(Workbook) CHP 12: Private On Site Wastewater
16) Grease traps are installed for the purpose of minimizing grease in the sewer system . The trap A) is not of proven value in many commercial applications B) requires yearly scheduled cleaning C) should be installed close to dishwashing machines D) should always discharge behind the septic tank
A
17) Which of the following is not an explosive component of sewer gas? A) carbon dioxide B) carbon monoxide C) hydrogen sulfide D) methane
A
19) If the septic tank will have a garbage disposal unit feeding into it A) the size of the tank should be increased 50 percent B) the tank should have an agitator C) The tank should not be equipped with a gas baffle D) the tank should not be constructed with precast concrete
A
2) Human disease from aerosols of wastewater A) is related primarily to wastewater treatment by the activated sludge, trickling filter, and spray irrigation processes B) has been demonstrate from pathogens recovered in aerosols from the spray irrigation of treated wastewater C) may be caused by very small numbers of organisms D) is a hazard even to those who have had subclinical infections, and thus should have been immunized
A
20) Which of the following are least important in reducing sewage to "Soil," liquids, and gases? A) anaerobic bacteria B) earthworms C) protozoa D) aerobic bacteria
A
5) The most effective method discovered for running a percolation test is A) to make tests in holes that have been filled with water overnight B) to make at least 4 tests for the average area being tested C) to make 12 tests where the soil is relatively uniform D) to take a reading every 5 minutes
A
7) A storm sewer is used to A) remove rain other standing surface water B) remove sewage and storm water C) remove household water waste and gutter drain water D) remove non-toxic, non-hazardous wastewater
A
7) Which of the following is non-toxic to aquatic organisms, a good viricide, and adds oxygen to treated wastewater effluents? A) ozone B) calcium hypochlorine C) sulfur dioxide D) chlorine dioxide
A
9) What is the best assurance of satisfactory operation of a properly designed and constructed septic tank system? A) proper maintenance B) large dosages of bacteria C) one quart of lime down the line every month D) the use of numerous additives available
A
Soil Characteristics & Clues YELLOW, BROWN, or RED -_______ & water passes through ______ or ______ -saturated for ling period of time Mottled brown or red -fluctuating seasonal high _____ table -unsuitable for subsurface ______ of wastewater GREYISH -iffy, but generally unsuitable also
Air Blue grey water absorption
__________ digestion -operates in anoxic environment -Treats sewage with anaerobic bacteria -very slow process -Example- Septic tank _______ Digestion -operates in a aerobic environment -treats sewage with anaerobic bacteria -rapid treatment process -produces _______ suspended solid effluent
Anaerobic Aerobic lowest
11) One of the most important factors contributing to disease transmission of microbiological agents is A) Chlorination B) concentration or dose of microorganisms C) filtration D) Flocculation
B
12) When storm water and domestic sewage enter the same sewer it is known as a A) sanitary sewer B) Combined sewer C) seperate sewer D) Storm sewer
B
13) The wastewater from a water closet and latrine or aqua privy flushing is referred to as A) gray water B) black water C) green water D) red water
B
18) The detention time for wastewater in a septic tank is recommended to be A) 6 to 12 hours B) 24 to 72 hours C) 1 week D) none of the above
B
18) Which of the following is not true conerning sewage and disease hazards? A) all sewage should be considered contaminated with disease-producing organisms B) Entamoena Histolytica, hep viruses, and giardia cysts are easily destroyed by normal chlorination of sewage C) sewage sludge may not be safe to use as a soil builder or fertilizer supplement D) It cannot be assumed that relationships between sewage discharge and diseases do not exist if no vlinical cases are reported
B
22) The reliability and interpretation of the soil percolation test are affected by all of he following except A) evaluation of site investigation, soil profile, and suitability B) shape of the test hole C) size or diameter of the test hole D) saturation of soil
B
5) Chemical coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration will remove nearly all bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths if supplemented by A) desalination B) chlorination C) over 4 feet of loamy soil D) all of the above
B
6) Deep sludge depth, thick fog layer, and the appearance of particles of solids in the effluent from a septic tank is an indication of what? A) a failure in the absorption field B) a septic tank in need of cleaning C) a water line leak D) the need to replace the septic tank
B
