World History
Sun Yat-Sen
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Sun Yat-sen
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Sundiata Keita
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Syngman Rhee
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Syrian Arab Republic
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Süleyman the Magnificent (or Süleyman I; or Süleyman the Lawgiver; or Süleyman Muhtesem; or Süleyman Kanuni)
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T'ang Dynasty
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Taiping Rebellion (or: Tai ping tien kuo)
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Taira [or Heike]
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Tang Dynasty
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Tashkent
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The Sheltering Sky
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Tokugawa Shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (accept Edo Period before it is mentioned.)
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Tokyo Rose (prompt on "Iva Toguri")
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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Transvaal
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Treaty of Ghent
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Treaty of Portsmouth
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Treaty of San Stefano
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Treaty of Vereeniging
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Treaty of Waitangi
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Tsushima Straits
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Tupac Amaru
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Ummayad dynasty or caliphate
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Union of Myanmar; or Burma
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United Arab Republic or UAR (prompt on "Syria" or "Egypt")
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United Fruit Company [or United Brands Company; accept Chiquita before it is mentioned; prompt on "El Pulpo" or the "Octopus" before they are read]
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Washington
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Washington Naval Conference
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Yellow Turban rebellion
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Yi or Choson Dynasty
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Yitzhak Rabin
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Yom Kippur War or October War or Ramadan War
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Young Turks
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Zanzibar
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Zhou Enlai
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abdication (accept equivalents)
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al Mahdi (also accept Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah)
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Australian Aborigines
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Ayacucho
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Balfour Declaration of 1917
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Barbary Wars [accept First Barbary War or Tripolitan Wars]
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Battle of Plassey
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Battle of Plassey or Battle of Pelasi
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D-Day [or Operation Overlord or Battle of Normandy or Debarquement]
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Decembrists or Dekabrists
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Golden Horde [or Kipchak Khanate]
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Gran Chaco War
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Gran Colombia or Greater Colombia
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Great Leap Forward
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Great Zimbabwe
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Greenland or Kalaallit Nunaat
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Hukbalahaps or the Huks (or, certainly, the "Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon")
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Hulagu Khan
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Idi Amin Dada Oumee (prompt on Big Daddy, Butcher of Africa, or other nicknames)
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Idi Amin Dada Oumee.
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Ilsa Koch
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José de la Cruz Porfirio DÃaz
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José Rizal
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José de la Cruz PorfirioDíaz
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Juan Domingo Perón
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Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rozas y López de Osornio (or Juan Manuel de Rosas)
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Julius (Kambarage) Nyerere
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Julius Kambarage Nyerere
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Kanem-Bornu
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Maori
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Marathan Confederacy
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Marco Polo Bridge Incident or Equivalent
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Marcus Aurelius Garvey
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Meiji Tenno Mutsuhito (accept Meiji Era or Restoration or Period.)
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Mencius [or Mengzi]
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Menelik II [prompt on Menelik; or Sahle Miriam]
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Ming Dynasty
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Ming dynasty [or Da Ming Chao; or Empire of the Great Ming]
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Mobutu Sese Seko
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Mossad
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Mozambique
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Muammar al-Qaddafi
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Mughal Empire [or Shahan-e Mogul]
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Mughal dynasty [or Moghul; do not accept or prompt on "Mongol"]
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Muhammad Ali (born Mekhmet Ali)
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
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Nubia [prompt on "Kush" or "Sudan" before mentioned; also prompt on "Ethiopia"]
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Pol Pot or Saloth Sar
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Porfirio Diaz
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Prague Spring.
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Ralph Johnson Bunche
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Rama
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Reconquista [or Reconquest; or Recapturing]
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Red Eyebrows [or Chimei]
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Red Eyebrows or Chi Mei
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Red River Rebellion (accept an early buzz of Riel's rebellion)
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Red River Rebellion (or Red River Resistance)
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Republic of Haiti [or Repiblik Dayti; or Republique d'Haiti]
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Republic of India [or Bharat]
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Republic of Kiribati (pronounced Kiribass)
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Republic of Paraguay
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Saladin
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Salvador Allende
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Sir Martin Frobisher
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Songhai Empire
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Songhai Empire [or Songhay]
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Sor (Sister) Juana Inés de la Cruz (Juana Ramírez de Asbaje)
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South Korea [prompt on Korea; or Republic of Korea; do not accept “Democratic People's Republic of Koreaâ€]
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After receiving a Jesuit education, he served as a cacique in the Tinta region. At first, he received some support from the criollos, but they soon turned against him when it became clear that his rebellion had turned into a bloody confrontation between Indians and Europeans. Deriving his name from the last Inca ruler, from whom he was descended, this man controlled much of southern Peru as well as parts of Bolivia and Argentina before he was captured and executed in Cuzco in 1781. FTP name this man, originally Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, who led the last major Indian revolt in the Spanish Americas. Oh, and he's not the rapper.
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Before embarking on his most famous conquests, he secured Kandahar against Uzbek opposition, and his best-known battle was the result of appeals from Dawlat Khan and Alam Khan. His diaries detail the ways in which he motivated his troops during their southward march, and at Khanua, his forces stood firm against the forces of Rana Sanga of the Rajputs. He lost an early battle at Sar-e Pol, which resulted in his losing both Samarkand and his principality of Fergana. In his most famous clash, he used wagon tactics and his 12,000 troops decisively defeated Ibrahim Shah Lodi at the 1526 battle of Panipat. FTP, name this father of Humayun, who founded the Mughal empire.
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He spearheaded a new nationalistic movement by convening congresses at Erzurum and Sivas. After he came to power, he furthered his ambitions by retaking the territories of Kars and Ardahan and then gained recognition for his country by the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne. By then, he had abolished the sultanate, forcing Muhammad VI to flee to a British warship. Upon his 1938 death, he would be succeeded as president by Ismet Inonu. For 10 points, name this man born Mustafa Kemal, the founder and first leader of modern Turkey.
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He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1867 and 1871, but would lead his nation for a period of 31 out of 35 years. In 1876 he overthrew the government of President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, and while he had to cede power for four years because the constitution would not allow presidents to serve consecutive terms, he rewrote that rule when he returned to power in 1884. For ten points, identify the Mexican dictator who ruled until 1911, when he himself was overthrown by Francisco Madero.
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His prestige was enhanced by his founding of Caparra and appointment as military governor of Bimini, twenty years after serving as a page in the royal court of Aragon. His time as a captain under Nicolas de Ovando earned him the governorship of eastern Hispaniola, but could not save him from an arrow wound that led to his death in Cuba. Earlier he had served, from 1508 to 1513 as governor of Puerto Rico. FTP, name this Spanish explorer, who discovered Florida in the midst of his search for a fountain of youth.
Ashikaga shogunate (prompt on early buzz of "Muromachi")
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Ashoka Maurya
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"Citizen" Edmond Genet
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'Abbasid Dynasty (or 'Abbasid Caliphate)
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'Ali Ibn Abu Talib
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(Gran) Chaco War
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Abu Bakr as-Sadiq
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Accra
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Achmad Sukarno
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Adolf Hitler (accept Adolf Schicklgruber)
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Adowa or Adwa
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African National Congress
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Ain Jalut
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Akbar
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Akbar the Great
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Akbar the Great [accept Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar]
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Aksum or Axum
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Alan Turing
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Alberto Kenya Fujimori
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Alexander I
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Alfredo Stroessner
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Algeria
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Ali ibn Abi Talib
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Ali ibn Abi/u Talib [prompt on First Imam or Infallible or anything else implying right-guidedness]
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Amritsar massacre
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An Lushan
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Anglo-Ashanti Wars
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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Antonio de Santa Anna
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Apolo Milton Obote
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Argentina [or Argentine Republic; or Republica Argentina]
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Arnhem
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Ashanti confederation
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the Aborigines
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A Methodist convert, he worked in a YMCA and as a high school principal before spending 30 years in the U.S. lobbying for his country's independence and serving as the president of the government-in-exile. When his goal of sovereignty was achieved after World War II, he held power for four terms before being exiled to Hawaii as a result of massive demonstrations. His regime saw the purging of the National Party and the protraction of war after he released anti-Communist agents rather than repatriating them. FTP, name this autocratic leader, the first president of South Korea.
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A Stravinsky concerto shares its name with this historic conference. This meeting represented the first step in carrying out paragraph 4 of the Moscow Declaration of 1943, which recognized the need for a successor to the League of Nations. Held from August 21 until October 7, 1944, for ten points what was the name given to the meeting held at an historic mansion at the western end of Georgetown in the District of Columbia?
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A contemporary of Elizabeth I, he came to power two years before her and died two years later. As emperor, he established a strongly centralized government and extended his kingdom into the Deccan. An advocate of religious tolerance, he removed the special tax upon non-Muslims, forbade slave raids upon the Hindus, and himself twice married Hindu princesses. Ruling from 1556 to 1605, he also conquered Afghanistan and Baluchistan. FTP name this 16th century emperor, the greatest of the Mughals
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A grisly fate of one of this event's initial survivors is discussed in the exposé A State of Blood. That book's author, Henry Kyemba, alleged that secret policemen abducted Dora Bloch from her hospital bed and executed her. At a preceding stop in Benghazi, Michel Bacos and his staff turned down offers of release, though a single pregnant woman was allowed to leave. A team of members of the Red Army Faction and the PFLP were responsible for the act that brought a mass of civilians to the eponymous location, where three out of 103 people died in a Mossad operation that saw the death of Yoni Netanyahu. FTP, name this 1976 raid on a Palestinian-hijacked plane filled with Israeli nationals, which occurred at an airport in Uganda.
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A nationalist movement in this country abolished political parties with Decree Law 152 and interred a former leader in the Pantheon of Heroes. Rafael Franco led this country during the short-lived Febrerista Revolution, which overthrew Eusebio Alaya and his general José Félix Estigarribia. One leader of this country married the Irish courtesan Eliza Lynch before being killed at Cerro Corá after invading Mato Grosso. This country managed to gain land in the Chaco War. It was led by Francisco Solano Lopez when it was crushed in the War of the Triple Alliance. Andrés Rodriguez led a 1989 pro-democracy coup here, which ended the monopoly of power by the Colorado Party. For 10 points, name this South American nation led until that coup by the dictator Alfredo Stroessnor.
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According to the contemporary Meadows of Gold this man was reading a poem about death by Abu al-Atiyah at the time of his own death. After victories against the Byzantines, he forced Empress Irene to pay him an enormous tribute. One son of his burnt this man's succession decrees prompting the Battle of Rayy and in its aftermath Al-Ma'mun became caliph. This ruler destroyed the influence of the Barmakids. He may have gained fame in the West after sending a great envoy, complete with technologically advanced clocks and an enormous albino elephant, to the court of Charlemagne. For 10 points, name this Abbasid Caliph who ruled from 786-809 and has a name meaning "The Rightly Guided".
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American lawyer William Scruggs was hired to head a campaign to raise awareness of this issue in the United States. It technically began in 1841, six years after Robert Schomburgk completed a controversial project. Suggested causes for it include the discovery of gold near the Cuyuni river and the Manoa Company's logging interest in Barima. Thomas Bayard made an early effort to settle it, but a later Secretary of State, Richard Olney, had more success with his argument that the U.S. had the right to intervene under the Monroe Doctrine. President Joaquín Crespo's claim extended to the Essequibo River, but the Paris Tribunal granted Lord Salisbury's demand for retaining control of settlements. FTP, name this flap in which one side was represented by former President Benjamin Harrison, a controversy over the territorial limits of British Guiana.
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As prime minister, this man sought to make his country a "Just Society." His tenure in office was briefly interrupted by Joe Clark. His Finance Minister, John Turner, resigned before he instituted wage and price controls in his country. This leader's time in office saw his country join the Group of Six to make the G7. He invoked the War Measures Act after the abduction of James Cross and Pierre Laporte by the FLQ in the October Crisis. This man established the Charter of Rights and Freedoms as part of the patriating Constitution Act of 1982 to remove his country from British law. For 10 points, name this Liberal prime minister of Canada who served from 1968-1984.
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Author of the 1968 autobiography, My Silent War, he worked as a journalist following his graduation from Cambridge in 1933. Recruited to MI-6 by Guy Burgess in 1940, by the end of World War II, he rose to the head of the counterespionage division. From this post he warned the Soviets of the planned anticommunist infiltration of Albania, thus assuring its failure. In 1951, he warned Soviet double agents Burgess and Donald Maclean of their discovery. FTP, name this British Cold War spy who defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.
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Before this battle, one side landed at Tulagi to establish air and sea bases, losing only one destroyer and a few smaller ships. A circuitous route taken by the invading fleet invited a clash with the defenders. The day before, one side sank another destroyer and an oiler, while the other side sank the light carrier Shoho and a cruiser. It saved Port Moresby and Australia from the Japanese. For 10 points, identify this battle, which featured the crippling of the Shokaku, as well as the sinking of the Lexington and the crippling of the Yorktown near the Solomon Islands.
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Captives under one ruler of this name built the so-called Dam of Caesar in Shushtar. Another man of this name was declared emperor before his birth after his father died, and took Nisibis after winning the Battle of Singara. One ruler of this name defeated and killed Gordian III in a battle at Massice, which was renamed after him when Gordian's successor, Philip the Arabian, became his tributary. That ruler captured the emperor Valerian alive at Edessa and used his head as a footstool, while the second ruler of this name defeated Julian and Jovian after a protracted war against Constantius II, which included his capture of Armenia. For 10 points, give this name shared by the son of Ardashir I as well as three Sassanid rulers, the first two of whom were known as "the Great".
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Created as the territorial endowment of the descendents of Juchi, its capital was originally Sarai Batu, and later Sarai Berke. Its greatest ruler was Oz Beg, and his death in 1341 marked the beginning of its decline. For ten points, what is the better known name of the Kipchak Khanate, the Mongol state centered around the lower Volga river?
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Five years into the rule of this leader, student riots culminated in the Battle of Mendiola Bridge, part of a period sometimes known as the First Quarter Storm. He ran on the slogan of creating a "mandate for greatness" and his group of advisors, including Juan Enrile, Fidel Ramos, and Fabian Ver, were referred to as the Rolex 12. This author of Notes on the New Society eventually left office in the wake of the 1986 EDSA Revolution, which resulted in him fleeing the Malacanang Palace for Hawaii alongside his famously spendthrift wife Imelda. For 10 points, name this man who ruled in the Philippines from 1965 to 1986.
