Week 16

Which of the following are forms of Leishmaniasis? (select all that apply) a) Procyclic trypomastigote b) Trimastigote c) Amastigote d) Supermastigote e) Remastigote

a) Procyclic trypomastigote b) Trimastigote c) Amastigote

Which of the following does not apply to the phases of Chagas disease? a) Gastrointestinal complications like enlarged esophagus and colon b) Cardiac complications such as enlarged heart, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest c) Renal complications like kidney failure d) 40% of patients progress from the indeterminant phase to the determinant phase

c) Renal complications like kidney failure

What form of RNA vaccine delivery is formed by a squalene core surrounded by a lipid? a. Cationic Nanoemulsions b. Polymeric Nanoparticles c. Lipid Nanoparticles d. All of the Above

a. Cationic Nanoemulsions

The Chagas Disease diagnosis was based on the positivity of ______ and _______. a. ELISA b. Western Blot c. indirect immunofluorescence d. Northern Blot

a. ELISA c. indirect immunofluorescence

Why are European and North American countries at risk for having their populations infected with Chagas Disease a. Emigration to these places from endemic areas b. Range increasing for Chagas Disease vector c. New vector introduced to the infection cycle of Chagas Disease d. Immigration to endemic areas of Chagas Disease

a. Emigration to these places from endemic areas

Which of the following is NOT a delivery method for mRNA vaccines? lipid nanoparticles polymeric nanoparticles cationic nano emulsions all of the above are delivery methods

all of the above are delivery methods

What are the 3 ways the RNA therapies are delivered?

(Lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and cationic nano-emulsions)

Which of the following are strategies to combat mutations in the viral genome? (Select all that Apply) A) Target conserved regions B) Target non-conserved regions C) Encode specific neutralizing antibodies D) Encode broadly neutralizing antibodies

A) Target conserved regions D) Encode broadly neutralizing antibodies

Surface proteins that enable cell entry are commonly used by mRNA vaccines to target viruses. Which of the following are correct matches of surface proteins that enable cell entry to their corresponding viruses? Select all that apply. a) spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) b) hemagglutinin protein of influenza viruses c) membrane and envelope protein (prM-E) of SARS-CoV-2 d) fusion protein of rabies virus e) surface glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A, B, E

Where is it difficult to develop a malaria vaccine? Choose all that apply. a. lack of surface antigens b. the multitude of possible targets on the capsule surface c. complex lifecycle of the parasite d. lack of pathogenicity

A, C

The 5′ and 3′ UTRs flanking the coding region regulate mRNA: a. translation b. transcription c. half-life d. subcellular localization

A, C, D

Chagas disease affects approximately how many people worldwide? A. 7 million B. 1 million C. 100 million D. 700,000

A. 7 million

What is the incubation period for Rabies transmission? A. A few weeks- 1 month B. 2-4 days C. 3-4 months D. 6-8 weeks

A. A few weeks- 1 month

Which of the following events assisted in improved perspective in mRNA vaccines? A. COVID-19 vaccination efforts B. Polio vaccination efforts C. Hookworm vaccination efforts D. None of the above

A. COVID-19 vaccination efforts

What is the correct order for mRNA Vaccine Synthesis? I. PurificationII. In Vitro TranscriptionIII. Sequence DesignIV. NanoprecipitationV. mRNA VaccineVI. Filtration A. III, II, I, IV, VI, VB. V, VI, III, II, I, VIC. V, III, II, I, IV, VID. III, I, II, IV, VI, V

A. III, II, I, IV, VI, V

What are the forms of Chagas Disease? A. Indeterminate and Determinate B. Acute and Chronic C. Systemic and Neural D. Benign and Metastatic

A. Indeterminate and Determinate

Climate change is expected to expand the location of the vector _________ of _________ cruzi. (A) A. Kissing bug, trypanosoma B. mosquito, trypanosoma C. Kissing bug, schistosomiasis D. Mosquito, schistosomiasis

