WHAP Unit V Study Guide - The Globe Encompassed, 1500-1750

Europeans believed that when natural disasters like earthquakes occurred, the cause was A) plate tectonics. B) supernatural forces. C) an imbalance of humors in the body. D) that they were illusions. E) an unvirtuous ruler.

supernatural forces

Explain the concept of variolation.

A way to stem the spread of smallpox--which later inspired development of other vaccines in Europe. Asians purposely infected themselves with a small case of smallpox by snorting dried scabs of smallpox. 1% - 2% died from doing this as compared to 30% who died naturally when infected by smallpox.

Forgiveness of past sins, an indulgence, might be given for any of the following reasons except A) performing a pious act. B) giving a donation to the church. C) becoming a monk. D) saying a particular prayer. E) making a pilgrimage.

Becoming a monk

What is the (Protestant) Reformation?

(16th century) movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches. Catholic Church starting to be viewed as corrupt because: - spent money for wars, pleasurable goods, and the arts -Pope Alexander VI father's children -Many priests and monks are poorly educated

In order to expand sugar plantations in the West Indies, it required what?

-A sharp increase in the volume of the slave trade from Africa and Indentured Servants -European capital

Short Answer - Describe the major elements of the Columbian Exchange and how it affected both Amerindians and Europeans.

-After founding the new world in 1492, the Europeans colonized the new world - They spread diseases, technologies, plants and animals - This exchange occurred from not only the old world to new world, but also from the new world to the old world - The diseases that came to the new world nearly wiped out the Amerindian population (because they were so isolated they weren't immune) - European animals were introduced into the new world, the most influential being the horse. This allowed more efficient warfare and hunting, while providing a new meat supply. The grazing also changed the landscape. - The plants and animals altered their lifestyles and diets, their clothing, and their weapons - The new animals introduced also faced no predators and so grew without bound, taking the indigenous species resources, and in some cases causing indigenous animals to go extinct - Colonial economies became dependent on exporting silver and cash crop goods (such as sugar and tobacco), and European empires became dependent on these goods - Beneficial both ways (pop growth in Europe) - Europeans also brought diseases like syphilis back to Europe - The fur trade is able to boost/influence trade between France and the Amerindians - Cattle, horses, maize, potato (maize and potato saves peasants of Europe)

Who were 'Drivers'? Why were they used?

A driver was a privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.

What were the main goals of the Catholic Reformation?

-Reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic Church -Eliminate Church abuses -Establish pope's authority -Stop the loss of any more believers.

What led to the Reformation?

1. Church leaders became corrupt and secular 2. The Printing Press spread Renaissance ideas 3. Monarchies challenged the church power 4. Merchants hated paying taxes to Roman church 5. New movement in germany

Why was Barbados an area that best illustrates the dramatic transformation of the 17th century Caribbean?

1640: Barbados's economy depended largely on tobacco (grown by free and indentured European settlers) 1680s: sugar became the main crop; enslaved Africans outnumbered Europeans 3:1 -became the wealthiest/most populous of he English American colonies 1700: Barbados and other West Indian colonies collectively surpassed Brazil as the world's principal source of sugar

In the Caribbean, slaves made up what percentage of the population? What was the ratio of men to women? Why was life expectancy so low?

90 percent

Using Map 16.1, review the boundaries separating the major areas of Catholic and Protestant power in 1555, and discuss the Protestant Reformation. Where did Calvinism spread, and where did Catholicism remain dominant? Was there a connection between the acceptance of Protestantism and the rise of national monarchies?

??? Lutheranism in German-speaking countries; Calvinism became an international religion. Calvinism spread widely in Western and central Europe, and in New England, without the patronage of any political authority.

Explain the concept of a joint stock company.

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Explain the purpose for the council of Trent and the reforms enacted during it.

A meeting of Catholic church leaders in Trent, Italy between 1545-1563 called together by Pope Paul III to distinguish Catholic doctrines from Protestant "errors" and reaffirm the supremacy of the pope. Its main object was the definitive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants; a further object was the execution of a thorough reform of the inner life of the Church by removing the numerous abuses that had developed in it. Major positions taken by the Council of Trent: -examined doctrines, goals of the church and defined what Catholics believed -Church's interpretation of the bible was final -other interpretations are heresey -bible and church tradition will guide your Christian life -indulgences =valid expression of faith

What were plantation economies? What did they grow? What labor force was used? How is the Stono rebellion significant?

A plantation economy is an economy which is based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few staple products grown on large farms called plantations Grew: Cotton, rice, indigo, tobacco & sugar Labor force started out as indentured servants and later African slaves. The Stono Rebellion took place in South Carolina in 1739, where a group of approximately 100 slaves rose up, killed a number of whites, and attempted to flee to Florida. It was the largest slave uprising in S. Carolina. The rebellion shocked slave owners throughout England's southern colonies and led to greater repression.

Janissaries began to rise in status. Why? What gains in their status did they begin to receive?

A significant imbalance in the Ottoman military occurred because the sultan down sized cavalrymen and increased janissaries. The rising status of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire led to a refinement of their role in society. They gained the right to marry and to start businesses.

Ch 17 - What caused high death rates among Amerindians during the early colonial period? Why?

After centuries of isolation... old world disease epidemics, like smallpox caused high mortality rates among Amerindians b/c they had no immunity to the diseases.

What was a significant effect of the flood of silver from the Americas into European economy?

American silver increased the European money supply, promoting commercial expansion and later industrialization.

What ways did Native populations react to colonial populations in N. America?

Amerindian attacks at Jamestown while others worked with the new settlers by trading furs/animal skins for European goods, but it came at a high environmental and cultural cost. As Amerindian peoples hunted more intensely, they disrupted the natural balance of animals and plants while they also placed less emphasis o traditional agriculture. Their way of life was also altered by their dependence on European products, including firearms, metal tools, textiles and alcohol. Simultaneously, they were weakened by epidemics, alcoholism and a rising tide of ethnic conflicts generated by competition for hunting grounds. These conflicts were deadlier b/c of the new firearms. They also started to attack colonial settlements, esp. English

What is Protestant?

Any Christian religion other than Catholicism or Eastern Orthodox. This religion gained popularity in the 16th century as a alternative to Catholicism for those tired of the Catholic Church's corruptness.

What was the Atlantic circuit? In the Atlantic circuit, what was the middle passage?

Atlantic Circuit was a network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. Middle Passage was the part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas

What did trading companies buy to reduce the risk of overseas trading?

Bought insurance

What was the purpose of the British McCartney mission? What was the result?

British McCartney Mission was the attempt by the British empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. The result: because he refused to perform the kowtow, Lord McCartney was denied a formal audience in the palace. No negotiations were permitted because the Qianlong emperor saw no merit in McCartney's request

One of the painters who exemplified the Renaissance in northern Europe was A) Machiavelli. B) Renoir. C) Matisse. D) Bruegel. E) Beethoven.

Bruegel

What did the Thirty Years War and other European Wars result in?

Conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families. Phase 1: Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crush Protestant princes. Czech leaders are all executed. Phase 2: Protestants hired a new leader, Gustavus Adolphus, he lands in Northern Germany and pushes Catholic forces South, he dies in battle. Phase 3: Remaining years dominated by French-specifically Cardinal Richelieu- all other European forces join in the fight. The official end of the Thirty Years' War in Germany, recognized Calvinism as a legitimate religion, Swiss Independence as well as the formation of the Dutch Republic

Which of the following religious groups was not seen as "rebelling" against the absolutist authority of the monarch? A) Calvinists in France B) Protestants in Spain C) Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire D) Dominicans in France E) Catholics in England

Dominicans in France

What disease did most slaves die of? Why?

Dysentery caused by contaminated food and water

Explain the collapse of the Ming Empire? Which empire replaced Ming?

Environmental, economic and administrative problems contributed, but the primary reason for the fall were internal rebellions and threats on the borders. The Qing replaced the Ming Empire

Why were African slaves used in Latin America?

Epidemics ravaged the Amerindian populations creating a labor shortage, but eventually African slaves were used b/c they were more productive and more resistant to disease, even though they cost more at first.

What is the concept of mercantilism?

European government policies of the 16th, 17th & 18th centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts The French system by laws known as the Exclusif

Who played a central role in the creation of the Atlantic system?

European merchants and investors

What was the result of population loss in Africa as a result of the slave trade?

Even at the peak of trade, the population of Africa remained large because women stayed behind in Africa and they were still fertile. and New foods from the Americas helped to offset population losses

The French equivalent to the Brit's Navigation Acts were:

Exclusif

What was a result for China, to Japan's 16th century aggression?

Facilitated the demise of the Ming dynasty in China

Who were the Manchu's?

Federation of NE Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire

The astronomer who discovered spots on the sun and mountains on the moon was A) Tycho Brahe. B) Johannes Kepler. C) Isaac Newton. D) Galileo Galilei. E) Nicholas Copernicus.

Galileo Galilei

Explain the cause and effect of the French and Indian War.

French and indian war: causes- Both the British and the French said they owned the Ohio country. This land was between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, from the Great Lakes to theGulf of Mexico. Both wanted it for strategic reasons, for the fur trade, and for possible future settlement. Both European countries used Native American claims to the land. The British said it belonged to their Iroquois Indians, and the French said it belonged to their Hurons. Neither side asked what the people of the Ohio Country might want. The land supported the beaver pelt. The British colonists feared the control of a pope in North America. France's land was controlled by the French and the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant British settlers saw this as a threat to their religious freedoms that they had under English law. Effects- The fighting in North America stopped on Sept. 8, 1763 with the surrender of Montreal and all of Canada to Britain. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. France lost all of its North American lands east of the Mississippi River. All of Canada was given to Britain except for two small islands near Newfoundland. Britain offered France the choice to give up either its Canadian land or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which British troops had taken during the war. France chose to keep the islands, which were valuable for their sugar plantations. British North American colonists became unhappy over their share of the winnings, eventually leading to the American Revolution. American revolution causes- taxation without representation. Effects- US won independence

Who was Hideyoshi and what did he do?

General under Nobunaga; succeeded as a military power in central Japan, tried to break daimyo power, constructed alliances that made him a military master. He started the Imjin war by invading Korea

Who was Suleiman the Magnificent? Why was his rule considered the 'Golden Age of the Ottomans?

He was the most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire; also known as "The Lawgiver". It was considered the Golden Age b/c the imperial system worked to perfection.

What factors led to the decline of Safavid rule?

High military costs, inflation and decline of overland trade weakened the state which fell to Afghan invaders in 1722

What is a plantocracy?

In the W. Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the 18th century

What effect did horses have on the Americas?

Increased the efficiency of hunters especially for Native Indians who hunted buffalo Increased the military capacity of warriors on the plains Revolutionized the cultures of the Araucanian and Pampas peoples in South America

Atlantic slave trade varied from African region to region. Why did it expand and prosper?

It expanded and prospered b/c: -African rulers contributed to the development of the slave trade in exchange for weapons and other supplies -African merchants contributed to the development of the slave trade by serving as the "middlemen" and by developing new routes to avoid rulers who opposed slavery -trade brought West Africans new goods & promoted the rise of powerful states and trading communities

European's wanted desperately to trade with China... How did China respond? How did the Dutch East India Company gain favor with the Chinese emperor?

It was a one-sided trading system. The Dutch gained favor by performing the kowtow before the emperor.

What was the purpose of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

It was in 1688 when William of Orange and Mary his wife, were asked to overthrow James II for the sake of protestantism, when Will came with his Army and James fled, thus being bloodless and fast, it was called the Glorious Revolution

At the end of the English Civil War, the monarch was executed and replaced by A) John Calvin. B) John Smith. C) Oliver Cromwell. D) Thomas á Becket. E) Samuel Adams.

Oliver Cromwell

You know that peasant rebellions after the plague led to the abolition of serfdom. However, what was their standard of living between 1500 and 1700? Why did this happen?

Legal freedom did little to make a peasant's life safer and more secure. The efficiency of European agriculture had improved little since 1300 and as a result, bad years brought famine and goods ones provided only small surpluses. The material conditions experienced by the poor in Western Europe may have worsened between 1500-1700 as the result of warfare, environmental degradation, economic contractions and the climatic cooling of the Little Ice Age.

Why did Brazil develop more slowly than other areas of Latin America?

Local population was smaller and less urbanized, requiring a different labor structure

Ch. 20 - Who were the samurai in Japanese culture?

Means literally "those who serve". They are the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate

In the Islamic World, what groups made up most of the slaves? Who was not allowed to be enslaved based on Islamic law?

Most slaves from Africa were prisoners of war. Most slaves from Africa brought to the Islamic world were used as soldiers or servants. Muslims were not allowed to be enslaved.

Which New England colony was first to have the sole right from England to form a government by Britain? Why?

Pennsylvania began as a proprietary colony and as a refuge for Quakers (a persecuted religious minority). Prominent quaker William Penn secured an enormous grant of territory in 1682 b/c England's King Charles II was indebted to his father. As owner of the land, Penn had sole right to establish a government, subject only to the requirement that he provide for an assembly of freemen.

What was the "Tulip Period" in the Ottoman Empire?

Period between 1718 and 1730 during the last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, when a "craze" for high-priced tulip bulbs swept the ruling Ottoman circles, along with European styles and attitudes.

Who was Peter the Great? What did he do to Russia? Why was he so significant?

Peter the Great was the Russian tsar from 1689-1725 and the greatest of the Romanov dynasty. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. He fought wars with Europeans and imposed a complete autocracy on his subjects.

What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation? A) Manioc and peas B) Cassava and rice C) Blueberries and cranberries D) Potatoes and corn E) Wheat and millet

Potatoes and corn

What ways did slaves express their resistance to colonial masters in Latin America?

Slave resistance included sabotage, malingering, running away, and rebellion. Communities of runaway slaves were called quilombos in Brazil and palengues in Spanish colonies and banded together to defend themselves against their colonial masters.

During the reformation period, how did Europeans view the natural world? (hint- 2 belief systems)

Prevailing European ideas about the natural world blended 2 distinct traditions: -one was the enduring belief in magic and spirits passed down orally from pre-Christian times -the 2nd was the biblical teachings of the Christian & Jewish Scriptures about miracles, saints and devils These two beliefs coincided easily together and eventually led to the link that human triumphs and tragedies were connected to supernatural causes and this eventually led to the witch trials and executions during reformation period.