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From 1853 to 1855, he lived in semipoverty in New Orleans, making plans for his homeland and speaking with other exiles. He returned to become Secretary of State under Alvarez and instituted many liberal reforms, culminating in the Constitution of 1857. This led to a rebellion a year later, causing the President to flee and placing this man in power. FTP, name this opponent of Maximillian, often called the "Lincoln of Mexico."
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He first made his mark during his service in Palestine, where he helped conduct a geographic survey of much of the area west of the Jordan River. Eventually killed by a German mine while on board the Hampshire, his mustachioed countenance adorned many a British World War I recruiting poster, part of his successful effort to recruit volunteers as Secretary of State for War. Earlier, he had introduced concentration camps and the "scorched earth" tactic while commanding British forces in the Boer War. FTP, name this Governor of Egypt, who in 1898 defeated the Mahdi at Omdurman.
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He lived on New Granada for over 20 years before being allowed to return home for the last two years of his life. Earlier, his captors sent him for an interview to Andrew Jackson, who sent him home though this figure would soon be exiled to Staten Island for three years. After backing Vicente Guerrero for president he helped depose Guerrerro and shortly thereafter became known as the Hero of Tampico. FTP, name this figure who lost a leg at Veracruz and was defeated at San Jacinto, the Mexican leader at the Alamo.
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In addition to work in the Bhutan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, she authored a series of travel guides to Bhutan, Nepal, and Burma. More notably, her political tracts Freedom From Fear and Other Writings and Voice of Hope reflect upon the 1947 assassination of her father and subsequent military crackdowns. She joined the opposition to Ne Win and became the head of the National League for Democracy in her homeland, and the NLD won 80% of the seats in 1990 elections for parliament despite her house arrest. FTP, identify this Burmese winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize.
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In this engagement's fourth year, one of its central figures was replaced by the duque de Caxias and a key turning point was the destruction of a flotilla near Corrientes, at Riachuelo. After the fall of Humaitá, this conflict culminated with the Campaign of Lomas Valentinas in which the army assembled by Bartolomé Mitre forced Francisco Solano López to run to the hills in the North, where he was killed in 1870. FTP, name this 1864-1870 conflict, the bloodiest in the history of South America; a war fought between Paraguay and the namesake entity consisting of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.
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Its 1955 meeting of the people at Kliptown, produced the Freedom Charter, a manifesto on equality that inspired its subsequent campaign against the pass laws. In 1961, a year after one of its senior members won the Nobel Peace Prize, it formed a military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe or "Spear of the Nation," which would be broken by the Rivonia treason trials. Albert Luthuli, was later succeeded by men like Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu as head of FTP what party most famed for the leadership of Nelson Mandela, and for founding the first multiracial government of South Africa.
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Its secondary accomplishments included a ban on the military use of poison gas, an end to colonialism and trade barriers in China, and the introduction of rules for the use of submarines in warfare. It was based on the 5-5-3-1.7-1.7 ratio for the U.S., Britain, Japan, France, and Italy, respectively. Organized by Charles Evans Hughes, its provisions were formalized in the Four, Five, and Nine Power Treaties. FTP, identify this 1921 to 1922 conference which established limits on total national ship tonnage.
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John Mildenhall, a representative of the East India Company, arrived at Agra during his reign, but received no concession until the rule of Jahangir. Succeeding his father Humayun, he put a stop to the practice of forced sati and legalized the remarriage of widows. His conquests included Malwa, Bengal, and Kabul, and by 1600 he was the undisputed master of north India. FTP, identify this Mughul emperor, the grandson of Babar.
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Led by Li Tzu-tu and Fan Ch'ung among others, they formed following the floods and famines that accompanied catastrophic changes in the course of the Huang River in Shan Dong Province between 2 and 11 AD. Benefiting from the contemporary Greenwood rebellion, in AD 23 they overthrew Wang Mang. Later they entered the capital at Ch'ang-an and killed Liu Hsuan. For 10 points, identify this peasant group, known for their peculiar face paint, that was finally defeated when an opposing army confused them by painting the hair above their eyes the same eponymous color.
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Life among his people was described in the writings of Henry Flynn and Nathaniel Isaacs, two settlers of the Farewell Trading Company that passed through his lands. After his adoptive Mtetwa father was assassinated he gained power by destroying the Langeni. Though the death of his mother, Nandi, caused him to go insane late in his reign and he was eventually killed by his half-brother Dingane, in the early 1820s his standardization of the "assegai" allowed his regiments known as "impi" to dominate Southern Africa. FTP identify this legendary Zulu chieftain.
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Made a Shinto deity after his death and given the title Hokoku, his beginnings were far humbler as a son of a poor foot soldier. Despite these origins, he banned social mobility when he rose to power, prohibiting the carrying of weapons by civilians. On the international front, he is known for his 2 reckless invasions of Korea as he sought Japanese hegemony over all of Asia, a dream that was passed on to him by his old lord, Oda Nobunaga. However, this dream died with him in 1598. FTP, name this man who managed to temporarily unite Japan until the coming of the Tokugawa shogunate.
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Manuel Jose Arce (*) led a coalition known as the Federal Republic of Central America that was formed to combat his expansionist policies. Men such as Felix La Garza began to move against him early on and his power was decried in the Act of Clasa Mata. He was sentenced to death after returning from exile in Italy, at the Congress of Tamaulipas. During the height of his power he commanded an army meant to defend the three key guarantees approved at the Treaty of Cordoba with Viceroy Juan O'Donoju. Those guarantees had been drafted with the help of Vicente Guerrero at Iguala and confirmed his nation's independence. FTP, name this Mexican revolutionary who declared himself emperor in 1822.
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Marlowe called him "the Scythian Shepherd", but he was actually a Tartar born in Turkestan. After gaining the throne in 1369, he proceeded to beat the living snot out of Afghanistan, Persia, India, and Asia Minor. He sacked Delhi, conquered Baghdad, captured Damascus, pushed into Egypt, and died of fever before he could subdue China. All this in the space of 36 years. FTP identify this descendant of Genghis Khan who apparently lost the athletic prowess he had in his youth.
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Members of this ethnic group formed the religions of hauhauism and Ringatu during the same decade that they fought against the British in the Taranaki and Waikato Wars. One elected leader of this people took the name Potatau I as a result of its King Movement. One governor who worked with this ethnic group was George Grey. The sale of land and other rights of this people were protected in a treaty negotiated by William Hobson. That treaty signed by some members of this ethnic group in 1840 was the Treaty of Waitangi. For 10 points, name this ethnic group located on the North and South Islands that is the indigenous population of New Zealand.
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On January 11, 2000, Finance Minister Alfredo Arizaga announced that this nation would join Panama in adopting the U.S. dollar as its official currency. The dramatic move couldn't stave off a coup against President Jamil Mahuad, but it did retired the nation's old currency, the sucre. FTP, what Latin American nation's capital is in Quito?
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One later polity of this name was ruled from Lovek by Chan I, and in 1794, this polity was partitioned before putting a refugee named Eng on its throne. Zhou Daguan was arguably the most prominent foreign visitor to this polity and one period in this polity's history was the roluos period. The most famous leader of this polity was counseled by the priest Divakarapandita and later in life was defeated at Nghe An and at Harideva to the Chams, who he would die fighting against. Its capital of Yasodhapura was founded by Yasovarman I, and later kings such as Jayavarman VII and Suryavarman II would add to the buildings at what came to be known as Angkor. FTP, name this Cambodian empire.
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One ruler of this country had a secret police force whose name meant “The Ear of Corn,†the Mazorkas. In addition to that caudillo named Juan Manuel de Rosas, another ruler of this nation was supported by the Descamisados. This country was the site of the “Dirty War,†which was instigated by Jorge Rafael Videla. This nation, along with Brazil and Uruguay, defeated Paraguay in the War of the Triple Alliance. It was once ruled by Juan Peron, whose wife was known as Evita. For 10 points, name this South American country whose leaders reside in Buenos Aires.
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Prusias in Bithynia is said to have ordered his surrender before he committed suicide by poison, and he had earlier commanded naval forces for Antiochus III. As a suffete in his homeland, he was responsible for major economic reforms responsible for restoring prosperity. The planned collapse of his Gallic and Spanish center in one battle led to the total annihilation of forces under Gaius Terentius Varro, while the spreading of maniples at another battle led to his defeat after a failed shock charge. Defeated at Zama and victorious at Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae, this is, FTP, what famous Carthaginian general, best known for leading elephants across the Alps to invade Italy?
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Relations with the United States became strained after this person signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union and oversaw the explosion of 'Smiling Buddha.' Capitalizing on the success of the Green Revolution, this ruler won a second term as Prime Minister with the slogan "Stop Poverty." When the High Court of Allahabad declared the election suspect, this prime minister suffered a massive electoral defeat to Morarji Desai, but not before attempting to eliminate political rivals by declaring a State of Emergency. Operation Blue Star, a controversial attack on Sikhs in the Golden Temple of Amritsar, led to her assassination. For 10 points, name this daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first and only female prime minister of India.
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One force marched from a victory at Junín and attacked the other force on December 9 while it was on its way down from the neighboring hills to meet them at this battle site. Having marched 10,000 men from nearby Cuzco, the royalist army under José de La Serna, viceroy of Peru, met with the rebels and was unable to get organized before being overrun by the 6,000 Peruvians and Colombians under Antonio José de Sucre. FTP, identify this 1824 battle, the last major engagement for South American independence.
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The first of them saw the first of the so-called Unequal Treaties. The second was joined by the French, who used the excuse of the murder of one of their missionaries. The first was officially concluded with the Treaty of Bogue, and the second was known as the "Arrow" War because it began with the storming of the H.M.S Arrow. That second one ended with the treaties of Tientsin, which were more decisive than the original treaty of Nanking. FTP, name these mid-19th century trading wars fought between European nations and China.
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The first one established in common law stemmed from a challenged license to produce playing cards in the 1603 British case Darcy v. Allein. In the majority opinion of Appalachian Coals, Inc. v. U.S., Chief Justice Hughes called one a "charter of freedom," and Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National Baseball Clubs established the Major Leagues' exception to them. A recent case centering on this type of law was settled in 2001, U.S. v. Microsoft. FTP, name these laws designed to prevent monopolies.
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Separated by a strait of the same name from the Leizhou Bandao peninsula, indigenous tribes make up about one third of the island's population, and ethnic Chinese make up the rest. It was occupied by Japan in 1939, after being a Chinese possession since 111 B.C., and was taken by the Chinese communists in 1950. Formerly belonging to Guangdong provice, it became its own province in 1988. Its capital, largest city and primary seaport is Haikou, located on the northern coast. FTP, name this largest island controlled by the People's Republic of China, bordered on the west by the Gulf of Tonkin.
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Shakespeare quoted a phrase from this work in Henry IV, Part II, when Pistol utters "pampered jades of Asia." That phrase refers to the flattery of the kings of Trezibond and Soria, who are not as loyal to the title character as Usumcasane and Techelles. In his conquests, the title character marries Zenocrate, conquers Damascus and Babylon, and builds Samarcanda. FTP, name this blank verse drama about a Scythian shepherd-robber by Christopher Marlowe.
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This man allegedly was buried in a coffin of pure ivory in Gur-e Amir, and his legendary calligrapher Omar Aqta supposedly wrote the entire Quran on a ring. His grandson Shah Rokh tried to reunite his empire, which was expanded when he beat Mahmud Tughluq at the Second Battle of Panipat. He kidnapped the artisans of Damascus and fought the Knights of Rhodes at Smyrna, and he supported Tokhtamysh against Russia. Also conducting a notorious sacking of Dehli, for 10 points, name this fourteenth century Turkic conqueror, noted for constructing giant-ass pyramids of human skulls, and for being crippled.
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This man appointed British citizen Bob Astles, known as the "white rat," as a special anti-corruption advisor. Upon his assent to power, he renamed his government house the Command Post, and replaced the old GSU with the SRB, headquartered at Nakasero. Likely responsible for the death of Pierino Okoya, he exiled all Asians from his country including the Indian and Pakistani businessmen, and attacked the Acholi and Langi peoples. His country would come to be ruled by Yoweri Museveni, who played a role in unseating him, but his reign was actually book-ended by Milton Obote. Accused of aiding the Palestinians at Entebbe, FTP, name this ruthless dictator of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.
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This person's desire to eliminate certain influences led to the so-called Rectification Campaign, which was led by his supporter, Kang. Ascending to power at Zunyi, this leader briefly united with a notable foe after the latter was captured in the Sian incident. He first promulgated, then repudiated the Hundred Flowers Movement and Cultural Revolution after he led the People's Liberation Army on the Long March. His thoughts are collected in the so-called Little Red Book. FTP, name this leader of the Communist revolution and, from 1949 to 1959, the head of China.
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The author of La sucesión presidencial, following his fall Woodrow Wilson implemented a "watchful waiting" policy and blockaded Veracruz. An advocate of the Plan of San Luis Potosí, he became president and successfully put down rebellions led by Bernardo Reyes and Felix Diaz. From their jail cells, Reyes and Diaz convinced army leader Victoriano Huerta to assassinate him and take power. FTP, name this American educated "apostle of democracy" who succeeded Porfirio Díaz.
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The author of a memoir entitled A Response to History, he briefly went into exile himself after the unsuccessful Operation Ajax. His reign saw such periods as the Resurrection, which crushed political opposition, and the White Revolution, which gave women suffrage. He banned the Tudeh party after one of its members tried to assassinate him, and his contentious relationship with nationalist Muhammad Mossadegh was played out during his consistent deployment of the SAVAK secret police. FTP, name this ruler who was replaced in 1979 by the Ayatollah Khomeini as the leader of Iran.