6) Why should sewage sludge not be used as a soil builder or fertilizer supplement for crops for forage if it has not been properly tested A) it may make the vegetables taste bad B) It may result in higher levels of toxic metals in the vegetation and in the animals eating the vegetation C) the community may be offended at the smell D) all of the above
B
8) Stream pollution is sometimes apparent by A) increased levels of available oxygen in the water B) a zone of degradation C) large numbers of crayfish and cristivomer species D) large numbers of small fish
B
8) The suitability of soil for the subsurface disposal of sewage and other wastewater can be determined by a study of soil characteristics and the A) Soil survey B) soil percolation test C) rate of sewage flow D) amount of rainfall
B
__________ __________ _________ (BOD)- The difference between the initial dissolved O2 in a water sample & dissolved O2 in a duplicate sample after a stated period of time (usually 5 days = BOD 5) BOD is best single measure of _________ or polluted water.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Wastewater
___________(sludge) are undigested solids that must be periodically removed from a septic tank or aerobic treatment plant Sludge ______ ______ has been banned since 1991 ______ ______refers to disposal of biosolids on agricultural land as fertilizer
Biosolids ocean dumping land application
DOMESTIC SEWAGE -_______ Water: from WC, latrine, aqua privy -_______ Water: ALL other domestic wastewater: shower, clothes washer, bath lavatory, etc. considered _______ & should be treated as such.
Black Grey Pathogenic
Methemoglobine -______ ______ syndrome -cause by bacterial conversion of of the nitrate ion to ______ -Affects children up to _____ months -Consumed by children mainly from *Nitrate contaminated _______ water * powdered _____ mothers milk & concentrated juices reconstituted with _________ well water -Treat child with ____% solution methylene blue *reduces methemoglobin back to _____
Blue Baby nitrite 6 well fake contaminated 1 hemoglobin
1) How often should a septic tank for a private home be serviced? A) every year B) every 5 to 10 years C) 3 to 5 years D) every 10 years
C
1) Plants absorb certain constituents of wastewater; using wastewater for irrigation of consumable plant products may present a health hazard to humans if the water contains A) nitrates B) iron C) cadmium D) chlorides
C
1)It is known that some pathogenic organisms will survive from less than ________ day(s) in heat to more than ______in freezing most soil. A) 1 and 2 months B) 2 and 1 month C) 1 and 2 years D) 3 and 3 years
C
10) Sand filters, elevated systems in suitable fill, evapotranspiration absorption systems, evapotranspiration beds, aeration systems, stabilization ponds or lagoons, recirculating toilets and the like, are A) less effective than subsurface soil absorption systems B) used prior to soil absorption when soil is poor C) sometimes used where soil is unsuitable D) required for treatment in areas of high risk
C
11) In order to obtain "reproducible results" with a soil percolation test, it is very important to A) add at least 2 inches of gravel to the bottom of the test pit B) cross-reference results with reliable soil maps C) soak the gravel with water before the test is made D) repeat the test or use dual pits
C
14) A watertight tank designed to slow down the movement of raw sewage and wastes passing through to the soils is known as a A) pit privy B) spring house C) septic tank D) grease trap
C
15) The most accurate estimates of sewage flow are based on A) quarterly water-meter readings B) semi-annual water-meter readings C) annual water-meter readings D) fixture units
C
15) What is the most common method of applying wastewater to land ? A) waste stabilization pond B) land over-land flow C) spray irrigation D) wetland treatment
C
2) A measure of the relatively constant rate at which clear watr, maintained at a relatively constant depth, will seep out of a standard size test hole that has been previously saturated is the A) hydraulic conductivity B) Soil permeability test C) soil percolation test D) Baird-Parker saturation test
C
20) Septic tanks serving commercial operations should be inspected for the need for cleaning A) one per month B) once per year C) twice per year D) every 3 to 5 years
C
21) The amount of dissolved oxygen required in aerobic bacterial decomposition, measured in ppm or mg/1 and used in determining the strength of wastewater is A) chemical oxygen demand B) total organic carbon C) biochemical oxygen demand D) oxygen-reduction ration
C
22) If a septic tank is pumped in a wet period A) the tank may be crushed by the wet earth B) the water will flow into the tank C) the tank may float out of the ground D) the field may flood the tank
C
23) Disinfection or Chlorination of sewage effluent is A) always necessary B) a substitute for adequate wastewater treatment C) an added safeguard to reduce the risk of disease transmission where the probability exists D) Usually non-toxic to freshwater, marine, and estuarine aquatic organisms in minute concentrations.