The movement that began with the rejection of the pope's authority was the A) Protestant Reformation. B) Catholic Reformation. C) Orthodox Reformation. D) Peasant Movement. E) Babylonian Captivity.

Protestant Reformation

What factors led to the political unification of Japan from 1500- 1800?

Relatively small size A culturally homogeneous population Natural boundaries Prolonged warfare ended by Hideyoshi

What is the Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation?

Religious movement to reform the Catholic Church instituted in response to the Protestant Reformation as a way for the Catholics to try and keep their authority.

What were the distinctive characteristics of Renaissance art and architecture?

Renaissance architecture demonstrated a revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts.

Who were the chief rivals of the Ottoman's? Why?

Safavid Empire in Iran b/c they were Shi'ite Muslims

The jewel of the papal building spree of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries was

Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome

Explain the scientific revolution. What was a big cause of starting the scientific revolution?

Scientific Revolution - intellectual movement in Europe at the beginning of the 16th century, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics The transformation in scientific thinking that occurred during the 1500s and 1600s caused by careful scientific observation of the natural world was made, along with experimentation and the questioning of traditional and accepted beliefs/opinions. Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish monk & mathematician, helped initiate the new era when he proposed that the sun, not the earth (as taught by both religious & classical authorities) was the center of the universe.

Explain the idea of Shari'a law. How did this effect the relationship between the Sunni's and Shi'ite populations?

Shari'a law conditioned urban institutions and social life. ???

Large amounts of wealth were generated by the Spanish through what? (Hint: also helps the economic development of Mexico and Peru)

Silver (and gold) mining and sugar plantations

Population grew heavily in 1700's China? What effects did this have? (Think SPICE.)

Social and environmental problems.

Ignatius of Loyola founded the A) Dominicans. B) Inquisition. C) Council of Trent. D) Society of Jesus (the Jesuits). E) Franciscans

Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)

By the 17th century, which export dominated the Brazilian economy? Why? Who controlled Brazil? The rest of central & South America?

Sugar exports dominated Brazilian economy Portugal controlled Brazil. Spain controlled the rest of central & South America.

How did the Italian Renaissance differ from the Renaissance of the 12c?

The 14th-17th century Renaissance was a cultural movement. The 12th century Renaissance was more of a political and economic movement.

Why did French settlements in America more closely resemble Spanish and Portuguese colonies?

The French were committed to missionary activity among Amerindian peoples and emphasized the extraction of natural resources (furs rather than minerals).

Ch 19 - Who were the Ottoman's?

The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state founded by Osman in NW Anatolia around 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe.

Why did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires decline simultaneously?

They faced same challenges. 1. complex changes in the military technology and in the world economy, 2. increasing difficulty of basing an extensive land empire on military forces paid through land grants.

What was the enlightenment period? How did this lead to the rise of the Bourgeoisie?

The enlightenment period was a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions with the idea of improving the human condition. It led to the belief that wealth didn't just to the nobility and it led to the rise of the Bourgeoisie, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce and allied professions... they would then pour their money back into comfortable living, servants and luxury goods. Some even used their wealth to raise their social status.

Who were gentries? Why were they important?

The gentry was a class of landholding families (owned country estates) in England below the aristocracy. They were important b/c they loaned money to impoverished peasants and to members of the nobility and in time increased their land ownership.

What was the printing press and why was it important?

The printing press helped to spread new messages and learnings. Good examples: Martin Luther used it to spread his message about the papacy. Scientists used it during the Scientific revolution to educate the public about their discoveries. The press was able to translate any book into different languages so anyone could learn it. It increased literacy and made reading not just for scholars, but also for the common people.

What was a major reason for world population growth after 1700? Why?

The spread of New World crops like potatoes, manioc and maize (corn) helped revitalize Old World agriculture and diet b/c they provided more calories per acre than did most Old World staples.

What was the role that Witchcraft played in the Renaissance period?

There was a reemergence of witchcraft in the Renaissance. Women were seen as weaker and more susceptible to the evils of the devil. So, women were executed and accused of being witches. If you committed a sin, then you were a witch. Many people started reading more about witched.

What was the purpose of the English Navigation Acts?

To limit colonial trading and production competition and confine trade to English ships and cargoes

What was a maroon?

a slave who ran away from his or her master and often became a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. numerous in Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Guianas

English political philosopher John Locke asserted that if the monarch A) was elected by the people, he could rule forever. B) fed the people, the people should be loyal. C) abused his or her power, the people had a duty to rebel. D) ruled absolutely without controls, harmony would ensue. E) ruled with morality, society would be moral as well.

abused his or her power, the people had a duty to rebel.

As the iron industry expanded, the consumption of fuel caused A) a reduction in the use of iron and copper. B) less destruction of forest woodlands because iron was used instead of wood. C) deforestation. D) the rise of a wealthy class of timber industrialists. E) little to no change in the consumption of resources.

deforestation

What was the reason for Janissary uprisings? Why was there a significant transition in the Janissaries that occurred after the uprisings?

gala soirees where guests watched turtles with candles on their backs wander in the dark through massive tulip beds gave way to a conservative Janissary revolt with strong religious overtones... known as the Patrona Halil revolt. A significant transition in the Janissaries occurred after the uprisings because they became a hereditary institution.

How did the Jesuits play a role in negotiations between China and Russia?

helped negotiate an act of settlement between Russia and China

Charles V failed to unify all of Europe, but Spain, France, and England successfully unified their states by A) limiting the power of the church and the nobility. B) instituting mercantile economic policies. C) building castles with large fortifications. D) marrying their daughters to princes from other kingdoms. E) using Ottoman mercenaries.

limiting the power of the church and the nobility

What were capitulations?

trade agreements that were granted as favors by powerful sultans to European merchants

To ensure that his subjects did not resist royal authority, King Philip II of Spain A) used the Spanish Inquisition to suppress opposition. B) exiled dissidents to the American colonies. C) forced the conversion of all Spanish Jews to Christianity. D) sentenced all Protestants to life imprisonment. E) assigned a "secret" police force to spy on all citizens

used the Spanish Inquisition to suppress opposition.

Bourgeoisie means A) wealthy urban class. B) lower middle class. C) nobility. D) clergy. E) royalty.

wealthy urban class

Short Answer - Describe in detail the major similarities between the Safavid and Mughal Empires, particularly the cultural effects of Islam.