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The color in the full version of its name refers to the region of the North Star, whose symbolic hue is purple. Its buildings, however, face south to honor the sun. The wings of its entrance, the Meridian Gate, imitate the form of a lion's paws. Five marble bridges over the Golden Water River lead to interior structures including the Halls of Central Harmony, Preserving Harmony, and Supreme Harmony. Completed by the Yunglo emperor in the fifteenth century, it was abandoned by its last royal inhabitant under republican pressure in 1924. FTP, name this moated imperial compound in the center of Beijing.
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The day before her own demise, she had her nephew poisoned to death and requested that his fate be announced to the nation. Following the death of Hsien-feng [shen-FANG], she was appointed regent for the six-year-old, T'ung-chih [chee]. By plotting with Prince Kung, she would head a triumvirate and dispose of the boy, who was succeeded by her nephew, the Kuang-hsu emperor. As a conservative she led a coup against the modern reforms that followed Chinese defeat in the Sino-Japanese War. FTP, identify this leader who thus fomented the Boxer Rebellion of 1900.
USS Pueblo incident
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the Federative Republic of Brazil [or República Federativa do Brasil]
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the Flying Tigers
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the Fourth Crusade
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the Fujiwara dynasty
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the Gang of Four
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54 years after its beginning, the Southern and Northern Courts were unified for the first time with the end of the reign of Emperor Godaigo. It began with the crushing of the Hojo uprising and the beginning of its end was the Onin War, which led to sengoku jidai, a century of the country at war. The Yung-lo emperor was the only Chinese ruler recognized by this period's greatest statesman, Yoshimitsu, whose grandfather Takauji had established it. Its official end coincided with the rise in power of Odu Nobunaga and the Tokugawa shogunate. FTP, identify this period of Japanese history from 1338 to 1573, much of which is also known as the Muromachi.
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A Communist group in this country once assassinated the chairwoman of its Red Cross because she was the widow of a detested former president. Forces of this country, which was the subject of the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation, were killed during an outnumbered stand at the Battle of Tirad Pass after a constitution for this country was ratified at the Malolos Congress. A war fought in this country saw one general order "kill everyone over the age of ten" and lingered on as the Moro Rebellion. This country was also the site of the Balangiga Massacre, during a war in which the Taft Commission acted as its legislature. The Tydings-McDuffie Act made this country independent, over thirty years after the Macabebe Scouts acted at Palanan to help Frederick Funston capture Emilio Aguinaldo. For 10 points, name this country which rebelled for independence, first against Spain and then against the United States, decades before it was ruled by Ferdinand Marcos.
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A concentration of fighter planes in the area where this event took place was a failed attempt to intimidate one polity involved and was known as Operation Red Fox. Two days before this affair began, a thirty-one-member Special Forces team had penetrated to within 500 meters of the Blue House carrying automatic weapons and hand grenades, but were discovered and slaughtered. People involved in this incident used sexual innuendo and outdated slang in their statements in order to communicate secret messages, and a photograph of several of the eighty-three hostages taken during this event shows them leaning their heads against their middle fingers, a gesture unknown to their captors. The agreement ending this affair permitted the U.S. to disavow the confessions of the crewmen to intruding into foreign waters. For 10 points, name this 1968 incident in which an American Navy intelligence ship was captured by North Korea.
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A contributor to the daily Action Nationale, he was a leading member of Les Groupe des Griots, a famous circle of writers. A supporter of President Dumarsais Estime, he went underground and organized resistance upon Estime's overthrow. After recovering from a 1959 heart attack, he imprisoned his aide, Clement Barbot, with whom he had founded the bogeymen, or Tontons Macoutes. FTP, name this physician who served 14 years as president of Haiti.
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A decisive advantage in this battle was due to an earlier trade deal with England, which provided equipment that the attackers used to scatter all except the za'ar, zealot bowmen whose legs were bound to prevent them from fleeing. It came in the wake of a victory at Alcacer Quibir, and the victorious commander here demanded a personal guard of 80 Christians from Ahmad al-Mansur of the Saadi dynasty. Soon after this clash, he occupied Djenne and Taghaza, home to famous salt mines. The death of Daoud left the incompetent Ishaq II in charge of the defenders, who were overwhelmed by the gunpowder of the eunuch commander Judar Pasha. Enabling the swift occupation of Gao, FTP, name this 1591 battle in modern-day Mali by which Moroccan troops brought about the fall of the Songhai Empire.
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A failed naval expedition led by this country's Blanco Encalada resulted in the 1837 Treaty of Paucarpata, while its 1925 Constitution began its Presidential Republic period. This modern day country was captured in a campaign led by Pedro de Valdivia; that campaign saw fighting against its native Araucanian or Mapuche Indians. This country's Patria Vieja period of independence was ended at the Disaster of Rancagua. Its independence campaign was led by men like the Carrera Brothers and Bernardo O'Higgins, and the 19th century saw the flourishing of its free port Valparaiso. For 10 points, name this South American country led in the 20th century by Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet.
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A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, he served as commander of his country's National Guard from 1955 to 1967 and succeeded his brother, Luis, to the presidency. His use of the guard to silence or outlaw his opponents and his enrichment at his country's expense led to his overthrow in 1979. Assassinated in Asuncion, Paraguay, the following year, FTP, who is this dictator, the last of a dynasty that began when the U.S. supported his father's 1936 seizure of the presidency in Nicaragua.
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The final two, launched within two days of each other in June 1963, carried Valery Bykovsky and Valentina Tereshkova. The previous two of them, 3 and 4, were also launched in a pair, and actually orbited the Earth in sight of each other. FTP, identify this series of Soviet spacecraft, which first carried Yuri Gagarin into orbit in April 1961.
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A longtime friend of Thomas Jefferson, he directed the crossing of the Yadkin and Dan rivers while serving under Nathanel Greene and later conducted a blockade of Charleston. He rose to fame in his homeland after the Battle of Dubienka and his manifesto of Polaniec helped to spur on the struggle against Russian invaders in the face of a third partition. Though he led bayonet charges during the defense of Warsaw, he was eventually captured and jailed by Catherine the Great's forces. FTP, identify this Polish army officer and statesman, the namesake of Australia's highest peak.
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A namesake war in this place was sparked by the rebellion of Prince Diponegoro and very early on, power was consolidated here under the Sailendra kingdom. A number of kings of this place are chronicled in the Pararaton manuscript, which begins with the ascension of Ken Arok of the Singhasari Kingdom. It runs through the so-called "Golden Age" here, under prime minister Gajah Mada and king Hayam Wuruk of the Majapahit kingdom. The kingdom of Mataram was the last independent one in this place, whose history was written by the man who gained fame for founding Singapore, Stamford Raffles. Early on, it saw the construction of the Prambanan complex by king Daksa as well as Borobodur, while the city of Batavia was later founded by the Dutch East India Company. FTP, name this Indonesian island with a center at Jakarta.
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A series of reforms in this country was known as the “Revolution on the March.†Benjamin Herrera led a force of plantation growers in a civil war here that featured the Battle of Palonegro and fought against Rafael Nuñez. The Declaration of Sitges created the National Front here, ending another conflict in this nation that began with the assassination of Jorge Eliecer Gaitan. In addition to experiencing the War of a Thousand Days and “La Violencia,†this country's war of independence made a hero of Francisco de Paolo Santander and was eventually decided at the Battle of Boyacá. The more recent history of this country has featured a guerilla war involving a Marxist drug cartel and terrorist group, FARC. For 10 points, name this country in which Simon Bolivar centered his “Gran†republic.
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A struggle between this man and St. John (SIN-jun) Broderick led to the repudiation of Francis Younghusband's mission to Tibet. This member of the Souls had served as Lord Salisbury's secretary. As Foreign Secretary, he was the architect of the Treaty of Lausanne. His political setbacks include being passed over in favor of Stanley Baldwin as Prime Minister and being forced to resign his loftiest position over a disagreement with Kitchener. For 10 points, name this "most superior person", a Viceroy of India, who proposed an extension through the Carpathians for his namesake line dividing Poland and Russia.
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The first commanding officer at this battle was Captain Richard Knox, and it was set in motion after the dispatch of Admiral Watson. It launched the career of Sir Eyre Coote, who advocated a strong attack here, and three years later Coote was victorious at the Battle of Wandiwash. The key action was the work of William Watts, as well as an attack mounted across the marshes by Major Kilpatrick. This came after a raid on Fort William and the Battle of Arcot, and after Mir Jafar was convinced to defect in order to become the next Nawab. The major victory of Robert Clive, FTP, name this masterpiece of British imperialism, a 1757 battle fought in India.
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After Stalin's death Nikita Khrushechev had him arrested and the ensuing secret trial included no specific charges. He was gagged at his execution by firing squad to prevent him from compromising Khrushechev and his fellow conspirators. FTP, name the man who replaced Nikolai Yezhov as head of the NKVD, and compiled files on nearly half of the Soviet Union's population during Stalin's Reign of Terror.
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After a diplomatic visit to China and North Korea he announced a program that would eliminate his country's ten scourges. This occurred after his project to exploit minerals known as Plan 80 fell through, and after the U.S. Import-Export Bank reneged on a deal to loan his government money for the proposed Inga Dam. A former reporter for the daily newspaper, "The Future," he joined the MNC in 1958, nine years before he introduced the MPR or Popular Movement of the Revolution and announced that it would be his nation's only political party. Towards the end of his life he appointed Kengo Wa Dondo as prime minister and was overthrown with support by the Tutsi governments of Rwanda and Uganda by Laurent Kabila. FTP, identify this man who named himself Lumumba's spiritual successor in 1965, a long-time autocratic ruler who renamed his country Zaire.
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After being denied refuge by, or forced out of, Lebanon, Syria, Russia, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands, he hid in the Greek embassy in Nairobi. But he was captured this month after apparently being tricked into leaving that embassy, and was smuggled to the country where he will go on trial for terrorist activities. For 10 points, name this leader of the PKK, a Kurdish separatist movement, who is now being held by Turkey.
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After performing this act in 1354, John Cantacuzenus changed his name to Joseph Christodulus and wrote a history of the previous 35 years. A man named Isaac wrote a Scholia on the Iliad at the monastery of Studion after doing it in 1059. John Casimir became the abbot of Saint-Germain-des-Prés after doing it in 1668, while Milan Obrenovic also moved to France after doing it in 1889. It was established as a papal prerogative by Celestine V, though it had been done previously by Benedict IX and Gregory VI. Some beneficiaries of it include Maria II of Portugal, Charles X of Sweden, and Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I. It was done voluntarily in Rome in 79 BC, and more famously in England in 1936. FTP, name this act which was performed by Sulla, Diocletian, and King Edward VIII.
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Along with Mohammed Hatta, this statesman proclaimed his country's independence. On June 1, 1945, he defined his nation's Pantjasila, or "Five Principles:" nationalism, internationalism, democracy, social prosperity, and belief in God. For ten points, who was this man who lost power in 1966, but whose daughter Megawati is now the vice president of the nation he created, Indonesia?
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Although most nations supported the Gowan regime, France sent it weapons. The recent death of Prime Minister Balewa and a massacre of 50,000 precipitated by Islamic Hausas galvanized its freedom movement. Lieutenant Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu declared it a free and sovereign state, and its military was initially successful in fending off the federal army. Within a year however, it had become completely landlocked and despite support from Tanzania and Zambia, starvation and famine ensued. FTP, name this Igbo separatist state that was reabsorbed by Nigeria in 1970.
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Although sympathetic to the ultimate goals of this action, the British Colonial Secretary James Chamberlain did not agree with the planning and timing of this event which would “ruin him†if it succeeded. The British force lost 34 men before declaring the situation hopeless and surrendering to Commander Piet Cronjé at Doornkop. After the failure of the raid, Kaiser Wilhelm II commended Paul Kruger on his victory, thereby worsening Anglo-Boer relations by recognizing the Transvaal Republic. For 10 points, name this ineffective raid which was intended to lead to an uprising of the Uitlanders, becoming one of the causes of the Second Boer War.
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Among his notable appointments were the court scholars Kemalpasazade and Abu al-Su'ud. He seized Erxurum, Iraq, and Lake Van from Persia and his forces won the naval battle at Preveza after he appointed Khayr ad-Din, also called Barbarossa, as fleet admiral. He suffered losses at the Battle of Güns and the first siege of Vienna, and, shortly before his death during the siege of Szigetvár, his expedition to Malta was defeated. Earlier, however he had great success in expanding his empire into Hungary winning victories at Belgrade and Mohács. FTP, name this man who ruled from 1520 to 1566 as Ottoman sultan.
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An account by the Italian traveler Marco d'Avalo describes the panic caused by Cornelis Reyersen's 1622 attack on this colony, where local Christian converts were called jurubassas. Thirteen years later its inhabitants tried to acquire more artillery by smuggling guns past a Dutch blockade in English ships like the London, which brought Peter Mundy to this colony. A tax known as the "Cauldron" was levied on this colony's trade, which centered on sandalwood voyages to Solor and Timor after the collapse of trade to Nagasaki in 1639. Francisco de Mascarenhas was the first captain-general of this colony, which served as a refuge for those persecuted by the Inquisition in Goa. It became a Special Administrative Region with the transfer of power in 1999. For 10 points, name this former Portuguese colony, located across the Pearl River delta from Hong Kong.
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An agreement in this city ended armed conflict between Pakistan and India in 1966. This city has an elevation of 1, 475 feet, and is intersected by a series of canals from the Chichiq River. For 10 points, identify the largest city in Central Asia and the capital of Uzbekistan.
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An early kingdom in this modern nation was divided into "Water" and "Land" portions and was called Chenla. A ruler of another kingdom in this country built the mostly stone temple Bakong and was named Indravarman I; that kingdom was started by Jayavarman II. This nation was more recently ruled by a man who had been part of the Cercle Marxiste and established a "year zero" policy. That man ruled as part of the Angkor and took the name Brother Number One. For 10 points, name this country in Southeast Asia once ruled as a communist nation by Pol Pot under the Khmer Rouge that has the temple Angkor Wat and a capital city of Phnom Penh.
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An examination by forty professors displayed her great learning, and she subsequently began writing poems as lady-in-waiting to the viceroy's wife. Entering a convent at nineteen, she filled her cell with books and scientific instruments, and, when it was suggested that her time be better spent in prayer, wrote a treatise detailing her struggles as a female intellectual in the 17th century. FTP, name this first American feminist, the subject of a 1982 study by Octavio Paz, subtitled The Traps of Faith.