C
3) The ability of a soil to absorb and allow water and air to pass through is related to all of the following except A) Chemical composition B) texture C) cation exchange capacity D) granular structure
C
4) The ability of the soil to absorb and allow water and air to pass through is called: A) Unloading B) infiltration C) permeability D) soil aeration
C
7) Loam is a mixture of gravel, sand, silt, and clay containing what? A) highly toxic metals B) potassium and ammonium C) decayed plant and animal matter D) dirt
C
9) A young lake is considered to be A) eutrophic B) mesotrophic C) oligotrophic D) ohytotrophic
C
________ ________ _______ (COD)- A measure of the amount of O2 chemically consumed by the oxidation of organic & oxidizable inorganic materials in a water sample. Good for measuring industrial wastes.
Chemical Oxygen Demand
________ ________: storm water & domestic sewage are combined in same pipe
Combined Sewer
10) After a septic tank has been cleaned, it should not be scrubbed and disinfected. Why? A) the sludge sticking to the insides would have a seeding effect and assist in renewing the bacterial activity B) you cannot pay anybody enough money to crawl inside one to clean it C) It would be considered a safety hazard D) a and c above
D
10) Nutrients assosciated with eutrophication include A) phosphates B) nitrogen C) organic carbon D) all of the above
D
11) The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) prohibits the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters unless a permit is issued by A) EPA B) the State C) wastewater treatment agency D) a or b
D
12) Ozone disinfection has many advantages. Which of the following is not true? A) ozone is non-toxic to aquatic organisms B)ozone can be a good source of dissolved oxygen C) ozone is a good viricide D) ozone is approximately equal in cost to chlorine
D
12) The favored method of disposal of domestic wastewater is A) septic tank seepage field B) community package system C) buried sand filter D) connection to public sewer system
D
13) By USEPA Standards, the pH of secondary treatment effluent shall be in the range of A) 6.8 to 7.4 B) 5 to 7 C) 6.5 to 7.4 D) 6 to 9
D
13) Loam is composed of which of the following? A) sand B) gravel C) silt D) all of the above
D
14) The permeability of soil is directly related to the _______ of the soil. A) chemical composition B) color & texture C) granular structure D) all of the above
D
14) Which of the following would be a cause of septic-tank failure? A) lack of routine cleaning of the septic tank B) leaking plumbing fixtures C) improper design and construction of the absorption system D) all of the above
D
15) The effectiveness of disinfection depends on A) the degree of treatment the sewarage has received B) the amount of chlorine used, and the residual chlorine maintained C) the mixing and retention period D) all of the above
D
16) Plants employing trickling filters, activated sludge, and spray irrigation present a possible health hazard to their employees due to A) strong caustic chemicals B) diseases due to handling of fecal matter C) microorganisms entering the skin through pores D) inhalation of airborne microorganisms
D
17) The septic tank primarily functions as a A) a biological treatment system B) a sedimentation tank C) a conditioning tank D) all of the above
D
19) Which of the following soils would be most suitable for subsurface absorption of wastewater A) a mottled brown and red soil B) a blue soil C) a grayish soil D) a yellow, brown, or red soil