- Both countries were led by a Muslim minority leading non Muslims subjects - Both had to deal with the presence of other religions; the Safavids had Christian subjects and the Mughals had many Hindu subjects since they were based in India - The Muslims of both countries had to travel to the Mecca which was controlled by the Ottoman empire for their pilgrimage - Both empires included the military reliance on an elite cavalry paid through the land-grant systems - In the Safavid the mandated conversion to following Shi'ites and the idea of sharia law - The cultural effects of the Safavid decision to be Shi'ites - In Safavid violence was used to enforce rule - major differences include the fact that the Mughals allowed coexistence of religions but the Safavid forced their subjects into being Shi'ite (this culturally isolated Iran from its neighboring countries)

Short Answer - Discuss the failure of Charles V to unify Europe and the ability of European monarchies to centralize state control in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, and his son, King Phillip II, were the key political and military architects of the counter-reformation - Charles V put the counter reformation as his first priority militarily - Sent the gold(bullion) collected from Brazil to use fighting in the counter reformation, instead of using it to build up Spain's economy - They spent a lot of money on this, which turned out to be very disastrous - French rulers accepted the catholic faith during a period of religious turmoil, which helped to create cultural unity within the empire - King Henry VIII created his own church, utilizing the religious conflict between him and the Catholic Church to strengthen his authority by closing monasteries, and stealing the Church's land to sell to his allies in exchange for their support - European rulers were able to use this time of religious warfare to strengthen their authority over their subjects by choosing or even creating a religion or church that appeased the people's desires Although the Ottoman Empire was turned away in 1529, Charles V eventually gave up his goal of European unification after decades of bitter fighting. Spain, France, and England began to build successful states based on political centralization and religious unity. Royal authority was boosted by limiting the authority of the church, although different nations took a wide array of routes to that end. For example, Spain united behind the Inquisition, France switched from Calvinism back to Catholicism, and England created the Church of England. Monarchs also promoted national institutions, such as standardized national languages and political offices.

Short Answer - What internal and external pressures did Japan face during its period of reunification? How did Japan deal with these challenges?

- Despite the unity the Tokugawa Shogunate brought to Japan, the daimyo still retained a great deal of political power and autonomy which slightly threw off the shogunate making it more difficult for total political centralization to be achieved - As samurai became better educated and more attuned to the tastes of the civil elite, they became more invested in common Japanese goods and were easily taken advantage of by merchants, causing their economic decline which as a whole slightly threw off Japan's economy - Japan dealt with this internal issue by attempting to curb the independence of merchants but ultimately the merchants prevailed made it difficult to enforce policy - One of the main reasons was population growth - During the 1700's population growth put a great strain on the well-developed lands of central Japan - In the outer provinces the economy grew faster than the population, but in the rural areas the population grew quickly without advancements in other areas (like the economy or technological improvement) - The Tokugawa shogunate also struggled with handling the instability of rice prices, which was a main 'currency' at the time. - Lastly, the shogunate also struggled with their transformation from a military to a civil society. - In The incident of the 'forty-seven ronin' we see the shogunate struggling with how to enact their laws fairly and justly despite the fact that they were no longer a military society. - External forces: Christian missionaries and European influence - Internal: civil war, fighting between daimyos, ends with political unification under Tokugawa shogunate which causes economic growth, because of economic growth and mi,tiara strength it launches assaults on Korea and China - Also deals with Christian missionaries and European technology -Christian missionaries were effecting change among lower people which caused the Monarchs to shut off their borders

Short Answer - The English and French did not colonize the Americas until almost a century after the Spanish and Portuguese. Why? How were the French and English colonies both similar to and different from those of Spain and Portugal?

- In the sixteenth century when they first tired to colonize, England and France were too involved in European military affairs and didn't have the money to colonize; their colonization attempt in that century failed - However, when they tried again in the seventeenth century, they were more successful because they had the money to back it up; they had private capital to invest in the colonies - Rather than relying on private companies though, Spain and Portugal developed large and expensive bureaucracies and had viceroys to control them (England and France had private companies investing and controlling the colonies at first) - similarities England and France vs Portugal and Spain include: 1) wanting to find great mineral resources like silver and gold 2) trying to find rich indigenous empire that they could conquer and take all their stuff 3) utilizing African slaves for their plantations and/or mines - Differences between England and France vs Portugal and Spain include their types of bureaucracy; Portugal and Spain and expensive bureaucracies whereas England and France were originally governed and developed by private investors AND Europe had already been through the Protestant reformation, when France and England colonized - Overall, it's the idea to extract wealth, both places want to extract wealth - The French and the English initially were dealing with foreign wars, civil strife, etc and so didn't have resources to colonize any earlier - Spain and Portugal didn't have that problem so they were able to expand and take advantage of that - Once the English colonized North America, there actually wasn't this much wealth to be made from it, so they would have treaties with private organizations (so that if the companies weren't successful, and they weren't initially, then the government wouldn't be hurt) - In Latin Americas we see that Spain begins to use private investors, the English favored removal of native populations, the French tried to convert them, French missionaries able to set up schools, agricultural communities

Short Answer - Describe the Choson Empire of Korea as it strengthened in the 16th and 17th centuries. How was Korea influenced by China and Japan? What role did the yangban have in Korean society?

- Korea struggled to recover from the Imjin war because of Manchu invasions - Korea was influenced greatly by China - Choson dynasty was a model Confucian state - However their lack of social mobility (like to get into the government) proved to stifle recovery from the war - Confucian effects from China also affected attitudes toward women - The Korean noble class (yangban) stifled recovery from wartime devastation (didn't have to pay taxes or serve in military, owned many slaves, - Basically, they were left horribly debased after the Imjin war but took on Confucian/Chinese practiced and recovered (they used Chinese traditions and so didn't have to develop their own culture and society) - Like Japan and China, Korean women negotiated Confucian dogma toward women. Women dominated shaman positions, influencing royalty, while some women even became philosophers

Short Answer - Explain the economic and military crisis that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

- Military began to fall apart because it cost too much money, military got too big and too expensive; janissaries started gaining more power and also became weaker warriors - Inflation due to the increase of new world silver that was flooding into the market - Couldn't match Western European economic advances - Tulip period also lead to decline because there were new things flooding into the market, and they were focusing on European culture instead of rebuilding their own society - Along with this, the sultan became a figurehead leader and not as in touch with the public (because before being Sultan they were always kept away from the sultan in fear of them taking over), didn't know about or understand rebellions or revolts - As the imperial economy reoriented itself towards Europe, the central government weakened, permitting the rise of local powers _ As the central government declined there was more power locally with chieftains, governors, landowners etc. - Empire grew quicker than their control over it did, didn't have money or resources to fix this and extend control, so they crumbled and regional powers arose - Growing world economy, new tech, made it hard to pay part time soldiers - Using land grants wasn't feasible, an obsolete system, they wanted money not land - Janissaries increased in size, cost more money - Landholders saw their income decrease because of inflation caused by new world silver - Ultimately land will default and come back to the state and empire, holy men suffered, wide spread suffering from intellectuals to religious scholars

Short Answer - Give a detailed description of the Atlantic Circuit.