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As a direct result of this incident, the battle of Koh Tang was fought between US Marines and an elite Khmer Rouge battalion, and resulted in 41 American deaths. It arose from the capture of a container ship in the gulf of Siam on May 12, 1975. FTP, identify this ship seized within the territorial waters of Cambodia.
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At low power levels a positive void coefficient meant a decrease in water flow increased steam production and led to an increased neutron flux. During a test to show a coasting turbine could provide sufficient power to pump coolant, these conditions were reached leading to two explosions. For 10 points, name the site of this April 26, 1986 accident, called the worst man-made disaster in history.
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Becoming convinced that the khedive was a puppet of foreign and ungodly rulers and thus unfit to rule, he set out from Aba Island with a few followers armed with spears and within four years had created an empire. After defeating three previous armies, he provoked the British into a punitive expedition led by Charles Gordon in 1884, holding Gordon's forces under siege at Khartoum and eventually over-running them due to tardy support from the British government. FTP, name this Moslem fundamentalist leader who died from typhus shortly after driving the British from the Sudan and founder of a namesake sect that still survives.
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Behzad became the director of the library for this dynasty's founder, employing such artists as Aqa Mirak, Sultan Muhammad, Mir Sayyid 'Ali, Mizra 'Ali, and Muzzafar 'Ali. Their first ruler claimed the title of "Shadow of God on Earth" but committed a heresy by claiming to represent the Hidden Imam. Finally collapsing under Shah Husayn I, they had declined since the death of Shah Abbas I, whose great building projects at Isfahan made it one of Islam's greatest cities. FTP, name this Persian dynasty whose founder Isma'il converted the population of Iran to Shi'ism after 1512.
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Chao K'uang-yin established this politically weak dynasty after centuries of disunity. He expanded the civil service system while Wang An-shih (an-shuh) instituted reform. Culture flourished, producing jade art and elaborate pottery. Neo-Confucianism spread, and the poets Lu Yu and Li Ch'ing-chao wrote. Inventions included paper money, gunpowder, the compass, and movable type. Divided into Northern and Southern periods, FTP, name this Chinese dynasty coming before the T'ang.
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Colonized in the early 1800's and made a possession of its present controller in 1853, this country, which consists of its namesake island, the archipelago Iles Loyaute, and several other small islands, was used as a penal colony for much of the late 19th Century. Beginning in 1985, it was the site of political agitation for independence by the FLNKS, who sought the creation of a new state called Kanaky, but were appeased in 1988 by the Matignon Accords. FTP, name this Coral Sea nation with its capital at Noumea, an overseas possession of France.
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Deriving their name from an episode inspired by the generosity of Baldwin II, after the fall of Acre their influence diminished severely, and on October 13th, 1307 Philip the IV had every one of them arrested. Seven years later their last grand master Jacques de Molay was burned at the stake. Divided into 4 classes they had been formed by Hugh de Payens and were celebrated by Bernard de Clairvaux for their courageous service in the Holy Land. FTP identify this order of Knights who were eventually succeeded by the Hospitalers.
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During an epidemic in China, the traveling magician Chang Chueh reportedly healed many by giving them water over which he had said an incantation. The fame he earned by his remedy earned him hundreds of followers, and he decided to exploit his success by promising them immortality through potions, and by starting a revolt against the corrupt eunuchs who controlled the government. This was the beginning, FTP, of which twenty-year rebellion against the Han dynasty, named for the distinctive, colorful headgear worn by the insurgents?
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During the rule of this dynasty, the garrison cities of Merv and Sestan served as bases for expeditions into Central Asia and India respectively. An army of this dynasty attacked Atil in response to a loss at Marj Ardabil to forces led by Barjik. This dynasty was defeated at Akroinon, though they were able to take Rhodes and Crete. This dynasty was victorious at Karbala over Husayn ibn Ali, while the use of lethal Greek fire prevented them from taking Constantinople. After the death of the last ruler of this dynasty at the Zab river, a small offshoot survived under Abd al Rahman in Cordoba. This ruling dynasty was defeated by Charles Martel at Tours, and its capital was at Damascus. For 10 points, name this Islamic caliphate, which was followed by the Abbasid dynasty.
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During this conflict the bishops Hermogius and Dulcidius were captured after the forces of Ordoño II were routed at the Junquera Valley. This conflict was a response to one in which the Witizans helped secure victory at the Battle of Guadelete, and this conflict prominently featured the Mozarabs. It began with a rebellion against the governor Munuza by Pelayo, who won a victory at Covadonga to ensure the survival of his new Kingdom of Asturias. Alfonso VIII of Castile won a great victory at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa during this conflict. It ended with King Boabdil's surrender, ending the Nasrid dynasty as Ferdinand and Isabella took Granada. For 10 points, name this long conflict that featured the exploits of El Cid, the expulsion of Muslim forces from the Iberian Peninsula.
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Early in his term, his biggest worry was from the right, the "One Nation" movement led by Pauline Hanson. However, the opposition Labor Party on his left gained momentum with their leader Kim Beazley. Then, only weeks before scheduled elections, a stroke of political luck arrived in the form a boatload of refugees from the Middle East bound for Indonesia wished to dock on Christmas Island. He ordered the military to send the ship away, taking advantage of anti-immigrant sentiment, helping his Liberal party remain in power. FTP, name this recently reelected prime minister of Australia.
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Educated at the University of Moscow, he entered the horseguard in 1755, and he was made a count after his role in the Russo-Turkish War. Made the commander in chief and governor general of "New Russia," he developed the arsenal at Kherson and the harbor of Sevastopol, but became infamous when, for an imperial visit in 1787, he supposedly constructed artificial villages along the Dnieper River with his men serving as the adoring crowd. FTP, name this general, a favorite of Catherine II, who developed the Russian fleet, and whose name was immortalized in a 1905 mutiny in Odessa.
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Ending with the foundation of a permanent capital modeled on Chang'an, its later portion had seen the introduction of coinage and a civil and penal code called the Taiho Laws. Other legislation of this period included a constitution that increased imperial power at the expense of the nobles written by Prince Shotoku and a series of tax codes for lands seized by the emperor, the Taika Reforms. Also witnessing the primary introduction of Buddhism from the mainland, FTP, name this Japanese period of 300-710 AD named for a plain near Kyoto.
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Eventually resolved by an entente in 1904, it was set in motion after Gabriel Hanotaux promoted an expedition of 150 men to leave from Gabon under the command of Jean-Baptiste Marchand. They reached the namesake fort in July of 1898. Simultaneously, a British force held up at Omdurman and Khartoum reached the same fort three months later under the command of Horatio Kitchener, and a confrontation nearly ensued. FTP identify this climactic incident in a series of Anglo-French colonial disputes in Africa.
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Factors leading to the outbreak of this war included the long-standing border dispute between the countries involved, the imbalance in trade opportunities created by the Central American Common Market, and the involuntary repatriation program instituted by the Honduran government. On July 14, 1969, El Salvador opened hostilities against Honduras, and although a cease-fire was declared four days later, a peace treaty was not concluded until 1980. FTP, name this war which gained its name from three contentious World Cup matches played shortly before the war.
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Founded by Li Yuan, its holdings extended as far west as Uzbekistan and as far south as Vietnam, but they were limited after defeat at the hands of the Arabs. This period was renowned for the flowering of art and literature, and it was responsible for the invention of printing and the manufacture of gunpowder. FTP, name this Chinese dynasty lasting from 618 to 907 CE.
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Francis I of France rejected it, demanding that the participants show him the will of Adam to support their claims. Altered by the Treaty of San Ildefonso, this agreement revised the papal bull "Inter Caetera," which might have threatened the West African possessions of King John II. Instead, the new line drawn 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes gave John a claim to the discoveries of Pedro Alvares Cabral. For 10 points, this 1494 treaty that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.
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From 1814 to 1840 in this nation, marriage incurred a ridiculously high tax and was forbidden among full-blooded Spaniards, a result of the anti-aristocratic rule of Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia. This country was also the site of the Febrerista Revolt, which briefly displaced martial president Eusebio Ayala and chief general José Félix Estigarribia, and a pro-democracy coup led by Andrés Rodríguez in 1989. Run by Jesuits until 1750, it was later taken over by Francisco Lopez, who got half half its population was killed by starting the War of the Triple Alliance. Seventy-odd years later, this country which is currently led by Nicanor Duarte opposed Bolivia in the Chaco War; more recently, it endured thirty-two years of dictatorship. FTP, name this landlocked South American country which is probably not mourning the August 2006 death of Alfredo Stroessner.
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Gaston of Orleans was the final commander of the prevailing side in this conflict, which set up Cirilo Antonio Rivarola as interim president of the defeated nation. This conflict arose out of an election in which the Colorado Party candidate defeated the Blanco Party candidate with outside help, although it was actually set off when one leader demanded to place troops in the province Corrientes. This conflict saw Mato Grosso captured by Francisco Lopez, whose troops went on to a disastrous loss at the Battle of Tuyuti, and eventually lost Asuncion. For 10 points, name this bloodiest South American war, in which Paraguay was defeated by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.
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Geoffrey of Villehardouin wrote the principle account of this event and Fulk of Neuilly helped drum up support for it. Despite papal objections, it attacked and captured the Christian city of Zara and spent the winter there. After the death of Thibaut of Champagne, the leadership of the Crusade passed to Boniface of Montferrat. The future Alexius IV appealed to European kings on behalf of his father Isaac Angelus, leading Doge Dandolo to divert the crusade to Constantinople. For 10 points, name this 1202-04 crusade in which Venice sacked Constantinople.
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Great architectural feats were achieved in this empire by the poet-architect Es-Saheli, who built the great mosque of its main city. This empire was founded by Sundiata Kieta, and at its height it included the cities of Niani and Jenne. Reaching its peak in the 14th century under Mansa Musa, after its decline it was conquered by the Songhai empire. FTP, what was this African empire centered on Timbuktu, now the name of a country with capital at Bamako?
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He appointed Kengo Wa Dondo to serve as prime minister late in his time in power, after Kengo served under him as first state commissioner. Earlier, he had conducted a notorious show trial which ended with the executions of Jérome Anany and André Mahamba, as well as former prime minister Evariste Kimba. Kimba had been an associate of this man's chief rival, whom this man deposed from the presidency in 1965. After ousting Joseph Kasavubu, this man ruled until being ousted in 1997 by Tutsi rebels, after which Laurent Kabila became president of his country. FTP, name this African strongman who was a long-time president of Zaire.
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He attempted to follow a policy of neutrality, cochairing the Bandung Conference in 1955 and signing the Panch Shila with Chou En-Lai. At the same time, however, he favored territorial expansion, annexing Goa from Portugal and going to war over the Tibetan border in 1962. FTP, identify this Brahmin, who became head of the Congress party in 1929 and served as prime minister of India from 1947 until 1964.
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He became leader of his native country's Propaganda Movement and contributed articles to its newspaper La Solidaridad, later founding the nonviolent reform society La Liga. Originally trained as a medical professional, his first novel was 1886's Noli Me Tangere, which was followed by the sequel El Filibusterismo. When the nationalist group Katipunan launched a rebellion against Spain, he was arrested and executed, but not before creating the verse masterpiece Mi Ultimo Adios. FTP, identify this martyr and author who sought independence for the Philippines.
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He gained his rhetorical skills as interpreter to Sir Stewart Gore-Brown shortly after undertaking a nationwide bicycle tour to drum up support for his first party, though he later withdrew from that party with Simon Kapwepwe. His "positive nonviolent action" campaign with a splinter faction of the ANC resulted in his incarceration at Gwelo. He nationalized his country's mining industry in the Mulungushi Reforms after leading a party founded by Mainza Chona to victory over the British colonialists, but within a decade copper prices fell, and he responded to ethnic strife between the Bemba and Lozi tribes by banning all parties except his United National Independence Party. FTP, name this strongman who was replaced by Frederick Chiluba in 1991 as President of Zambia.
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He rose in favor after refusing to join Santiago Mariño's challenge to another leader's power. A year after he won a major victory at Tarqui, he was murdered in the Berruecos Mountains, possibly at the behest of José Maria Obando. After being defeated at the second battle of Huachi, he won a victory over the army of Melchor Aymerich which allowed him to put down resistance in the Pasto province. The year before that victory at Pichincha, he became chief of staff to the army, and he went on to win success at Junin [who-NEEN] and Ayacucho, which led to the establishment of a new nation. FTP, name this first president of Bolivia, after whom a South American capital city is named.
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He stepped down as president of his country in 1985, but continued as head of the ruling party until 1990. His government emphasized a form of rural socialism known as ujamaa, and, in 1978, troops under his leadership entered Uganda, deposing Idi Amin. After his retirement he remained active in African politics, and was known throughout the continent as Mwalimu, Swahili for teacher. FTP, identify this first president of Tanzania, who died in October, 1999.
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He was almost killed in 2004 when a rocket was launched at his helicopter when he took a trip to open a school in Gardez. After that near-death experience, he left much of his campaign for re-election to his running mates, Karim Khalili and Ahmed Zia Massoud. Two years earlier, he had almost been killed by a gunman while visiting Governor Gul Agha Sherzai. This man is a member of the Popalzay clan, which is part of the Pashtun people. In 2002, he was appointed the interim holder of the position he now holds electively, and which was previously held by Burhanuddin Rabbani before the latter was forced out of office in 1996 when the Taliban took over his country. FTP, name this man who is now president of Afghanistan.
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He was executed in Fort Bliss for trying to foment a rebellion in Mexico. This general was an admirer of Porfirio Díaz, but was flexible enough to be chief of staff of the army under Díaz's successor. He joined forces with a group of rebels led by fellow army officers in a coup that ousted Madero, which gained him the enmity of the Wilson administration. FTP, identify this man, who only served for ten days as president of Mexico before being forced from office in the summer of 1914 in favor of Venustiano Carranza.