A. Kissing bug, trypanosoma

Which method of delivery of RNA therapeutics is the most widely used? A. Lipid nanoparticles B. Polymeric nanoparticles C. Cationic nanoemulsions D. Anionic nanoemulsions

A. Lipid nanoparticles

What factors put a patient at a higher risk for Chagas disease determined by the study? (Select all that apply) A. Male B. Systemic arterial hypertension C. Heart disease D. Insomnia

A. Male B. Systemic arterial hypertension C. Heart disease

Which of the following were determined to be predisposing factors to the development of cardiac Chagas Disease? (Select all that apply) A. Males B. Thyroid diseases C. Diabetes D. System arterial hypertension (SAH)

A. Males D. System arterial hypertension (SAH)

What do mRNA vaccines encode to induce an immune response? A. Specific Antigen B. RNA Replication Machinery C. Lipid Nanoparticles D. PolyA tail

A. Specific Antigen

Which of the following is NOT a component of lipid nanoparticles? A. Viral mRNA B. An ionizable lipid C. Cholesterol D. Helper lipid

A. Viral mRNA

What two diseases share 55-59% correlation? A. dengue and zika B. dengue and COVID19 C. zika and trypanosomiasis D. plague and zika

A. dengue and zika

Which of the following are transmission types of T. cruzi? A. vertical (mother to fetus) B. skin burrowing C. blood transfusion D. oral transmission

AC

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) eventually will progress into what other disease?

AIDS

What type of immune cell does the Pfizer vaccine interact with? A. B Cells B. T Cells C. Macrophages D. Neutrophils (A)

B Cells

Which of the following are components of an mRNA vaccine? (Select all that Apply) A) Neutral lipids B) Cholesterol C) Ionizable lipids D) Acetylated lipids

B) Cholesterol C) Ionizable lipids

Which of the following is the only viral protein exposed on the surface of the Rabies virus (RABV)? A) Nucleoprotein B) G protein C) E protein D) M protein

B) G protein

What is the most widely used delivery vehicle for RNA? A) Cationic nanoemulsions B) Lipid nanoparticles C) Polymeric nanoparticles D) Prodrug microcomplexes

B) Lipid nanoparticles

Which of the following does NOT predispose a person to develop chronic Chagas disease? A) System arterial hypertension B) Obesity C) Being a male D) Heart disease

B) Obesity

the mRNA vaccine made by Pfizer interacts with which immune cell? A. macrophages B. B cells C. plasma cells D. fibroblasts

B. B cells

What is the only predisposing factor found in developing GI Chagas Disease? A. Being male B. Being female C. Heart disease D. Diabetes

B. Being female

Acute phase Chagas disease sometimes exhibits ____ which results in ____. A. Romana's sign; lip swelling B. Romana's sign; eye swelling C. Triatomine's sign; ankle swelling D. Triatomine's sign; abdominal swelling

B. Romana's sign; eye swelling

The same patient (with a swollen eye (Romaña's sign) and general flu-like sickness) refuses treatment. How will the disease progress? A. The patient will have acute sickness then fully recover B. The patient might be asymptomatic but will move into the chronic indeterminate stage and then possibly the chronic determinate stage. C. The patient will always progress into cardiac Chagas Disease D. The patient, without treatment, will stay in the acute phase and not progress to indeterminate

B. The patient might be asymptomatic but will move into the chronic indeterminate stage and then possibly the chronic determinate stage.