- The Atlantic circuit includes a route from Europe to Africa, where goods were traded, then a route from Africa to America where slaves were dropped off, and then America back to Europe with goods - The first leg, from Europe to Africa, carried European manufactures notably metals, hardware and guns, as well as great quantities of cotton textiles brought from India. Some were exchanged for West African gold, ivory, timber and other products. The money from this transaction was then used to purchase slaves to be sent to the Americas - The Africans were strict with the trade in what they accepted, and were also careful to not let Europeans conquer any ports in Africa - The middle passage was the journey from Africa to America with the delivery of slaves - On the third leg plantation goods (sugar, tobacco, silver) from the colonies returned to Europe - Each leg carried goods from where they were abundant and relatively cheap to where they were scarce and therefore valuable; basically, the Atlantic circuit was extremely successful economically - The Atlantic circuit dominated trade in that region - The Atlantic circuit had an impact on everyone involved; the Europeans came to eat much more sugar, millions of slaves were taken from Africa and sent to the Americas, and because of that the social hierarchy in the Americas was altered dramatically

Causes of the Reformation

1.Social -Renaissance ideas were challenging Church authority -The Printing Press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church 2.Political -Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe -Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign leader and challenged his authority 3.Economic -European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth -Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church 4.Religious -Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt; people found church practices such as the sale of indulgences as unacceptable

What was the purpose of the Edict of Nantes? Why was it revoked?

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants (Huguenots) and freed them from persecution. It was revoked by Louis XIV in the late 1700s b/c he felt the edict was a direct threat to his authority and gave the authority to persecute Protestants in France, so hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

What were the 95 Theses?

An argument on "The Power of Indulgences", which Martin Luther sent to Archbishop Albert in 1517. His disciple reported that they were posted on the Wittenberg Castle Church door on the Halloween of 1517. They had been translated into German and were read throughout the empire within months. Their arguments were meant for academic debate. He argued that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life. He firmly rejected the notion that salvation could be achieved by good works, such as indulgences. He challenged the pope's power to grant indulgences and criticized papal wealth. He rested his fundamental argument on the principle that there was no biblical basis for indulgences.

Who founded the Mughal Empire? How did he unite Hindu's and Muslims? What does Mughal mean?

Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire. United Hindus and Muslims by practicing religious tolerance, striving for social harmony, marrying a Rajput princess and encouraging intermarriage.

Short Answer - Compare and contrast the European mercantilist and capitalist systems.

Both capitalism and mercantilism allowed people to control the market from far away (mercantilism - the Monarchs controlling the market) (capitalism - merchants and investors were able to conduct business from far away, even from their home) Chartered companies were fundamental for both as well, they had the government getting money in the form of a fine from companies with monopolies and was capitalistic as they were private companies Both originated in Europe and both systems benefited the Europeans more than the Americans While they both had economic benefits, mercantilism mostly benefited the monarch (ex. navigation acts allowed the monarch to collect all the profits from American trade) and capitalism benefited the companies and the investors in these companies (ex. Joint stock companies, insurance companies, spread the risk among many investors) The mercantilist policies resulted in goods being more expensive when imported into the American colonies, they also discouraged or forbade foreign trade which also reduced profits for the colonies whereas capitalism was what allowed the colonies to be colonized in the first place since capitalism actually had economic benefit Mercantilism was used by the government to promote trade but defend their national interest

How did the English manage to overcome the Dutch trade monopolies?

By building a larger navy to challenge overseas trade; and through a series of wars, the English used naval power to break Dutch dominance in overseas trade and extending colonial empire. English merchants were then able to increase foreign trade, so state revenue from customs increased.

How did the Dutch East & West India Companies gain financial supremacy in all of Europe?

By doing these things: -reducing the risk of oversize cargo trade -by spreading out the financial trade -establishing a monopoly among products from the Indies -allowing a trade of stocks from the market of Amsterdam forcing themselves as a joint stock company

How did European rulers pay their large war expenses? A) By enforcing high taxes on Jews and Muslims B) By making alliances with the rising commercial elites and protecting markets overseas C) By warring with countries with large treasuries D) By stealing the art treasures of the lands they conquered E) All of these

By making alliances with the rising commercial elites and protecting markets overseas

When the Ottoman's attacked Constantinople in 1453, what empire was brought to an end?

Byzantine Empire

In 1555, by the Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V allowed German princes to choose A) Catholicism or Calvinism. B) Catholicism or Lutheranism. C) Calvinism or Lutheranism. D) a new emperor. E) Islam or Christianity.

Catholicism or Lutheranism

Describe the Choson era in Korea. Explain the yangban.

Chosen era: proved to be the longest-lasting state in East Asian history. It was also a model Confucian state and the government was staffed by men who had taken the civil servant exam, but only if they were Yangban. Yangban - become more civilian and refuse to serve in military - dominated government and eventually only Yangban can take the civil service exam - are landowners and tax-exempt - farmers are tenants on Yangban land, not exempt from military or taxes

Describe the importance of the following scientists: Galileo, Copernicus, Isaac Newton

Copernicus: Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe Galileo: Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) helped prove heliocentric theory Newton: English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion.

Compare Istanbul to Isfahan.

Differences: -Ottomans (Istanbul) were more market driven, had busy seaports and was more cosmopolitan -Safavid Empire (Isfahan) was land locked, so their trade was limited -Ottomans had an absolute monarch, Safavids ruled by a shah -Ottomans were Sunni Muslims, Safavids were Shi'a Muslims -Istanbul had a skyline punctuated by gray stone domes and thin pointed minarets of the great imperial mosques; while Isfahan had unobtrusive minarets and brightly tiled domes -High walls surrounded the sultan's palace in Istanbul; while the Shah focused his capital on the giant royal plaza Similarities of Both: -Oppression and turmoil caused peasant rebellion -Both followed branches of Islam -Government focused on westward expansion -Bureaucracy supported the leader

What was different between northern and southern English colonies?

Economically different - agriculture met basic needs in northern colonies, but poor soils & harsh climate offered no opportunity to develop cash crops like tobacco or rice, so they turned to fur, timber and fishing to make a profit, in addition to providing commercial and shipping services. Lacking a profitable agricultural export, New England didn't develop the extreme social stratification of the southern plantation colonies. Slaves & indentured servants were present, but in very small numbers. It was also the colonial society with fewest differences in wealth and status and with the most uniformly British and Protestant populations in the Americas.

How were the encomienda and mi'ta systems used in the Americas?

Encomienda is forced labor from the Amerindian peoples to serve the Spanish and European settlers. As epidemics and mistreatment led to the decline in Amerindian population, new laws eliminated the encomienda and imposing a new form of labor called the mita, under this system, 1/7th of adult male Amerindians were compelled to work for 2-4 months each year in mines, farms or textile factories.

What were the effects of the Reformation?

End of religious unity in Europe Founding of many new religious faiths Strengthening of monarchs over Church authority in some areas in Europe Widespread literacy and parochial schools Middle class continues to gain power through Protestant virtues Increased hatred for the Jews (Anti-Semitism) across Europe Luther's 95 Theses, Henry VIII's "Act of Supremacy" and John Calvin's "Institutes of Christian Religion" contributed to the decline of the Catholic Church

Describe the causes and effects of the English Civil War.

English Civil War was a conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy.

Compare the heliocentric model to the geocentric model.

Geocentric=(created in Ancient Greece) Earth center of solar system; idea created by Ptolemy Heliocentric= (created in 1543) Sun center of solar system; idea created by Copernicus

How were the distinctive characteristics of Renaissance art and architecture different from medieval art and Gothic architecture?

Gothic art was characterized by religious art with a focus on architecture. The Renaissance period greatly expanded the scope and subject matter of art.

Ch. 18 - What were chartered companies?

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies.