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He was named a viceroy of the Ottoman sultan after helping to drive out the French, and during his 44-year reign, he reorganized the administrative structure of government, converted most agricultural land into state land, and attempted to create a modern industrial system to process his country's raw materials. After his fleet was defeated at Navarino in 1827, he rebelled against the Ottomans and was granted the hereditary right to rule Egypt and the Sudan. FTP, who massacred the Mamelukes in 1811 and founded the last dynasty to rule Egypt whose namesake is nicknamed "the Greatest".
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He was the first to equip his knights with Percheron horses, explaining their military effectiveness. His great-grandfather the "Elder of Landen" first served in the post that became hereditary for his family, though he would step out of that post after defeating the Neustrians. His greatest victory however came over Abd-ar-Rahman, the emir of Spain, but it was his "Short" son who would found a new dynasty. FTP, name this mayor of the palace and grandfather of Charlemagne, who earned his nickname of "hammer" for his victory over Arab forces at Tours in 732.
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His "Arusha Declaration" proposed a form of African socialism to oppose the personality-driven style of Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana. His own influence over East Africa was no less complete, however: he drove Idi Amin from power in Uganda and merged his own nation with Zanzibar. FTP, who allied with Oscar Kambona to lead Tanganyika to independence in 1961 and was President of Tanzania until 1985?
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His greatest intellectual advocate was Diaz Soto y Gama who represented this man at the Aguascalientes Convention. The end of his movement was signaled with the infighting among his generals who included Antonio Barona, Felipe Neri, and Genevero de la O. He was assassinated after a rouse carried out by Jesus Guajardo, a subordinate of Pablo Gonzalez who had earlier driven him to a hideout at the base of Poplecatepotl in Morelos. This opponent of Diaz, Madero, and finally Carranza put forth his agrarian ideals in the Plan of Ayala. FTP identify this Mexican Revolutionary who fought for "Tierra y Libertad" and whose name was adopted by a band of rebels in Chiapas.
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His name in Sogdian was believed to mean "light". He was a favorite of Emperor Xuanzong's concubine, Yang Guifei, who later adopted him as her son. Consequently, he was named governor of three frontier provinces and given an army of one hundred sixty thousand. However, after Li Linfu died, this man came into conflict with the new chancellor, Yang Guozhong. In response, he sacked the city of Luoyang and the following year, he created the so-called Yan dynasty after capturing Changan, the capital city of the Tang Dynasty. For 10 points, name this Turkic general who led a namesake rebellion in 756 CE which led to thirty-six million deaths.
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His reign got off to a good start with the victory at Marj al-Saffar. Other victories under his rule included Yarmuk, which did away with the Byzantine threat; Qadisiya, where the Persians under Rusam were defeated; and Nehavend, where the last vestige of Sassanid power was destroyed. FTP, name this man, who was assassinated by a slave in 644, ten years after he assumed the title of Amir al-Mu'munin, or Prince of the Faithful, as the successor to Abu Bakr as caliph.
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Idi Amin once got so mad at this man that he challenged him to a boxing match, with Muhammad Ali as the referee. He translated Julius Caesar and The Merchant of Venice into Swahili, but he is better known for tracts like Freedom and Unity, which defended the socialist doctrine of Ujamaa, and for leading his country after it was formed from the union of Zanzibar and Tanganyika. For 10 points, name this president of Tanzania.
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In 1877, James Prendergast called it a "legal nullity," a sentiment echoed by the MP Clem Simich in 1992. Preceded by a proclamation from Governor George Gipps on January 14, it was signed at the house of James Bubsy by men including William Hobson and Henry Williams. The Native Land Act of 1862 struck down the land-selling article, which had been the cause of the Wairau incident led by Te Rauparaha. Some of the signers felt that the distinction between "kawanatanga" and "rangatiratanga" was not sufficiently outlined in its English translation. FTP, February 6 is the celebration day of what treaty signed in 1840 by forty-three Maori chieftains, which allowed the British to annex New Zealand?
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In 1960 this man began a search for the abominable snowman, two years after having led a South Pole expedition using tractors as part of the first mechanized journey to the pole, an adventure described in his book " No Latitude for Error". A beekeeper by profession, his book "From the Ocean to the Sky" described his 1977 expedition up the Ganges to the Himalayas, the site of his greatest achievement. FTP, who was this man who with the aid of Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest?
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In a 1915 article J.H. Little attacked the only primary account of this event, that of John Zephaniah Holwell. The maximum death toll is likely in the 40s rather than the 123 claimed by Holwell. It took place at Fort William and was more a result of the negligence than the hostile intent of Suraj-ad-Daulah, though it still became a rallying cry to justify British imperialism. Occurring on June 20th of 1756, FTP, what was this incident in which the Nawab of Bengal supposedly imprisoned 146 European prisoners in the namesake Indian city?
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In a biography of this man entitled The Founder evidence of his homosexual relationship with his friend Neville Pickering is offered, while his cruelty and brutal rule is the subject of much of the final five chapters of Twain's Following the Equator. His power was nearly complete after establishing a company headed by himself, the Duke of Abercorm, and Alfred Beit. This allowed him to reach the so-called Rudd Concession, in which he and partner Charles Rudd came to an agreement with Lobengula. After acquisition of the Pitsani Strip, he attempted to stir up the Uitlanders [ootlanders] and the resultant failure led to this downfall. Thus he stepped down as prime minister of Cape Colony following the disastrous Jameson Raid. For 10 points, name this founder of De Beers, a diamond merchant and politician who set up a scholarship to study at Oxford.
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In this confict, an American from Massachusetts named Frederick Ward led an ambitiously named group of people called The Everlasting Army. A conflict that partially overlapped with this one was the Nien Rebellion, while important locations in this conflict include the Dadu River and Thistle Mountain. One member of this conflict, Hong Xiuquan, claimed to be Jesus Christ's younger brother, and this conflict was put down by Zeng Guofan, and eventually ended in Nanking. For 10 points, identify this mid 19th century uprising put down by Charles Gordon, an uprising that occurred in China.
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Introducing the signal flag, using a mobile circle of wagons as a base of operations, and adopting the decimal system to troops units, this general overcame both limited manpower and a deficiency of protective armor. Prioritizing speed, he relied solely on cavalry units, engaging in sneak attacks on smaller enemy detachments. Turning on his former allies, Torghil and Jamulka, he consolidated victories over the Taichi'ut and Tatars. FTP, identify this general who destroyed the Khwarizm Empire, sacked Beijing in 1215, and totally ravaged Asman's Sporting Goods in a 1989 movie.
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It began in Honan and soon spread to the entire country. Communal kitchens were established so women could fully participate in production, and ideological purity was emphasized over technical expertise. Small backyard steel furnaces were set up in thousands of villages, although in their zeal peasants often melted down their tools to make more steel. By 1960, it was clear that this plan to industrialize China through mass manpower had failed miserably. FTP name this event.
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It involved the First Allied Airborne Army and the British 30th Army Corps, and if it had been successful, the war would have been over in 1944, since the Allies would have created a breakthrough over the Rhine bridge into Germany. Unknown to the Allies, however, the Germans had placed two SS Panzer Divisions near the critical town for rest and refitting. FTP, identify this battle, Codenamed Operation Market-Garden, whose namesake town on the Rhine names the largest airborne assault in history.
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It isn't Sekigahara, but this battle was also decided by the treachery of one of the losing commander's generals, who refused to attack the victor's camp after Kilpatrick had launched an attack on the water ponds. The losers posessed heavy artillery operated by French specialists, but their initial cannonade against the victor's position proved useless because of the longer range of the British guns. William Watts negotiated the betrayal of Mir Jafar, who was installed as the next Nawab as a consequence of this engagement, in which Siraj Ud Daulah was forced to retreat despite having roughly 50,000 troops as opposed to the less than 3,000 under British command. Marking the beginning of the British conquest of India, FTP, name this June 23, 1757 battle which was won by Robert Clive.
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It provided for the establishment of a Transfer Committee under the auspices of representatives from Belgium, Italy, France, and Great Britain. One of the driving forces behind it was T.W. Lamont, who was acting head of J.P. Morgan at the time. It would not have passed if Gustav Stresemann had not been successful in getting a two-thirds majority in his country's parliament. Conceived in 1924, FTP, name this World War I reparations plan later replaced by the Young Plan.
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It reversed policies set forth at the Yanan Forum of 1942. The publication of articles in Literary Studies and People's Literature led to the writing of the novel The Young Man Who Has Just Arrived at the Organization Department, the first direct criticism of party procedure during this period. The establishment of the Democracy Wall leveled further attacks, triggering an end to this era and the start of the Anti-Rightist Campaign. FTP, name this short-lived 1956 relaxation of censorship in China, in which competing ideas were urged to "bloom."
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It stipulated the return of all mines, coking plants and other industrial, agricultural, forest-economical and ship travel enterprises that had been appropriated since the previous year and lifted restrictions of travel of goods and persons. It stipulated a loan of £40 million and payments were phased in steps: £50 million in the first year, building up to £125 million in the fifth year. Drafted to ensure French withdrawal from the Ruhr, it was signed in 1924, but was replaced by the Young Plan five years later. For 10 points, name this Plan for German economic rehabilitation named for the American businessman who drafted it.
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It was actually undertaken to satisfy a request made by Grand Duke Nicholas. The eventual losers incorrectly concluded that Cape Helles and Suvla Bay were strategic necessities and misdirected their forces. Major-General Fuller called one of its most important battles, Sari Bair, "a battle of valor run waste." Shrapnel Gully, Pine Ridge, and Krithia also saw Sir Ian Hamilton's troops take heavy losses, leading to the attackers having to carry out a spectacular withdrawal from Anzac Cove. FTP, name this disastrous British campaign of World War I that took place in Turkey.
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It was based on a proposal by Lord Robert Cecil and Col. Edouard Réquin, but the actual document was drafted by Eduard Benes and Nicholas Politis. Presented by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, it was unanimously recommended to the members of the League of Nations. It provided for compensatory arbitration of all disputes, while defining the "aggressor" as the nation unwilling to submit the case to arbitration. FTP, identify this "protocol" named for a Swiss city.
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It was ended by Pierre de Beaufort. At the beginning of this period Bernard de Got, buoyed by Nogaret's charges of heresy against Benedict Caetani, essentially revoked Unam Sanctam. Following Caetani's death over a year passed before the ascension of Clement V during which time Phillip the Fair became the most powerful continental ruler. Among the events of this seventy-year period was the Treaty of Brétigny that was arranged by Innocent VI despite the influence of the French kings who were his landlord. FTP, name this papal sojourn to Avignon whose name alludes to Nebuchadrezzar's deportation of the Jews to the namesake city.
what was this 1932-35 war in which Paraguay and Bolivia fought over a wilderness region?
It was ended due to mediations led by Carlos Saavedra Lamas. Initially, one side was considered to have the clear advantage due to its 300 percent population advantage and well-trained army under General Hans von Kundt. After early fighting around Forts Boqueron and Nanawa, the main battle was fought at Ballivian, where Kundt's replacement Enrique Penaranda was unable to hold off the forces of Jose Estigarribia. For 10 points
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It was partially precipitated by Operation Shredder, a portion of the Samu Incident. Followed by the War of Attrition, it resulted in the passage of Security Council Resolution number 242. One point of ceasefire was the 'Purple Line', and it led to the Khartoum Resolution, which declared that there would be "No peace, no recognition, and no negotiation". It included the USS Liberty incident, a mysterious attack on an American ship, and led to Resolution 242's 'Land for Peace' suggestion, which wouldn't be followed for another eleven years. For 10 points, name this war between Israel and four Arab states the led to the conquering of the Sinai during a short 1967 period.
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It was preceded by the capture of a man named Arisiaghi who made an alliance with his captors. The invaders were probably betrayed when Rousel de Bailleul left his post at the neighboring town of Khilat and decided to retreat. As the fighting began, an initial volley of arrows was enough to dispense with the Kipchak and Pecheneg mercenaries who abandoned the field. By the end of the day one side had pushed too far forward and was in no position to retreat; when they succeeded in turning around they were attacked and abandoned by Andronicus Ducas, resulting in a massacre near L:ake Van. FTP identify this 1071 battle at which Alp Arslan defeated the Byzantines under Romanus IV Diogenes.
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It was precipitated by the revival of a 12th century religious group. Largely uncoordinated roving bands waged guerilla warfare against the ruling dynasty and the corrupt army was frustrated until peasants organized into local militias to defeat them. If they had a true leader, he or she was never found, and they in turn inspired the Nian Rebellion of 1852 and possibly the Boxer Rebellion. FTP, name this 1796-1804 rebellion in central China against the Manchus named for a flower beloved of Buddhists.
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It was precipitated by the taking of Tulaghi and the movement of a second force towards Louisiade. "Scratch one flattop!" became one of the most famous radio calls of World War II after this battle, when it was uttered upon the sinking of the Shoho. The destruction of the Sims, heavy damage to the Yorktown, and the sinking of the Lexington meant a tactical victory for the Japanese; but the halt of the advance on Port Moresby made it a strategic victory for the U.S. Notable for ending Japanese expansion southward and for being fought entirely by aircraft, FTP, name this naval battle of May 7 and 8, 1942.
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It was under the operational command of the 559th Transportation group, and it became more important after the naval interdiction efforts of Operation Market Time began to tell. It was the target of Operations Steel Tiger and Barrell Roll, as well as the Popeye project, which aimed to reduce its effectiveness by extending the monsoon season through cloud-seeding. From 1968 to 1970 Operation Igloo White, run out of Nakhon Phanom in Thailan, bombed it round-the-clock by B-52's. Throughout its operation, both sides ignored theoretical Laotian neutrality, and it was instrumental in preparations for the Tet Offensive. Known in Vietnamese as the Truong Son Strategic Supply Route, FTP name this corridor that funneled supplies from North Vietnam to the Viet Cong in the south.