D
2) Trickling filters can remove 90 to 95 percent of the ________ found in soil, water, & wastewater. A) bacteria B) viruses C) Vibrio Cholerae D) all of the above
D
21) Septage is best defined as A) sludge B) scum C) gray water D) a mixture of all the above
D
3) Primary sedimentation can remove ________ found in soil, water and wastewater. A) 50 to 90 percent of the bacteria B) 30 to 50 percent of the ascaris C) 80 percent of the schistosomes D) all of the above
D
3) The plans for an area to be sewered should A) be prepared by a licensed professional engineer B) include specifications and an engineering report C) include the problem, objectives and design details D) all of the above
D
4) Chemical Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration remove A) most bacteria B) most viruses & protozoa C) most helminths D) all of the above
D
4) Final disposal of sludge may include all of the following except A) Composting B) sanitary landfill C) land application D) vegetable dumping
D
5) Chlorinationof untreated wastewater is typically NOT an effective treatment for A) Entamoeba histolytica cysts B) giardia cysts C) tapeworm eggs D) all of the above
D
6) Wastewater is the used water from a home or community and the strength is expressed in terms of A) BOD B) COD C) suspended solids D) all of the above
D
8) The degree of eutrophication of a lake is indicated by A) the quantity of planktonic algae B) reduced water transparency C) dissolved oxygen in the water near the surface D) all of the above
D
9) A soil which is mottled red and brown would indicate A) saturation for extended periods B) adequate air and water passage C) a soil suitable for subsurface groundwater absorption D) a tight soil probably due to a fluctuating water table or lack of aeration
D
__________ _________: used water from a home or community. Includes toilet, bath, laundry, lavatory, & kitchen-sink wastes. Sewage _______ is reported in BOD5 SS, & COD
Domestic Sewage Strength
Rotavirus -______ Human Rotavirus -Most common cause of ________ diarrhea among ______.
HRV severe children
Inlet & Outlet Baffles & Tees ______ _______: directs the flow, minimizes turbulence, & minimizes short circuiting ______ ________: assures outflow comes from clear zone & holds floating scum (FOG) in the tank Inlet/Outlet baffle elevation differential = _____ inches
Inlet baffle outlet baffle 3
Raw sewage Emergency Treatment -_______ treatment of raw sewage overflows -use slaked lime or _________ lime not pelletized -Confirm by testing pH (____ or higher)
Lime agricultural 12.0
________ _______ _______ _______ _______ (NPDES): system for issuance of permits for the discharge of treated sanitary, industrial, & commercial wastes under the 1972 Federal water pollution control act . Permit specifies the treatment & expected outcome of effluent to protect water quality
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination system
__________ ________: not a point source & is manmade/man-induced resulting in the alteration of the chemical, physical, biological, or radiological integrity of water
Nonpoint Pollution
Soil Permeability: _________ tests "The test is a measure of the realatively constant rate at which clear water maintained at a relatively constant depth (6 in.) will seep out of standard sized test hole" -Salvato
Percolation
_______ ________ ________: "any discernible, confined, or discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may be discharged" including pipe, ditch, well, vessel, vehicle & feed lot.