The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by the A) Bourbons. B) Huguenots. C) Burgundians. D) Habsburgs. E) Romanovs.

Habsburgs

Explain the purpose of the 'English Reformation' led by Henry VIII. How did it begin? What did it lead to?

Henry VIII gained power over the entire church in England through the Protestant Reformation. Originally Henry had been a strong defender of the papacy against Lutheran criticism but when he was unable to get the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon he challenged the papacy's authority over the English Church. It led to the Act of Supremacy which made him head over England's church.

Who were hidalgo's? creoles? Castas? Mezitos? Mulattos?

Hidalgos were Spain's lesser nobles. Creoles were whites born in colonial America to European parents Castas - middle level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattos) Mezitos - children of Amerindian women and European men Mulattos - individuals of mixed European and African descent

What was the House of Burgesses?

In Virginia, colonial government that consisted of a crown-appointed governor, his council, and representatives

The scientist who asserted that mathematical laws governed the universe was A) Isaac Newton. B) Boethius. C) Virgil. D) John Harvey. E) Henry the Navigator.

Isaac Newton

What were Dutch studies? Why was Nagasaki seen as an important center of trade?

Japanese who learned about European weapons, shipbuilding, mathematics and sciences from the dutch based in Nagasaki Nagasaki was seen as an important center of trade because it was one of the few places in Japan that was permitted to have outside traders from Europe

How did the Jesuits effect China? Who was Matteo Ricci? Why were the Jesuits so successful in China? What compromise did they have to make?

Jesuits converted the Chinese elites. Foreign trade was encouraged by Kangxi and Qianlong. They were open to new ideas and technologies and welcomed Jesuit advisors. Also increased in knowledge with science. Matteo Ricci was was a Jesuit that was very educated in the Chinese language and culture and helped lead the christian efforts. To gain converts, the Jesuits made a compromise that allowed their toleration of confuscian ancestor worship.

Who was John Locke? What did he believe, especially with government?

John Locke was a philosopher who believed that all men were created equal: natural rights. Born on August 29, 1632, died on October 28, 1704. John Locke believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. He criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government. He believed that the government's purpose to protect the three natural right:, life, liberty, and property. He believed the idea that the government should work with the consent of the people as well as respect and protect the peoples' "God-given" rights. His ideas of government by popular consent and the right to rebel against unjust rulers helped inspire struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas.

Ch 16 - Who was Martin Luther? What did he do? Why was he so important? Explain his views on salvation and church doctrine.

Martin Luther was a pious German monk who lived in a monastery in Wittenberg and taught in the university there. He launched the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. He thought that the church claimed too much power over individual conscience. His Ninety-five Theses objected to indulgences, doctrine of papal supremacy. Since he strongly disagreed with some of the church's beliefs, he easily rejected them and started his own, separate section of the church. Pope Leo X excommunicated him from the church. Luther acquired a following among those disgusted by rampant church corruption and unfulfilled by mechanistic religious services. Core theology: He mainly disagreed with the selling of indulgences in the church and then later on added ideas of "salvation by faith alone" and how to live as our savior Christ did. His major ideas/beliefs: -priests were not needed to mediate between humans and God -only God had the power to absolve people of their sins -Church shouldn't have as much power of the individual conscience -doubted if sacraments were important -there shouldn't be indulgences

Describe the typical Family life during the Renaissance?

Men still married late. Women married much younger. There were large families, especially among the wealthy. Women were expected to run household expertly. Upper class women's position declined. Middle class women had a greater responsibility, nearly equal role. Women were wives of artisans, merchants often partners in business. Working class women still in male-dominated society.Women's work was spinning, weaving, care of livestock. They did same jobs as men.

What happened in French Canada when Jesuits converted native populations to Christianity?

Missionaries mastered native languages, created boarding schools and set up model agricultural communities for converting natives and eventually established churches throughout the Huron and Algonquin territories. Short answer: founding of schools, hospitals, and churches

By the 1630's, what were Japan's responses to outside influences?

Official measures to restrict foreign influence were ordered from the late 1580s. Christian missionaries were ordered to leave; persecution of Christians was underway during the mid-1590s. Christianity was officially banned in 1614. Continued persecution provoked unsuccessful rebellions and drove the few remaining Christians underground. Ieyasu and his successors broadened the campaign to isolate Japan from outside influences. From 1616, merchants were confined to a few cities; from 1630, Japanese ships could not sail overseas. By the 1640s, only Dutch and Chinese ships visited Japan to trade at Deshima Island. Western books were banned. The retreat into isolation was almost total by the mid-seventeenth century. The Tokugawa continued expanding their authority. During the eighteenth century the revival of neo-Confucian philosophy that had flourished under the early Tokugawas gave way to a school of National Learning based upon indigenous culture. Some of the elite, in strong contrast to the Chinese scholar-gentry, continued to follow, with avid interest, Western developments through the Dutch at Deshima.

Which Protestant dissenters colonized New England? Why? Why was the mortality rate lower in Massachusetts than in the southern and Caribbean colonies?

Pilgrims and Puritans. The pilgrims were first and they wanted to break completely with the church of England. The puritans wished to purify the church of England, not break with it. They wanted to abolish its hierarchy of bishops/priests. Most newcomers to Massachusetts arrived with their families, so it had a normal gender balance in its population from the beginning and it was also the healthiest of England's colonies, as a result was a rapid natural increase in population, where as the southern and Caribbean colonies depended on a steady flow of English immigrants and slaves to counter high mortality rates.

Who was Ignatius of Loyola? What did he create?

Society of Jesus as founded by St Ignatius Loyola and the constitutions as designed by Juan de Polanco had, as its main purpose, the goal to share the Gospel of the Church of Rome with the world. It was governed by a General Congregation with satellite congregations. Missionaries belonging to the Jesuit Order were able to travel the world with the blessing of the Pope. The Jesuit Order was formed to evangelize as part of the Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church. The idea was to bring missionary work to other nations and to evangelize the Protestant Reformers back to the Catholic Church. The Jesuits were very successful, but they were not the only Religious Order that was created for this task. With the hard work of the Jesuits and other Religious Orders the Thirty Years War ended. The Jesuits were a society Catholic missionaries created to spread Catholicism, while stopping Protestantism from spreading.

What atrocities resulted in the high mortality rate aboard Atlantic slave ships?

Terrible unsanitary conditions, cruel & brutal crew and long, treacherous voyages led to high mortality rates, so did mistreatment, failed escapes and mutinies by slaves. However most deaths were the result of disease like dysentery and smallpox Short answer: efforts of captives trying to escape, diseases, ill treatment

What partnership was African slave trade generally based upon?

The Atlantic African slave trade was based on a partnership between Europeans and the African Elites.

Why was the Catholic Church important to the spread of ideas in the Americas? What was their role in transmitting language to indigenous populations? What effect does all of this have on the Catholic Church?

The Catholic Church became the primary agent for the introduction and transmission of Christian beliefs. The promoted intellectual life through the introduction of the printing press and the founding of schools and universities. This effort to convert America's native peoples expanded Christianity on a scale similar to its earlier expansion in Europe at the time of Constantine in the 4th century.