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Its Fourth Article promised future talks at St. Andrews to resolve an earlier disagreement. James Gambier, William Adams, and Henry Goulburn were the British signatories of this document. Both sides did agree to determine a boundary from the St. Croix River to Lake of the Woods and to eliminate the slave trade and hostilities with Indians. The impressment of American sailors was not addressed and despite this accord, the Battle of New Orleans was fought the next year. FTP name this treaty that ended the War of 1812
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Its capital may have been established as early as the 9th century CE, though it was not designated as such until the reign of Kossoi, and it was occupied for a time before being freed by Sulaiman-Mar. This empire's first great ruler expanded it by defeating the Dogon and Fulani, as well as expelling the Tuareg and capturing the key trading center of Jenne. It met its end nearly a century and a half later under the rule of Issihak II, when Judar Pasha led Moroccan forces to victory at the Battle of Tondibi. It had reached its greatest height under Askia Muhammad, who usurped the throne shortly after Sonni Ali's death. FTP name this west African empire with capital at Gao that flourished in the late 15th and 16th centuries after the decline of the Mali empire.
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Its name for itself refers to Juchi, the father of its founder. Most historians consider it distinct from its earlier eastern branch. Its few military setbacks include Mamai's humiliating defeat at Kulikovo, which was avenged by Tokhtamysh's sack of Moscow two years later. It declined after the death of Oz Beg and the onset of the Black Death didn't help either; its split into the Crimean, Astrakahn, and Kazan regions was facilitated by Timur. Originally led by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu, FTP, name this colorfully named western Mongol empire.
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Its original base was the Thistle Mountain region, and its strongest supporters were members of the Hakka ethnic minority. Its leaders included Yang Xiuqing and Shi Dakai, who later lost faith in the movement; it was led by a Society of God Worshippers whose leader, Hong Xiuquan, claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus. FTP, name this 1850-1864 uprising which threatened China's Qing dynasty.
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Its second commander was Henry A. Burgevine, but he was dismissed for failing to pay his troops and replaced by the British officer J. Y. Holland. It was founded by a man who was known as "the Devil Soldier" by his opponents, and who was killed at Tzeki, a town outside Ningpo. It was assisted by the Lay-Osborne fleet, seven steamers which constituted its country's first modern navy. It was disbanded at Kunshan after its most successful commander relieved Chansu and captured Soochow, the headquarters of Chung Wang. Its most notable triumph under its first commander, the American adventurer Frederick Townsend Ward, came at Sung-chiang. FTP, name this army most famously commanded by Charles Gordon, which helped to suppress the Taiping Rebellion and which wasn't quite as successful as its name would indicate.
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Its successor states were the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and the Crimea. Also known as the Kipchak Khanate, it was founded by a grandson of Genhis Khan, Batu Khan. Ruling over southern Russia for nearly two centuries, it was established following the sack of Kiev in 1240. FTP name this Central Asian empire eventually overcome by Timur.
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Key conflicts in this war were the fall of Abu-Ageila and the capture of Sharm El-Sheikh although the losing side was crippled by a surprise attack on their air-force in the opening minutes of the fighting. Two controversial events were the execution of POWs at El Arish alleged by Gabby Bron and the attack on the USS Liberty. Like a war eleven years earlier the major cause was the blockading of the port of Eilat and the closing of the Straits of Tiran. During the campaign Israel gained control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula while beating Egypt, Jordan and Syria. FTP, identify this 1967 war named for the number of days it lasted.
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Key moments in this battle included the deployment of secretly stashed harquebuses and the decision by various commanders to turn against their purported general for being a commoner. After marching to Gifu, only to find out it had fallen, one side set up a defensive position at the title location near the Fuji River. The battle began with the charge of Fukushima and the treachery of Shimazu, eventually Ishida's forces were driven back towards Mount Nangu where Toyatomi's former general mopped them up. FTP identify this battle of the year 1600 after which Tokugawa Ieyasu took power.
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Lord Normanby advised one of its signatories to not "purchase...any territory". The recipient of this advice, William Hobson, gathered negotiators in the Bay of Islands. According to it rangatiratanga was preserved and land ownership was protected. The English word 'sovereignty' gave translators trouble, but it was translated 'kawanatanga' or governance. In the third article royal protection and full citizenship was granted to the Maori. For 10 points, name this New Zealand land treaty signed in February 1840.
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Major influences in his life were boyhood tutor Simon Rodriguez and his mistress Manuela Saenz. His first major expedition was eventually repulsed due to the llanero [YA-neh-ro] cavalry of Jose Tomas Boves forcing him into exile, from where he wrote his famous "Letter from Jamaica." His return saw a succession of victories at Boyaca, Carabobo, and Junin, and under the control of Antonio Sucre, his forces also won at Ayacucho. FTP, identify this leader who gained the independence of Colombia and Venezuela, thereby becoming known as "The Liberator."
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Much of its power was exercised by the "royal guard" which was recruited among the Hum and Tio peoples. Its ruler was elected by special body of nine or twelve nobles, including the pagan kbunga, who retained a veto vote, but rarely exercised it. At one point this empire, whose currency consisted of a particular type of seashell named the nzimbu, was led by a woman named Anna, who was initially forced to retreat to the neighboring Kingdom of Matamba, before rallying her Jaga warriors to subjugate Luanda. It was during the reign of Nzinga Nkuwu that the colonists arrived from Sao Thome, setting in motion a pattern of cooperation and exploitation. Led by rulers that bore the honorific Mani, for many years its capital was located at Sao Salvador. For 10 points, identify this West African kingdom that was conquered by the Portuguese and existed south of a namesake river.
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Much of the information about him comes from his secretary, Francisco Lopez de Gomara, including his journey to study at Salamanca at age 14. He defeated a force under Panfilo de Narvaez as part of his feud with his former commander, Diego de Velazquez, which also prompted him to scuttle his 11 ships to prevent Velazquez loyalists from returning to Cuba. His killing of Cuauhtemoc concluded his main endeavor, which, despite a temporary retreat after the "sad night", saw him defeat the forces of Montezuma. FTP, who was this conquistador who conquered the Aztecs?
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Much was achieved under its first leader, Sir Eric Drummond, including a successful 15 year administration of the Saar Region and the settling of the dispute over the Aland Islands, but it experienced failure when Poland failed to abide by its decision in the Vilnius dispute. Of the 26 articles in its covenant, article X caused the most trouble for its requirement that members defend each other from aggression, leading to opposition from Henry Cabot Lodge and the Senate's refusal to allow the United States to join. Established in the Versailles Peace Settlement, FTP, what was this predecessor to the United Nations?
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Nokter the Stammerer claims that one of the rulers of this entity sent as a gift an elephant named Abul-Abbas. Accounts of the sack of its capital claim that two rivers ran black with the ink from ruined books. A crucial figure in the founding of this dynasty was the foreign-born Abu Muslim. Early rulers were advised by the Persian Barmakids and included the aforementioned Harun ar-Rashid. This Caliphate moved its capital to Baghdad in 762 and ended when Hulagu Khan had Al-Mustasim trodden to death by horses. FTP, name this second ruling dynasty of the Muslim Empire, ended by a Mongol invasion.
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Officially known as the Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks, it was founded in 1951 and has approximately 1200 people on staff, down somewhat from the late '80s and early '90s. Shrouded in secrecy, the identity of its director was traditionally a state secret, and it was not until 1996 that it was announced that Danny Yatom would lead this organization, replacing a man known previously as "S." Although a source of criticism for its tactics, its greatest triumph may have come in 1960 when its operatives were able to enter Argentine, locate Adolf Eichmann, and spirit here away to Israel to stand trial. FTP, name this Israeli intelligence service.
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One dictator in this country was forced to flee to England after he lost the Battle of Caseros. Under that dictator, this country saw the use of a secret police force called the Mazorcas. Bernardino Rivadavia and Bartolomé Mitre were presidents of this country that was also ruled by Juan Manuel de Rosas. One president of this country supported a coup as part of the United Officers Group and came to power with the support of los descamisados, or "the shirtless ones." That president was married to the actress known as Evita. For 10 points, name this South American country that was ruled in the twentieth century by Juan Perón from Buenos Aires.
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One holder of this office hired the Greek rascal Constantine Phaulkon as his prime minister, only to see Phaulkon intrigue with Louis XIV against him. In 1946, the person who held this position was found shot to death in his bed, with the killer still unknown. This title was reduced in official power by the Promoters Revolution, and another holder of this office wrote to James Buchanan to offer elephants for help in American agriculture. The current Chakri Dynasty member in this office has endorsed several military coups. For 10 points, name this post held since 1782 by nine people named Rama, who ruled the only continuously independent Southeast Asian country.
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One of his first executive offices was as Chief Minister of the Internal Self-Government Administration, in which role he negotiated with Richard Turnbull. During his rule, over nine million people were transported by trucks into a new system of villages. This man led a one-party state through his Chama Cha Mapinduzi, or Party of the Revolution, and instituted the "parastatal" boards to control trade in each major good. In 1978, this founder of the Organization of African Unity sent his country's army to depose Idi Amin. His Arusha Declaration introduced a policy of agricultural collectivization known as "familyhood," or "ujaama." For 10 points, name this man who, from independence to 1985, was the president first of Tanganyika and then Tanzania.
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One of its products was the Four-Power Pact that annulled the earlier Anglo-Japanese Alliance. A Nine-Power Pact was also signed, affirming China's independence. Another treaty was drafted regulating the use of submarines and outlawing the use of poison gas in warfare. Called by Secretary of State Charles Hughes, it was attended by all the major powers and the colonial powers of the Pacific. FTP, name this 1921-22 series of meetings that eventually resulted in an arms and naval limitation treaty.
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One side had prepared to fight ever since executing the emissary who carried the note that began "This is the word of he who rules the earth... submit." Precipitated by victories at Aleppo and Damascus earlier in the year, the result of this encounter was echoed by a subsequent battle that saw Abaka and Kalawun, the successors of the commanders engaged in the original struggle, meet at Homs. Three toumans of the invading force were left in the field after Hulagu was recalled by the death of Mangku. The sultan Kotuz sought to press this momentary advantage and sent out 120,000 ghulams to meet a force made up overwhelmingly of light cavalry on the Plain of Esdraleon. After falling for a feigned retreat Kit Boga would be captured and the Mongols would be turned away from the Middle East in, FTP, what 1260 battle that saw the ascendancy of the Mamelukes under Baybars?
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Police opened fire on a demonstration against Apartheid laws, killing 67 black Africans, and wounding 180 more. Widespread international condemnation followed, and a state of emergency was declared in South Africa. FTP, name this March 21, 1960 massacre which led to the withdrawal of South Africa from the British Commonwealth, named for the town in which it occurred.
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Six years after assuming a governorship, this ruler became known as the "Restorer of the Laws." He imprisoned Jose Maria Paz for seven years after Paz founded the Liga Unitaria and revolted. He created a secret police force called La Mazorca, or "the ear of corn," as his personal band of assassins. His expedition against Bolivia resulted in expulsion of the dictator Santa Cruz, while he supported Manuel Oribe against Fructuoso Rivera in Uruguay. His conflicts with Europe included a brief war with Louis Philippe of France over treatment of an envoy. He was overthrown by Justo Jose de Urquiza and his ally General Quiroga was denounced in the novel Facundo by Domingo Sarmiento, who in 1868 would assume this man's most famous office. For 10 points, identify this caudillo who, from 1829 until 1852, held power in Argentina.
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Solovetsk was a major example of one. They distributed papers like The Northern Miner and Reshaping, and were essential in the construction of the Dneprostroi power station, the industrial center of Magnitka, and the Belomor Canal. Perhaps up to 400,000 people passed through the system, which was supposed to reeducate and rehabilitate, and which included hundreds of installations in Eastern Europe and Russia. Founded in 1930 by the OGPU, FTP, what was this system of forced labor camps, known through a Solzhenitsyn novel about its "archipelago"?
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Sources on this event include a journal by Joseph Hargrave and Alexander Begg, as well as the "Eight Letters" to the "Honorable Joseph Howe in Reply to an Official Pamphlet," in which Howe is accused of being its chief instigator. A nationalist group led by the doctor John Christian Schultz created the impetus for this event, despite the attempts of Adams Archibald to put forth a conciliatory plan. One of that group's members, Thomas Scott, was executed on trumped-up treason charges and violence continued until a supposed peace expedition under Garnet Wolseley was dispatched to Fort Garry. Also sparked by appointment of William McDougall as governor of Rupert's Land, its leader would reprise his role fifteen years later in the Northwest Rebellion. For 10 points, name this rebellion led by Louis Riel and named for a region in Manitoba.
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Studies of his historian Ibn Khaldun reveal that his capital was probably Niani, from which he controlled the old salt and gold trading routes leading east. The leader of the small state of Kangaba, he overcame his rival Sumanguru Kante of the Soso at the battle of Kirina and turned his attention to the gold-rich kingdom of Wangara, located in the Futa Djalon plateau. He ruled for 25 years, after which the title of mansa passed to his son Uli. FTP, name this leader of the Malinke people and first emperor of Mali.
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The Greeks called him Sandrocottus, and he wrested the Punjab region from the Macedonians after the death of Alexander the Great after himself conquering the Nandas at Magadha. The political tract Arthashastra was written by his advisor Kautilya, and he added Baluchistan and Afghanistan to his empire, which stretched from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea. His son Bindusara was an ineffectual successor, but this man's empire saw a flourishing under his grandson Ashoka. FTP, identify this founder of India's Maurya dynasty.
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The main points of attack were designed to be through Kum Kale and Suvla Bay, though operations would stall at both sites. Otto Liman von Sanders trained and commanded the troops that repulsed it. It led to the resignation of Admiral Lord Fisher and the recall of Sir Ian Hamilton who had been in command for half of it. During it, several divisions of the ANZAC corps were butchered, and the withdrawal, on January 9, 1916, was the only successful part of the operation. FTP, name this failed World War I campaign, an Allied operation against Turkey.
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The main target of this event was involved in a controversial dispute over the control of a ship called the Porpoise and he had the former captain court marshaled, and that same man disrupted the barter economy in the region where it occurred by giving out free food to people who had been hurt by a recent flood. He was later found and captured by the people involved in this event, led by Major George Johnston, while he was cowering under his bed supposedly looking for missing papers, and a picture depicting his capture is considered the first political cartoon in the country in which it took place. That governor, who had earlier been overthrown in the Bounty Mutiny, Robert Bligh, brought enmity upon himself after receiving a letter from Castlereagh suggesting that he stop the trade of this event's namesake product. His replacement, William Paterson, returned to Sydney to take up Bligh's former post. For 10 points, name this 1808 uprising in Australia over a certain kind of alcohol.