In the study of predictors of development of cardiac and digestive disorders in patients with chronic Chagas Disease, Benznidazole was found to be ________ associated with progression to cardiac Chagas disease for patients with __________ ___________. A. positively, systemic hypertension B. negatively, systemic hypertension C. negatively, cardiac disorders D. positively, digestive disorders

B. negatively, systemic hypertension

Similar to the names of Leishmaniasis parasitic life stages, which is the correct stage of the parasite after metacyclic trypomastigotes penetrate and infect human cells in Chagas disease? A.) Procyclic trypomastigote B.) Amastigote C.) Trimastigote D.) Metacyclic trypomastigotes do not penetrate into human cells at the wound site, amastigotes do

B.) Amastigote

Determinate forms of Chagas disease can manifest as... a. Pulmonary complications b. Cardiac complication c. Renal complications d. Gastrointestinal (GI) complications

BD

What are the differences between the Chronic Determinate and Indeterminate phases of Chagas Disease? (Select all that apply) A. The Determinate phase has an absence of clinical manifestations while the Indeterminate phase includes clinical manifestations. B. The Indeterminate phase has an absence of clinical manifestations while the Determinate phase includes clinical manifestations. C. About 40% of patients progress from the Determinant phase to the Indeterminant phase. D. About 40% of patients progress from the Indeterminate phase to the Determinate phase.

BD

_____ is an effective treatment against Chagas disease.

Benznidazole

How does the plasmodium-secreted cytokine, the Plasmodium Macrophage Migrating Inhibiting Factor (PMIF), work?

By creating an analog (PMIF) to the normal host MIF, it can attach to T cells where it causes the cells to have short-term memory and cause them to exhaust energy resources quickly, which leads to cell death.

Which group would be at the highest risk for cardiac Chagas disease? A) Obese male B) Obese female C) Male with systemic arterial hypertension D) Women with systemic arterial hypertension

C) Male with systemic arterial hypertension

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Cardiac Chagas Disease? A) Heart failure B) Sudden cardiac arrest C) Plaue build up in arteries D) Enlarged heart

C) Plaue build up in arteries

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main components used to construct lipid nanoparticles? A. Ionizable lipid B. PEGylated lipid C. Calcium ions D. Cholesterol

C. Calcium ions

A patient comes in with a swollen eye (Romaña's sign) and general flu-like sickness. After an ELISA test, you discover that they most likely have which of the following diseases: A. Dengue B. West Nile C. Chagas disease D. Schistosomiasis

C. Chagas disease

Which of the following is NOT considered an advantage of mRNA vaccines? A. Does not integrate into the genome B. Manufactured in a cell-free manner C. Higher efficacy rate D. Single mRNA vaccine can encode multiple antigens Reply to post from Joslynn SoriaReply

C. Higher efficacy rate

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute Chagas Disease? A. Eye swelling B. Flu-like symptoms C. Myocarditis D. all of the above E. none of the above

C. Myocarditis

Chagas disease is caused by the parasite ______ which is spread through the feces of of the kissing bug A. T. brucei B. T. vivax C. T. cruzi D. T. bancrofti

C. T. cruzi

What is a disadvantage of using an mRNA vaccine? A. manufactured in a cell-free manner B. does not integrate into the genome C. requires regular modification D. single mRNA vaccine can encode multiple antigens

C. requires regular modification

Which of the following it TRUE regarding the mRNA vaccine for rabies as discussed in class? A.) The vaccine require extensive incubation at around 130 Celsius making it difficult to transport to undeveloped areas B.) Without proper administration into the cerebrospinal fluid the vaccine will be ineffective C.) RABV vaccines are designed to be administered after the individual has been exposed to rabies D.) The rabies vaccine is only efficacious in young adults, leaving children and the elderly particularly vulnerable

C.) RABV vaccines are designed to be administered after the individual has been exposed to rabies

The ________ method recruits antigen-presenting cells to kickstart the body's immune response to deliver mRNA.