Explain the counter reformation especially the rule of the Holy Roman Empire by the Habsburgs

The Holy Roman Empire was a loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. Electors of the Empire chose Charles V to be emperor in 1519. Charles belonged to the powerful Habsburg family of Austria. He sought to turn back the advance of Islam on Europe's Mediterranean flank... with the beginning of the Reformation, Charles redirected his attention/resources northward in support of the Counter-Reformation. His defense of Catholic doctrine was opposed by the German princes swayed by Luther's appeals to German nationalism. These disputes led to open warfare in 1546 (the German Wars of Religion). Eventually in the Peace of Augsburg (1555), Charles recognized the right of German princes to choose whether Catholicism or Lutheranism would prevail in their particular states. This triumph of religious diversity ended Charles' political ambitions and put off German political unification for 3 centuries.

Explain the rise and structure of the Tokugawa Shogunate? How did it function? Explain the economics between social classes. Which social group began to weaken that structure?

The Tokugawa Shogunate was the last of three shogunates of Japan. It was started by the daimyo (warlord) Tokugawa Ieyasu after he asserted his domination over other daimyo and in 1603 established the new military regime. Wealthy merchants weakened that structure.

What problems did the British face with China's 'Canton System'?

The chinese wouldn't change their system, they didn't value diplomatic ties, had no use for britain's ingenous devices and manufacturers, and consequently china was considered pretty to look at but out of touch with the world, despotic, and self-satisfied.

How was the Versailles palace a sort of "theme park" of royal absolutism? A) There were many exciting rides and attractions for foreign tourists. B) It had a constantly changing theme. C) Each year the national anthem was played to set the theme of the holiday season. D) There was an annual contest to select the theme of the palace. E) The gigantic palace symbolized the French monarch's triumph over the rights of the nobility

The gigantic palace symbolized the French monarch's triumph over the rights of the nobility

In what ways were the English and French colonies similar to the Spanish & Portuguese American colonies?

The governments of E & F hoped to find easily extracted forms of wealth like gold and silver or great indigenous empires like that of the Aztecs and Inkas. E & F settlers responded to native peoples with a mixture of diplomacy & violence. All 4 imported large numbers of African slaves to spur the economic development of their colonies.

Explain deforestation as an effect of the expanded iron industry.

The high consumption of wood fuel by the iron industry caused serious deforestation (the removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves) creating a scarcity of wood and higher lumber prices.

Short Answer - How did the ideas of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution affect the Enlightenment? Was the Enlightenment only an intellectual concept?

The ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation were important to the development of the Enlightenment because they established a precedent of thinking outside the realm of the Catholic Church. The construction projects of the Renaissance for the gothic cathedrals required a lot of money, this money was raised through the sale of indulgences. Luther had a problem with indulgences and many other things and started the reformation (which then lead to the counter-reformation). The reformation was new in the sense that someone was challenging the Catholic Church, which had never been done before. With this new practice, and along with the printing press, the scientific revolution began and lasted and challenged the church's authority with 'science' - This created new forms of thought and people questioned the world around them, people were able to do this because the printing press allowed for the distribution of information. The Reformation proclaimed that nature and religion could coexist, as could science, without direct involvement from the pope or the church. Scientific revolutionaries such as Copernicus, Brahe, Galileo, and Newton used the ideas of Greek and Roman (pre-Christian) thinkers as a jumping-off point for their notions about the world around them, although many did not totally discount the idea of Christianity working in harmony with science. These new forms of thought were called the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment took advantage of the relative acceptability of using knowledge to challenge political institutions and proposed new models, such as the idea of natural rights, that challenged the existing monarchies. The resulting changes in society therefore made the Enlightenment much more than an intellectual concept.

What were the key teachings of the Shi'ite doctrine "Hidden Imam"?

The key teachings of the Shi'ite doctrine "hidden Imam": -he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time -all temporal rulers, regardless of title are temporary stand-ins for the Hidden Imam -the faithful are to calmly accept the world as it was and quietly wait for his return

Explain the devshirme system? How did this build the military?

The recruitment of Janissaries from prisoners changed in the early 15th century to a new system known as devshirme. It is a systematic collection (or regular levy) of non-Muslim, male children on rural Christian villages of the Balkans, practiced by Ottoman Turks, in which every three or four years 300 to 1000 healthy boys and young men were taken by force to Turkey, placed in Turkish families to be converted to Islam and educated for military profession (Janissaries) or religious disciplines.

Compare Luther's philosophy on church to that of John Calvin.

The two church philosophy's were different because Luther believed faith was the only prerequisite to heaven and Calvin demanded works as well. Luther believed in definite hierarchy of authority within a state church. Calvin insisted on moral independence of the church from state. Calvin believed in the simplicity of the worship, church rituals and in life. Lutheranism in German-speaking countries; Calvinism became an international religion. Calvin preached predestination (the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation). •To Calvinists, the world was divided into 2 kinds of people: saints and sinners.

Explain the hierarchy of planter elite in Saint Domingue.

There were 3 categories of free people: 1. grands blancs or great whites - which were wealthy owners of sugar plantations, mostly French nationals who dominated the economy & society of the island 2. petits blancs or little whites - which were less well-off Europeans who served as colonial officials, retail merchants, or small-scale agriculturalists. 3. free blacks - many owned property and slaves, but ranked below whites socially

Why were French plantation colonies considered more 'diverse'?

They also produced coffee and cacao

What was difference in cost between indentured servants and slaves?

They cost half as much as African slaves

What were viceroys? Why were they important to Spanish colonization? Where were they found?

Viceroy was the highest-ranking official in the colonies. They were important to Spanish crown b/c they needed someone to oversee the royal authority of the colony and curb the independent power of the conquistador. These new administrative jurisdictions defended also their respective colonies against European rivals. The Viceroyalty of New Spain was found in the SW of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean Islands

By the 16th century, why were European visitors so impressed with Ming China. However, what began a severe population decline in rural areas?

Vistors were astonished at the power, exquisite manufactures and vast population of Ming China, where cities had long been culturally and commercially vibrant. Growing rebellion within and the rising power of the Manchu outside China's borders plus the spread of epidemic disease are what began a severe population decline in rural areas.

Describe the rights of women under Islamic Law including dress.

Women seldom appeared in public and were to be secluded at home into a harem away from public rooms. If they went out they had to be veiled and their clothing had to complete cover their arms and legs. Women were allowed to own property and participated in real estate transactions.

Who were Ronin's?

a "masterless samurai"

The Enlightenment in Europe was A) a uniform philosophical movement directed by the Royal Society. B) derived from Aristotelian scientific thought. C) the study of alchemy to make light on demand. D) a blending of intellectual schools of thought from many diverse areas with the idea of improving the human condition. E) based in Chinese and Amerindian naturalism

a blending of intellectual schools of thought from many diverse areas with the idea of improving the human condition.

What caused Ottoman inflation in the 16th century?

a flood of cheap silver from the New World

Unlike in other parts of the world, marriage patterns in early modern Europe reflected A) marrying younger and having larger families. B) marrying younger and having smaller families. C) a freer choice of one's marriage partner instead of an arranged marriage. D) a high rate of infant mortality. E) a celibate religious lifestyle.

a freer choice of one's marriage partner instead of an arranged marriage.

