of polishing the teeth after a dental cleaning?

To smooth the microscopic defects on the tooth surface

Apical

Toward the root

Incisal

Toward the tip of the tooth (incisors and canines)

Coronal

Towards the crown

When are needle teeth in piglets usually clipped? Within 24 hours of birth At 3 days of age At 3 months of age At 3 weeks of age Explanation Piglets are born with 8 sharp needle or milk teeth. The teeth can lacerate the sow during nursing, and playing or fighting behavior with other piglets may cause trauma. The teeth are most often clipped within the first 24 hours after birth.

Within 24 hours of birth

Accumulations of desquamated cells, food particles, and bacteria along the teeth are known as which of the following? Calculus Plaque Caries Tartar Explanation A plaque is an accumulation of desquamated cells, food particles, and bacteria. Bacterial toxins damage the gingiva and oral mucosa. Dental calculus or tartar is mineralized plaque and can lead to persistent inflammation. Dental caries, also known as cavities or decay, are incidents of demineralization of the teeth.

plaque

Mineralized debris on the tooth surface is known as which of the following?

plaque

Vestibular

surface of a tooth that is directed outward toward the vestibule of the mouth which includes the buccal (cheek) and labial (lip) surfaces

Which of the following are triple rooted teeth in dogs? Lower 2nd premolars Upper 4th premolars Lower 1st molars Upper 1st premolars

upper 4th premolar

How many upper incisors does a goat have? Six Two Zero One Four Explanation Goats have no upper front teeth (incisors); their upper front mouth is one big gumline. In the back on their mouth they do have both upper and lower teeth. Goats are born with teeth which are replaced by permanent teeth as they age. The dental formula for permanent teeth in the goat is: 2 ( I 0/3 C 0/1 P 3/3 M 3/3) = 32

zero