Cationic nanoemulsion

What is/are the advantage(s) of mRNA vaccines? A) Does not integrate into the genome B) Manufactured in a cell-free manner C) A single mRNA vaccine can encode multiple antigens D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following are the advantages of mRNA vaccines? A. Little integration into the genome B. Artificial manufacturing C. Encoding for multiple antigens D. All of the above

D. All of the above

System ______ hypertension and ______ disease are two factors that predispose a person to develop chronic CD. a. Arterial; lung b. Arterial; heart c. Bronchial; lung d. Bronchial; heart

D. Bronchial; heart

Which method for mRNA delivery into the body is characterized by triggering the immune response, recruiting antigen-presenting cells? A. Lipid nanoparticles B. Polymeric nanoparticles C. Anionic nanoemulsion D. Cationic nanoemulsion

D. Cationic nanoemulsion

Question 1: (Multiple Choice) Rabies virus, RABV, has a specific protein exposed on its surface. This protein is: A. NucleoproteinB. PhosphoproteinC. Matrix Protein D. Glycoprotein

D. Glycoprotein

Which of the following is false in regards to the Charlson-Comorbidity Index? A. Renal disease can be found as one of the comorbid conditions in the index B. A low score indicates a better prognosis C. It is a weighted index that is used to predict the risk of death within 1 year from hospitalization D. There are 10 conditions included in the index

D. There are 10 conditions included in the index

Which of the following is not a method of delivery for RNA therapeutics? A. lipid nanoparticles B. polymeric nanoparticles C. cationic nanoemulsions D. carbon nanoparticles

D. carbon nanoparticles

Which of the following is NOT a reason why mRNA vaccination is advantageous for infectious diseases? A. lack of genome integration B. mRNA vaccines are cheaper to produce than many other vaccines C. potential to encode multiple antigens with a single vaccine D. mRNA vaccines never have any side effects

D. mRNA vaccines never have any side effects

List two of the three promising strategies to enhance the duration of the antibody response after vaccination.

Dendritic cell-specific ligands on LNP surfaces - Altering physical properties of LNPs

Which of the following does NOT have a vaccine in testing? Influenza Zika virus HIV Dengue

Dengue

What is a triatomine called when residing in the midgut? Triatomine Epimastigote Amastigote Trypomastigote Metacyclic Trypomastigote

Epimastigote

mRNA vaccines are well-established and are the basis of many circulating vaccines.

False

The predictors for progression from the indeterminate chronic form of Chagas to the cardiac or digestive form are well understood and can be identified early to help get a start on proper treatment

False: The predictors for progression are poorly understood

_________ is the viral protein exposed on the surface of the Rabies virus.

G Protein

Fill in the blanks: The chronic phase of Chagas disease may be divided into the ________ form and ________ form. The second of these may be further divided into the________, ________, and ________ forms.

Indeterminant, Determinate, Cardiac, Cardiodigestive, Digestive

In the study of Chagas disease, what stage of infection were most of the participants in when they were admitted to the study? Pre-infection Early Indeterminate chronic form Late stage

Indeterminate chronic form

Despite Brazil's efforts to introduce improved housing conditions and public preventative policies for the past 2 decades, why is Chagas Disease still prevalent there?

It could be due to either a new orally-acquired disease and of the burden of cardiac and digestive sequelae

Lipid Nanoparticles are the most common form of mRNA delivery in mRNA vaccines. Which of these is not a component of a lipid nanoparticle? Ionizable Lipid Helper Lipid Cholesterol PEGylated lipid None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following describes vertical transmission? Ingestion via undercooked meat Passed from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery Transmission of blood products into circulation intravenously Infection via unsterilized medical equipment Transmission via a mosquito vector

Passed from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery

The majority of mRNA vaccines currently in preclinical trials and in clinical use are administered as a ________ injection into the skin, muscle or subcutaneous space, where they are taken up by immune or non-immune cells and translated into _____ that are displayed to ___ & ___ cells.

The majority of mRNA vaccines currently in preclinical trials and in clinical use are administered as a bolus injection into the skin, muscle or subcutaneous space, where they are taken up by immune or non-immune cells and translated into antigens that are displayed to T & B cells.

Lipid nanoparticles are the most commonly used delivery vehicles for RNA.

True

The ebola virus (EBOV) is a single-stranded, negative sense, filovirus

True

True or False. Benznidazole is an effective treatment for digestive Chagas disease.