The wars and devastation of the early modern era in Europe resulted in A) the destruction of the national museums. B) better European armies, weapons, and maneuvers. C) gang violence in the streets of Paris and London. D) a unified European state called the Holy Roman Empire. E) a widespread pacifist movement in Europe.

better European armies, weapons, and maneuvers.

The Protestant challenge to the church and its supporters was intense and emotional, resulting in A) a compromise representing theological common ground. B) bitter "wars of religion." C) the election of Pope Leo X. D) European monarchs begging the pope for forgiveness. E) all of these

bitter "wars of religion."

How did France and England expand their Caribbean holdings?

by attacking older Spanish colonies

What happened to Anatolia in the Ottoman Empire from 1590-1619?

climatic deterioration known as the Little Ice Age and resulted in revolts that devastated Anatolia, which also suffered greatly from emigration and the loss of agricultural production

Many religious and intellectual leaders viewed the new science with suspicion, as shown by the A) trial of Leopold and Loeb. B) exile of Newton. C) execution of Lavoisier. D) election of Voltaire. E) condemnation of Galileo.

condemnation of Galileo

The Dutch East and West Indies Company gained financial supremacy in all Europe by A) establishing a monopoly on products from the Indies. B) forming themselves as a joint-stock company. C) reducing the risk of overseas cargo trade by attracting many investors, thus spreading out the financial burden. D) allowing trade of stocks in the market in Amsterdam. E) doing all of these.

doing all of these

Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through A) relying on "good works." B) faith in Jesus Christ. C) loyalty to the Vatican. D) paying money to the church. E) none of these.

faith in Jesus Christ.

Like merchants in the Islamic world, European merchants relied on A) family and ethnic networks. B) religious persecution. C) nobility to fund all excursions. D) joint-stock companies. E) luck.

family and ethnic networks

Europeans viewed the natural world through two beliefs systems: A) folklore, including magic, and Christian and Judaic teachings. B) science and ancestor worship. C) conflict dualism and Greek mythology. D) militarism and socialism. E) pacifism and egalitarianism

folklore, including magic, and Christian and Judaic teachings.

What was askeri class?

member of a class of imperial administrators. This elite class consisted of three main groups: the military, the court officials, and the religious clergy. They were also exempted from taxes and owed their positions to the sultan.

Militarily, how were the Mughal's similar to the Safavid's?

military paid with land grants in exchange for service and they both had no navy and merchant ships were privately owned

Who were Janissaries? Describe them.

military slaves; Infantry, originally of slave origin (usually Christians who were converted to Islam), armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the 15th century until the corps was abolished in 1826. They gave the Ottomans unusual military flexibility. These warriors eventually gained more rights in the Ottoman Empire.

What was one of the most significant stimuli for European expansion into Southeast Asia in the 17th century?

missionary work

The Scientific Revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by A) the will of God. B) the temperatures in the hemisphere. C) natural causes. D) the alignment of the planets. E) prayer and divine revelation.

natural causes

What contributed to Tokugawa Japan's instability?

over populated in well developed lands; little economic growth in central Japan compared to outer provinces; shogunate unable to stabilize rice prices and halt economic decline of samurai while curbing growing power of merchant class.

What crops helped the rural poor of Europe survive? Where did these crops come from?

potatoes and maize (corn) - they came from the Americas

John Calvin preached that salvation was granted by A) predestination B) good works. C) sobriety. D) good thoughts. E) the pope.

predestination

In light of the challenges to the Catholic Church, many reforms were enacted, such as A) mandating poverty for the Catholic institution. B) instituting dietary restrictions to symbolize purity. C) reforming the education of the clergy. D) allowing priests and nuns to marry. E) using the vernacular during mass

reforming the education of the clergy

The Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV, eliminating A) all Protestant clergy from France. B) religious freedom for French Protestants. C) Catholicism in France. D) the threat to the English Channel by the Turks. E) the Spanish Armada

religious freedom for French Protestants

Due to tax farming, what did the Ottoman Empire have to rely more frequently on?

rely heavily on powerful provincial governors or on wealthy men who purchased lifelong tax collection rights and behaved more or less like private landowners

Calvinism went further than Lutheranism in A) encouraging political rebellion. B) empowering ordained clergy. C) simplifying religious rituals. D) building extravagant churches. E) insisting on loyalty to the Vatican.

simplifying religious rituals

How did sugar plantations in the Caribbean cause environmental damage?

soil exhaustion and deforestation Plantations & Environment: NONDESTRUCTIVE: water, wind, and animal-powered mills; broilers fueled by burning crushed cane; manure as fertilizer high profits -> nature was more ruthlessly exploited DESTRUCTIVE: repeated cultivation (nutrients removed from soil); soil exhaustion (ex. many Jamaican English settlers were planters on Barbados that moved on); introduction of nonnative animals/cultivated plants

What was the concept of manumission

the act of freeing slaves, done at the will of the plantation owner.

What was different about the Mughal Empire compared to the Ottoman's and Safavid's?

the fact that India was a land of Hindus ruled by a Muslim minority.

The Netherlands revolted against Spain in the 1560s and 1570s because of A) the Spanish military presence. B) a worsening Dutch economy. C) the imposition of the Spanish sales tax and Catholic orthodoxy. D) an invasion by the Spanish navy. E) a failing Spanish economy.

the imposition of the Spanish sales tax and Catholic orthodoxy

The Glorious Revolution and the English Civil War both started when A) the war between Irish Catholics and Protestants ended. B) the monarch refused to share power with the Parliament. C) the Catholic monarchy was restored to Spain. D) the Protestant heir to the throne, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, were married. E) war broke out between Sweden and England over control of the North Sea.

the monarch refused to share power with the Parliament.

Explain the Japanese response to the Jesuit presence.

the ordinary people found it meaningful, elites opposed it, gave christians to live in Nagasaki.

King Henry VIII of England severed his bond with the Catholic Church when A) Martin Luther visited England. B) there was a public outcry against Catholic doctrine. C) the election of 1532 placed Protestants in public offices. D) the pope refused to grant him a papal annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. E) public demonstrations in Ireland turned violent

the pope refused to grant him a papal annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon

To promote his ideas, Luther used A) peasant armies. B) indulgences. C) troubadours to sing of his greatness. D) tournaments, festivals, and games. E) the printing press.

the printing press

How did the Patrona Hill rebellion show 'decay at the center' yet show 'benefit elsewhere'?

the rebellion showed that the Ottomans had difficulty controlling their own government. The benefit of this weakness allowed regions within the ottoman empire to change their economy to be more like europe's.

Although European peasants were free during the early modern era, A) they were obliged to provide ten years of military service. B) they were forced to head the decision-making offices of the government. C) their standards of living may have declined between 1500 and 1750. D) they rarely lived to age fifty. E) they were forced into overseas service as missionaries.

their standards of living may have declined between 1500 and 1750.

Women, especially widows, were often accused of being witches because it was believed that A) all women were evil. B) witches usually killed their husbands. C) women who lived without male authority were susceptible to evil. D) black cats preferred the company of women. E) men were incapable of evil

women who lived without male authority were susceptible to evil