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The Mende and the Temne are the largest ethnic groups in this nation, and much of its commerce goes through the Queen Elizabeth II Quay in its capital city. The capital of this country has a small population of people calling themselves Creoles, and they are disproportionately represented in this country's Parliament, which is located on Tower Hill. This country recently saw the election of Ernest Koroma as President, which followed the conclusion of this country's massive civil war in 2002. Like Angola, other problems faced by this country include a massive blood diamond industry. Bordered by Guinea and Liberia, this is, for 10 points, which country of Western Africa with capital at Freetown?
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The Satsuma Rebellion occurred during this period. Most political power during this period was held by Choshu and Tosa clan leaders, in spite of an authoritarian constitution drafted by Ito Hirobumi. Founded under the slogan "Enrich the country and strengthen the military," this period's philosophy was espoused in the Charter Oath and propagated the return of imperial rule. Occurring after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, FTP, identify this period of modernization in Japanese history known as the "restoration" of its namesake emperor.
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The most damning testimony came from James Dursi, who implicated Paul Meadlo and one other man. An attempted cover up was unmasked by Ron Ridenhour and fully revealed by journalist Seymour Hersh, who had photos taken by Ronald Haeberle at his disposal. Though several men were tried, only William Calley was convicted. FTP, name this incident that occurred in the namesake village in Quang Ngai in March 1968 and saw the massacre of hundreds of Vietnamese civilians.
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The nephew of Sultan Mahmud Mirza, he took advantage of the death of Sikandir Lodi to launch his military campaign. With a strategy involving the deployment of matchlockmen and mobile field guns against an enemy whose notions of military honor tended to spurn firearms, he defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526 with a relatively small force. FTP, name the ruler who by 1530 had founded the Mughal regime in India.
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Their suppression helped to elevate Ts'ao Ts'ao to supreme leadership in the North Its leader declared that the time of the "blue heaven" was over and took advantage of a widespread pestilence to spread his messianic version of Taoism. Under Chang Chueh the rebels massacred the eunuchs and threatened the stability of the Han dynasty. FTP identify this movement which embraced the "earth element" symbolized by the colored head dresses sported by its adherents.
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They won a victory at Ardebil when forces led by Barjik defeated an Umayyad army, though the Umayyads retaliated by attacking their capital and killing Hazer Tarkhan. That capital, Itil, was later destroyed by Sviatoslav of Kiev, whose attacks weakened them in the 10th century. They were ruled by chieftains known as "begs" and by a supreme ruler known as a "khagan," who may have had a palace on the Volga River. Constantine V and Justinian II both married women from this culture, and Constantine's son, the Byzantine Emperor Leo IV, was known by this epithet. FTP, name this Turkish people whose rulers converted to Judaism in the 8th century.
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This "khalifat rasul Allah's" first task was to counter the various Ridda that constituted the "Wars of Apostasy". Often called "siddiq", or truthful, this wealthy merchant was compassionate, purchasing the freedom of slaves like Bilal the black who became the well-known "Muazzin" at the Prophet's Mosque. Sunni historians claim that he often led the congregation in the public prayers at Medina and led a 632 hajj, but Shiite traditions are less impressed. The Ansar and Meccans unwillingly accepted this man, imposed in a coup d'etat, as sole successor of the Prophet. FTP, name this dad of Aisha and father-in-law of Mohammed, the first caliph.
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This Minister of Health under Pedro Aguirre Cerda was successively defeated by Jorge Alessandri and Eduardo Frei but finally won an election by enticing dissident Christian Democrats into his Popular Unity coalition. This leader's government was the first in America to recognize Communist China and he created one of the first instances of stagflation when he financed his nationalization of mining and industry by printing money. His official cause of death is listed as suicide, even though evidence exists that he died of multiple gunshot wounds to the back. FTP, name this man who died during a September 11, 1973 coup and was succeeded by Augusto Pinochet as president of Chile.
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This city's Roman ruins advertise to tourists that Marcus Aurelius wrote his Meditations here when this city was a Roman settlement called Aquincum. Saint Gerard was martyred by being thrown off of the Gellért Hill in this city, which now houses ritzy houses and the citadel. This city's Castle Hill is served by a funicular railway, which leads up from a famous bridge to the thirteenth-century Royal Palace. This city subsumes three islands, Obuda, Csepel, and Margaret. Its name is a portmanteau of the names of a flat city and a hilly city that merged to form this metropolis; its constituent cities are now connected by the Szechenyi Chain Bridge. For 10 points, name this city on the Danube, the capital of Hungary.
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This collaborater of Colonel Seves achieved a great triumph in the Citadel massacre. This man's ambissions led Mahmud II to accept Russian mediation which led to the Peace of Kutahia, but he finally achieved virtual independence from his sovereign following the Battle of Nizip in 1839. His son Ibrahim won a great victory at Konya but was defeated at by a combined Russian, British, and French force at Navarino. Famous for destroying the Mamelukes, FTP, name this Albanian-born viceroy of Egypt, who ruled it from 1805 to 1848.
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This country's communist party was founded by Jose Mariategui. This country's confederation with Bolivia was dissolved after it was defeated in the War of the Confederation. This nation gained independence after the battle of Ayacucho. Along with Bolivia, it was defeated by Chile in the War of the Pacific. Alan Garcia is the current president of this country, where Abimael Guzman founded a Maoist terrorist organization known as the Shining Path. For 10 points, name this country, which is historically ruled from Lima.
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This dynasty attacked Korea unsuccessfully four times and reinstated the Han civil service system. Although it established the Three Departments and Six Ministries, its demise resulted from Turkish incursion. The dynasty's last emperor, Yang, was the son of its first, Yang Chien, who took the royal name of Wen Ti. This dynasty's rulers extended the Grand Canal from Hangzhou to Yangzhou and on to Loyang, its longest extent. Overthrown by Liuyang, who established the Tang Dynasty, FTP, name this Chinese dynasty which lasted from 581 to 618 CE.
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This dynasty's artisans rediscovered the tin glazing and luster painting techniques in an attempt to imitate Chinese wares. Its backing of the Qays led to the revolt of Abu Harb in Palestine. Nominally beginning with the Battle of the Great Gab River, after which its namesake took the epithet "blood-shedder," as-Saffah, its decline began with the revolt of Babak, which compelled the import of mercenaries by al-Mu'tasim, son of Harun ar-Rashid. Taking over after the death of Marwan II, this Caliphate moved the capital to Baghdad. FTP, identify this second great Muslim empire, after the Umayyads.
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This exponent of the Six Arrows was sent to Samsun following the Greek occupation of Izmir, at which time he organized the Association for the Defense of the Rights that would precipitately bring him to political power. Two years later, this redoubtable commander lead forces that decisively crushed the Greeks at the Battle of the Sakarya, which effectively ended their incursion into his homeland, and shortly after which he had the position of Mehmed VI abolished. FTP name the military and political leader, head of the Republican People's Party and founder of the modern state of Turkey.
that being the Temple of the Danzantes, or the "Building of the Dancers." This site was established after a move from San Jose el Mogote; it was roughly contemporaneous with Teotihuacan to the north and is home to a bunch of statues of the rain god Cosijo. FTP, name this capital of the Zapotec empire from 500 B.C. to 900 A.D. located in the Oaxaca valley, and named for occupying a hill lined with white trees.
This historical site is home to Lapida de Bazan, a chronicle of diplomatic relations. Building J at this site has been postulated to be an Observatory and contains some 50 "Conquest Slabs" listing conquered territories. Another monument depicts men with scrolls in place of their genitalia who likely represent mutilated war captives
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This island nation claims sovereignty over nearby Mayotte, but like the other islands used to be, Mayotte is a French dependency. Since they broke away from French rule, the names of the three islands in this group have changed as well, with Anjouan becoming Nzwani, and Moheli becoming Mwali. FTP, identify this island nation at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel whose capital, Moroni, rests on the island of Njazidja.
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This kingdom began as the Aja people moved north from Allada and settled among the Fon, eventually conquering them. From their capital of Agbone, their first king Wegbala established a centralized state. Under King Agaja, it conquered Allada and started a profitable slave trade with the Europeans, obtaining rifles to continue their wars of expansion. However, they were unable to conquer Oyo, and the kingdom was finally captured by France in 1894. For ten points, name this West African kingdom is located in and once gave its name to present day Benin.
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William of Tyre notably wrote about this engagement, discussing the difficult advance through narrow roads and orchards, and the desertion of the traitor princes. Otto of Friesing wrote about the failure of Prester John to come to the aid of the losing side and Osbernus described in detail the capture of Lisbon. Baldwin III received the invading army who then proceeded to meet at Acre and whose central leaders included Conrad III of Germany, who arrived in Jerusalem long before Louis VII. FTP, name this engagement prompted by the fall of Edessa and called by Pope Eugenius III; a crusade supported by Bernard of Clairvaux in which the Christian army was turned back from Damascus in 1154.
Children's Crusade
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Chile
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Choson or Joseon or Yi Dynasty
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Christopher Columbus (or Christobal Colon or Cristoforo Colubmo)
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Chu Yuan-Chang or Hung Wu or Shih Kao-Ti or Ming T'ai Tsu
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Comoros
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Constantine XI
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Cortes or Corts
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Cossacks or Kazakhi
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Council of Chalcedon [kall-SEE-duhn] or Fourth Ecumenical Council
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Crimean War
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Cuba
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Cultural Revolution
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Côte d'Ivoire [or Ivory Coast]
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Dag Hammarskjold
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Dahomey
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Dahomey (or Benin before mentioned)
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Gamal Abdel Nasser
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Gamal Abdel Nasser
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Geneva protocol
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Genghis Khan
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Genghis Khan [or Chinggis Khan or other reasonably close answers; accept Temüjin before it is read]
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Genghis Khan or Chingis Khan or Temujin or Temuchin
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George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess of Kedleston
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Getulio Vargas
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Ghana Empire (accept Wagadou Empire before mentioned)
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Ghana Empire [accept Wagadou before it is read]
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Giovanni da Verrazzano
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Golden Horde
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Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies
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Guru Gobind Singh (or Gobind Rai Sodhi)
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Haile Selassie I (accept Lij Tafari Makonnen)
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Haile Selassie I (or Ras Tafari or Ras Makonnen)
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Hainan
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Haiti
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Hamid Karzai
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Han Dynasty
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Hannibal Barca [also accept Hannibal the Great]
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Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby
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Harold [or Harald; accept Harald Gille, Harald the Bold, Harald Haardraade or Harald III, and Harold Godwinsson or Harold II, where appropriate]
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Hundred Flowers movement
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Inca empire
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Incunabula
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Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
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Jacques Cartier
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Jamaica
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James Oglethorpe
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James Ramsay MacDonald
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Jameson Raid
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Japan [or Nihon-koku or Nippon-koku]
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Java (prompt on Indonesia)
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Jean Chretien
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John A. MacDonald
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John Alexander MacDonald
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John Howard
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John Paul Jones
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John XXIII (accept Angelo Roncalli before it is mentioned)
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Jomo Kenyatta or Kamau Ngengi or Johnstone Kamau
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Joseon Dynasty [or Choson; accept Yi Dynasty before mentioned]
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Joseon or Chosun or Yi Dynasty
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Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien
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Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (accept early: Iosif Dzhugashvili)
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Juan Manuel de Rosas
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Juan Perón
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Juan Ponce de Leon
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Juan Ponce de León
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Juche or chuche [accept Kimilsungism before mention of "Kim Il Sung"]
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Kamehameha I or Pai'ea Kamehameha or Kamehameha the Great
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Kanem-Bornu (accept Bornu before "second capital")
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Kanem-Bornu (prompt on either name)
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Kemal Atatürk (accept Mustafa Kemal Pasa)
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Kenneth David Kaunda
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Khmer Empire
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La Republica de Colombia
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Lavrenti Beria
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League of Nations
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Lebanon [or Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah]
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Leo III (prompt on Leo the Isaurian)
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Leopold Senghor
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Mansa Kankan Musa I
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Mansa Musa
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Manzikert
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Mao Zedong
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Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-Tung
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Mexico
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Michinomiya Hirohito [or Showa]
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Selim the Grim
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Sepoy Mutiny or Rebellion (prompt on "Bengal Mutiny")
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Sepoy Rebellion or Indian Mutiny or Great Indian Rebellion or Mutiny of 1857
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Serbs [accept Serbia]
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St. John Chrysostom
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St. Louis.
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Stamford Raffles
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Subhash Chandra Bose (or Netaji before mentioned)
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Sucre (accept the 3 names before mentioned)
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Suez Canal crisis (accept reasonable equivalents)
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Suez Crisis
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Sui Dynasty
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Suleiman I [or Suleiman the Magnificent; or Suleiman the Lawgiver; or Muhtesem Suleiman; or Kanuni Suleiman; prompt on Suleiman]
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Suleiman the Magnificent [or Suleiman I or Suleiman the Lawgiver or Suleiman Kunani]
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Suleiman the Magnificent [or Suleiman I; or Suleiman the Lawgiver; or Suleiman Kanuni]
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The Atlantic Charter
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the Venezuelan border dispute (accept equivalents)
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the War of the Triple Alliance
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the War of the Triple Alliance [or Guerra de la Triple Alianza or Guerra da Tríplice Aliança; accept Paraguayan War before "Paraguay" and prompt on it afterwards]
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the White Lotus Rebellion/Revolt [or Pai-lien chiao Rebellion/Revolt]
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the Yamato Period
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the battle of Plassey
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 Golden Horde [or Kipchak Khanate; or Ulus of Jochi; or Altan Ord; or Zolotaya Orda; prompt on “White Hordeâ€; prompt on “Blue Hordeâ€]
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 Shaka ZuluÂ
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Çatal Hüyük
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A chief named Agueybana believed that this man was a god, but realized his mistake after his brother drowned Diego Salcado in a river. After that, the Tainos revolted against this governor of Borinken, but their bows and arrows were no match for the guns his men possessed. This man was appointed to his first important post by the man who introduced the encomienda system, Nicolas de Ovando. He died in 1521 following a visit to Pine Island, where the Calusas were under no false impressions of his divinity. More famously, he went looking for Bimini Island, which he thought he discovered on Palm Sunday in 1513. In fact, the so-called "island" he named "feast of flowers" was a peninsula. FTP, name this conquistador who happened across Florida in his search for the Fountain of Youth.