True

While women are more predisposed to Gastrointestinal Chagas Disease, Men are more predisposed to Cardiac Chagas Disease.

True

mRNA vaccines have allowed us to create a relatively effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, and can be used in the future for other viruses such as influenza, Zika, HIV, and Ebola.

True

Which is not an advantage of mRNA vaccines over conventional vaccines a. mRNA vaccines do not have the risk of insertional mutagenesis or any integration into the genome b. mRNA vaccines have scalable and cost-effective production since they are manufactured in a cell-free manner c. mRNA vaccines have been long established and have been used for numerous vaccines d. mRNA vaccines encode multiple antigens which enables targeting of multiple viral variants

c. mRNA vaccines have been long established and have been used for numerous vaccines

Which of the following is not a method of delivery for mRNA vaccines? a) Lipid nanoparticle b) Polymeric nanoparticle c) Cationic nanoemulsion d) Magnetotactic bacteria

d) Magnetotactic bacteria

Which of the following is not a transmission method of T.cruzi? a) Triatomineae entering body through a cut or scratch b) Oral transmission through contaminated food c) Vertical transmission from mother to child d) Respiratory transmission

d) Respiratory transmission

The WHO estimates how many deaths per year are prevented by vaccines? What is one of the issues with conventional vaccines? a. 1-2 million, too hard to control viruses b. 1-2 million, require regular modification c. 2-3 million, too hard to control viruses d. 2-3 million, require regular modification

d. 2-3 million, require regular modification

Select the answer which best completes the sentence: _____ is an effective treatment against _____ and is most effective on patients who do not have a history of _____. a. Benznidazole; Rabies; liver disease b. Benznidazole; Chagas disease; liver disease c. Ivermectin; Rabies; heart disease d. Benznidazole; Chagas disease; heart disease

d. Benznidazole; Chagas disease; heart disease

What is the diagnostic stage of chagas disease? a. When trypomastigotes transform into amastigotes around bite wound b. When amastigotes reproduce by binary fission of infected tissue and enter blood stream c. When infect other cells and transfer into intracellular amastigotes d. Intracellular amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes and enter blood stream

d. Intracellular amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes and enter blood stream

Which of the following is true regarding the "Chronic Indeterminate" phase of Chagas Disease? a. It only lasts for up to 5 years before transitioning to the determinate phase. b. It is characterized by Romaña's Sign. c. 99% of patients transition from this phase to the determinate phase. d. Typically, clinical manifestations of cardiac and GI issues are absent.

d. Typically, clinical manifestations of cardiac and GI issues are absent.

Select correct statements from the given statements below. i) mRNA vaccines contain a dead or weakened version of the virus that they protect you from ii) The COVID-19 vaccinations are the first to take advantage of this novel technology iii) Rabivirus vaccines can be taken even after exposure iv) Lipid nanoparticles are a delivery method of mRNA vaccines v) mRNA vaccines tend to be a little more dangerous than regular vaccines, on average

ii;iii;iv

Name the three methods of RNA delivery. Then, match the following properties with the correct delivery method. roperties Match: Most common method of RNA delivery. High stability. Cheap and non-toxic. Can trigger an immune réponse, enhancing antigen uptake. Current standard. Potential to control release.

lipid nanoparticle, polymeric nanoparticle, cationic nanoemulsion Most common method of RNA delivery. Lipid nanoparticles High stability. Polymeric nanoparticles Cheap and non-toxic. Cationic nanoemulsions Can trigger an immune réponse, enhancing antigen uptake. Cationic nanoemulsions Current standard. Lipid nanoparticles Potential to control release. Polymeric nanoparticles Reply to post from Rachel IannottiReply

What 2 factors predispose a person to develop chronic CD?

system arterial hypertension and heart disease

what conditions predisposes someone to developing cardiac CD?

system arterial hypertension and heart disease