Point Source Pollution
________: where excreta is disposed w/o the aid of water. AKA outhouse - ______ prevention: 4" vent extending 18" above roof peak
Privy Odor
Design Flow _______ -usually based on number of bedrooms -sometimes based on fixtures ______-________ -usually based on code table for establishment -better to use actual _______water usage figures
Residential non residential metered
_________ _______ ________: storm water & domestic sewage are collected seperately
Seperate Sewer System
_______ _______: solids that are visible & in suspension in water. The test is retention on the asbestos mat in a Gooch crucible and represents food that bacteria eat
Suspended Solids
Salmonella Typhi -_______ Fever -NOT _________
Typhoid salmonellosis
Spirochete Bacterial Disease -Leptospira ssp.: _______ disease
Weils
Amoebiasis -Entamoeba histolytica ( ________ dysentery) -_______ are CI resistant
amebic cysts
Sludge Management SEPTIC TANK -inspected ________ -Clean at least every ____ years or sooner if determined by direct measurement
annually 3
System Design -Design flow determines septic tank ______. -Waste ________ determines method of pretreatment to be used (i.e., septic tank, ATP, sand filter, etc.) -Design flow and _________ _______ determine square footage of seepage area. -Depth to limiting layer, isolation distances, ______ ______ determines if and where you can put a system
capacity strength application rate lot size
How does the septic tank work? PURPOSE -24-72 hour watertight ______ tank -________ sewage to be more readily percolated into the subsoil FUNCTIONS -Removal of _______ -Biological treatment -sludge & scum storage
detention Condition solids
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli 0157: H7 -often grossly bloody ______ -can lead to _____ & kidney failure -Reservoir: guts of ruminant animals, including _______, goats, sheep, deer, and elk & infected humans -Transmission: raw or undercooked ______ beef
diarrhea HUS cattle ground
Campylobacter Jejuni -Gastroenteritis (also travelers ________) -Most common cause of US ______ diarrhea. -Reservoir: wild and domestic animals esp poultry, cattle, _______ & _______ -Transmission: undercooked chicken & pork & raw milk -can trigger ________-________ syndrome
diarrhea bacterial puppies kittens Guillain Barre
WASTE STRENGTH Residential -often called "______ waste" -______ & TSS usually ~200-300 ppm -Ammonia usually ~60 ppm Non Residential -varies greatly -BOD5 & _______ usually higher -Ammonia usually much higher
domestic BOD5 COD
Causes of system _______ -Hydraulic overload -system abuse -System damage -Improper connections -Uneven settlement of tank (floating septic tank) , connecting pipes, distribution box -Poor design
failure
Site Geography -Slope: gradient, complexity, length, & aspect -Lot Size: the smaller the lot, the _____ options you have. -Isolation distances: lakes, streams, wells, buildings -Vegetation: (wooded vs open prairie) or paved parking lot
fewer
Dracunculus Medinensis ______-______ infection Control method: ________
guinea worm filtration
Ancylostomiaisis-_________ disease Prevention: sanitary sewage disposal & _______
hookworm shoes
Manure Pit Dangers -Hydrogen sulfide -______ -Carbon Dioxide -________
methane ammonia
Percolation Test Calculations -Calculate how many _______ it takes the water to drop 1 inch -perform at least ____ tests for the average lot -Consult ______ ______ code for "Allowable Rate of Settled Sewage Application " in gpd/ft^2
minutes 3 your local
Disease Hazards -Assume that all sewage contains _______ organsims -Main indicator organism in sewage is ___________ _________ (fecal coliform) -No process other than _______ can remove all pathogens
pathogenic escherichia coli disinfection
Trichuriasis: ________ infection Transmission: consumption of ______ that have previously passed through the colon via contaminated raw vegetables or dirt pica
roundworm eggs
Limiting Layer -Important to determine because ________ ________ _______ _______ conditions can lead to system failure and groundwater contamination -Limiting layer does not always have to seasonal high water table. It can be depth to fractured limestone (dolomite) _____ soils with very slow permeability, gravelly soils with fast permeability, fragipan- altered subsurface soil layers that restrict water flow & root penetration
seasonal high water table dense
MA7CD10: Critical _______ ______ of the minimum average 7-consecutive-day flow at a recurrence interval of 10 years. Less than 0.1 cfs = intermittent stream
stream flow
Ideal on-site wastewater treatment Mini treatment plant -Primary Sedimentation -Secondary Treatment -________ treatment to remove -Chlorinate -____________
tertiary de-chlorinate