Basil II or Basil the Bulgar Slayer
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Battle of Ayacucho
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Battle of Nagashino
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Battle of Okinawa
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Battle of Omdurman
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Battle of Omdurman (accept Battle of Karari/Kerreri before the book title is mentioned)
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Bishop Desmond Tutu
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Black Hole of Calcutta
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Brian Mulroney
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British East India Company
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Budapest [prompt on Buda or Pest before “portmanteauâ€]
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Camp David Accords
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Camp David Peace Accords
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Caprivi Strip
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Cartagena Manifesto
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Casablanca Conference
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Cecil Rhodes
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Ashanti or Asante
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Ashikaga (prompt on "Muromachi")
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A contributor to the daily Action Nationale under the pseudonym Abderrahman, he helped Lorimer Denis found Les Groups de Griots. This supporter of Dumarsais Estime placed himself in opposition to Paul Magloire, and when Magloire resigned, this man ran against Louis Dejoie, a mulatto, on a platform of black nationalism. His son nationalized the Tortuga freeport to which this man had agreed, and together with his chief aide, Clement Barbot, this man organized the Voluntary Militia for National Security, better known as the "Bogeymen," or the Tonton Macoutes. A fervent follower of voodoo whose nickname derives from his medical training, FTP, name this dictator of Haiti from 1957 to 1971 who was succeeded by his son Jean-Claude.
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A later version of this document was approved at the same time as a Tome and two notable letters, and the discussion which led to its approval included a debate over the word "homousios." The question of whether a word was written with one or two instances of the letter "nu" is important to its interpretation, and it was accepted by Damasus I after being promulgated at a meeting which established trinitarianism. The "filioque" clause of this document has been rejected by the Eastern churches, and it ends by stating that "we look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come." For ten points, identify this profession of faith, deceptively not issued by a namesake 325 C.E. council.
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After studying law at Lincoln's Inn he worked diligently in the campaign of Dadabhai Naoroji [DA-du-bye NOW-roh-jee], who thus became the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons. He led his side in signing the Lucknow Pact, but would return to London in frustration between 1930 and 1935. Upon his return he spearheaded the attack on the Congress Party and became the preeminent force in the Muslim League. FTP, identify this separatist, the first governor-general of Pakistan.
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After the founding of Ayuthia, the power of this empire declined. This had already begun when their capital was sacked by the rival Chams' state. Its golden age began with the rule of Yasovarman I, a descendant of Jayavarman II, who had united this empire. It held sway over the lower Menam and left its mark with the magnificent temple complex of Angkor Wat. FTP, name this ancient kingdom of Laos and Cambodia that lent its name to a 20th-century Cambodian communist group known as the "rouge".
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Among those present at its signing were Alexander Cadogan and Sumner Welles. It included the provision that the participants would "endeavor... to further the enjoyment by all States... of access... to trade and to... raw materials." Its third point emphasized "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live" and its eighth encouraged all nations to abandon militarism. The meeting at which it was adopted also included a discussion of the Lend-Lease Act but it was not adopted by Josef Stalin. FTP, identify this document signed on the Augusta and Prince of Wales off Newfoundland in August 1941 and in which Churchill and Roosevelt laid out the Allies' war aims.
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An early chronicle of this people's history, the 'Golden Book' or Altan Debter, is now lost. Their traditions included a cooperative annual hunt, the nerge, and they followed a law code known as the Yasa. To avoid spilling royal blood, they employed a method of execution involving rolling people in carpets, which they used to kill al-Mustasim, the last of the Abbasid caliphs. They were defeated by a force led by Qutuz and Baibars at the 1260 battle of Ain Jalut, and two of their expeditions fell victim to the "divine wind," or kamikaze, during attempts to invade Japan. For 10 points, name this people who held an assembly known as quriltai to elect their leaders, or khans.
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An important moment in this nation's history was the June 16 1960 "Mueda Massacre." Ruled by Maoist leader Samora Machel for much of the 1970s and 1980s, in 1992 the U.N. helped end a prolonged Civil War between the resistance movement Renamo and the leading party. Its current president, Joaquim Chissano, is a member of that party, Frelimo, which earlier had led its fight for independence from Portugal. FTP, identify this African nation containing the Zambezi delta which is separated from Madagascar by its namesake channel and has its capital at Maputo.
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As an attorney, this man defended William Brass from rape charges, and later served in a cabinet post under William Henry Draper. His first term in his most famous office saw the assassination of Thomas D'arcy McGee, while he would later return to that office with a protectionist economic program called the National Policy. This politician, who refused to pardon Louis Riel, also formed a coalition government with George Brown, a leader of the rival Clear Grits faction, while later the Pacific Railway scandal forced this man to resign as prime minister. Succeeded in office by Alexander Mackenzie, this is, FTP, which politician who acquired Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory as the first prime minister of Canada?
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Because of his part in the execution of Thomas Scott he was prevented from taking his seat in the House of Commons and eventually forced into exile. On his return to the country, he was put on trial following the fall of Batoche, and a jury entirely consisting of English-speaking Protestants found him guilty of treason. Born in the Red River settlement, he headed the provisional government that negotiated the Manitoba Act. FTP, name this leader of the Métis who was in charge during the 1885 rebellion against the Canadian government.
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To secure western aid, he proclaimed the unity of the western and eastern fronts, but no help came for his 8000 Greek, Venetian, and Genoese troops. The brother of John VIII, after two months of heroic defense, he finally fell while facing 150,000 Turkish besiegers directed by Sultan Muhammed II. FTP, name this defender of Constantinople and last of the Byzantine emperors.
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During his reign, his forces defeated Spain at Jarbah and lost in a battle with the Knights of St. John in an attempt to capture Malta. While serving as governor in the Crimea, he helped his father to build an army. A principle known as the "circle of justice" guided the legal kanuns which he set up, and he supported the ascension of John Zapolya following one of his military victories. Against Rhodes, he used the naval forces enhanced by his grandfather Bayezid II and led by Khayr ad-Din or Barbarossa, though he later failed at the first siege of Vienna. The winner at Mohacs and son of Selim the Grim, this is, FTP, what Ottoman Sultan, who oversaw that empire's "golden age"?
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During this figure's rule, his nation acquired the territory of Karabakh under the Treat of Gulistan. This ruler joined with figures such as Victor Kochubei to form the “Unofficial Committee,†and his government acquired Bessarabia in the Treaty of Bucharest. This man sought to address food shortages by creating agriculturally-based Military Settlements; the ensuing disaster of this plan led this ruler to dismiss Aleksey Arakcheyev. He evaded a plot to kidnap him on the way of the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and was advised for much of his reign by the reform-minded Mikhail Speransky. This architect of the Holy Alliance was rumored to have faked his death and become a misanthropic monk at Pochayiv Lavra, years after agreeing to a treaty negotiated on a raft in the Neman River. The Decembrist revolt occurred in the wake of the death of, for 10 points, what Russian Tsaw who signed the Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon and was succeeded by his brother, Nicholas I?
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Following his 1931 publication of The Spread of the Business Cycle, he was granted a Ph.D in economics by the University of Stockholm. Vice President of the Organization of European Economic Cooperation, he moved further into the field of diplomacy and postwar peacekeeping. Extending the idea of military intervention from the simple stationing of observers to the interposition of substantial emergency forces between the would-be belligerents, he would earn the wrath of both the British and Soviet governments following the Suez Canal crisis. His successors never further developed the position's power, being unsure of their position and perhaps wary of possible unexplained plane crashes. FTP name the second Secretary General of the UN who served from 1953 to 1961 and was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
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Henry Barth discovered its Royal Chronicles or Diwan in 1850, four years after its late struggles with the Fulani caused it to be absorbed by the Wadai Kingdom. Trade allowed their first capital, Njimi, to grow wealthy and under rulers like Umme they converted to Islam. Idris Alooma came to power in 1575 and extended their kingdom with his wars. It was the rise of the upstart Bulala people that forced the capital to move west of Lake Chad resulting in this empire's oddly hyphenated name. FTP identify this African kingdom ruled by the Seyf dynasty.
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In 1202 Bishop Albert von Buxhoevden founded an Order of Knights to forcibly convert this region's native pagan tribes to Christianity. The region was split at the Dvina River after Russia invaded the region in 1558 and captured Narva and Dorpat. The region's protecting order was dissolved in 1561, two years after it had recognized Polish-Lithuanian sovereignty in return for protection. Eventually ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, one cause of the Great Northern War was Charles XII's invasion of this territory. For 10 points, name this historical region that included nearly all of modern Latvia and Estonia.
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One leader of this political entity overthrew Agustín Gamarra to create the short-lived "Confederation." Andrés de Santa Cruz also promoted the enormously regressive taxation scheme that provided much of this nation's revenues and persisted until the rule of Narciso Campero ended that of the caudillos. Such taxation was necessary after this country's mines at Potosi ran dry; schemes to acquire other mineral wealth led to the Acre incident with Brazil and defeat in the Chaco War by Paraguay. FTP, name this nation, initially led by Sucre and named for his commander, a man known as "El Libertador."
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One leader of this polity died after being defeated by Jose Castelo Branco's forces at Tacuarembo, though that leader had earlier won a decisive victory in the Battle of Las Piedras. This polity saw a group of thirty-three men led by Antonio Lavalleja declare it to be part of the southern United Provinces, and it was previously annexed by its northern neighbor into the Cisplatine Province. Colonia del Sacramento was the first major city founded in this country, which was led by Jose de Artigas. This country gained independence through an 1828 treaty brokered by Britain, after which it saw a war between factions led by Fructuoso Rivera and Manuel Oribe. For 10 points, identify this South American country which saw intermittent conflicts between the Blancos and Colorados and was originally named the Banda Oriental.
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One of his earlier purges targeted members of the Lango and Acholi tribes in the army, most of whom supported his main political rival. During his rise to power, he gained goodwill by dissolving the secret police and ordering a state funeral for King Freddie; though when he ruled, his home at the Nile Mansions hotel became an infamous center of torture and executions. A 1979 counter-invasion ordered by Julius Nyerere saw the army of Tanzania drive him out, leading to his replacement by the man he had earlier deposed, Milton Obote. FTP, name this former dictator of Uganda.
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One of its notable battles was Lone Pine, and Major General Fuller famously said of another battle, Sari Bair, "a battle of valor run waste. Three battles were fought to a standstill at Krithia, but it was control of Suvla Bay that was the objective. Due to Hamilton and Birdwood's ineptitude, by December the ANZAC corps was evacuated. FTP, name this campaign waged for most of 1915 in which the British sought to take control of the Dardanelles.
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One of the most important medieval natives of this city was Vannoccio Biringuccio, whose On Pyrotechnics is the first modern work on metallurgy. This city won a major victory when Bocca degli Abati treacherously cut off the hand of his own army's standard bearer, after which their army triumphed at Montaperti. After the assassination of Niccolo Borghese, this city was controlled by Pandolfo Petrucci, who was forced to flee after becoming involved in a plot against Cesare Borgia. Horse races known as the Corso del Palio are held in its central Piazza del Campo, which is also the location of a large Public Palace which contains the Gaia Fountain and some notable frescoes depicting the effects of good government. FTP, name this Tuscan city which was said to have been founded by Romulus's nephew Senius, a long-time rival of Florence whose famous natives include Duccio and Saint Catherine.
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One of this country's most popular historical figures, Omukama, used the Kibiro salt mines to expand the power base of its Bunyoro Kingdom, which eventually united with Kitara state. The Kabaka of its largest constitutent was deposed in 1953 in a boneheaded move by Colonial Governor Andrew Cohen, who was forced to reinstate Edward Mutessa II after surviving several near-lynchings. This country's current ruler rose to power after organizing the National Resistance Movement in the Luweero Triangle. When not gaining omnipotence by having sex with children, raging psychopath Joseph Kony leads an Acholi-backed militant group in this country, which saw Operation Thunderbolt in 1976. That commando raid led to the death of Yoni Netanyahu after a hijacked Air France flight landed at this country's Entebbe airfield. For 10 points, name this East African country ruled by Milton Obote and Idi Amin from its capital of Kampala.
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One squadron at Mingaladon defended Mandalay, while two more protected the Burma Road. Although they outperformed the Royal Air Force in the defense of Rangoon, the fall of their bases in Burma forced them over "the hump" into the interior of China, where they fought near Chungking. Absorbed into the Tenth Air Force after July 1942, they continued under the leadership of the man who raised them, Claire Chennault. In imitation of the British Desert Air Force, their P-40 Tomahawk fighters were painted with shark's teeth, though the origins of their association with a different animal are mysterious. FTP, give this term for the American Volunteer Group, pilots who fought against the Japanese before America entered the Second World War.
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Prior to this event the so-called "Brigandage at Ephesus" saw Dioscorus of Alexandria force the reversal of Flavian's decision that Eutyches [YOO-tuh-keez] was a heretic, and Dioscorus did not allow representatives of Pope Leo to read his written opinion. That work was the basis of deliberations that began shortly after the death of Emperor Theodosius II and the accession of Marcian. It accepted as canonical both the Tome and the Two Letters of Cyril, the latter of which refuted the Nestorian heresy. The current orthodox doctrine that the Second Person of the Trinity has two natures was determined at, FTP, what council that took place in 451 near Constantinople and condemned the Monophysite heresy?
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Producer of the Ram tank based on the American M3 tank, during World War II, its commanders included Andrew McNaughten and Henry Crerar, while its most notable commander during World War I was Arthur Currie. During that war, its forces were regarded as an elite force and left alone by the Germans after the Battle of Vimy Ridge, and ships in its navy included the Athabaskan, Nootka, Micmac, and Haida, which is preserved at Hamilton. Its 3rd Infantry Division was the primary landing force at Juno Beach during Normandy landings, and in 1945, it possessed the world's third-largest navy. FTP, name this Commonwealth country.
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She studied French language and literature in Paris in the 1950s, but returned to her native country to teach French in the secondary schools. Later serving as a professor of French drama at the local university, she spent a longer period of time working with the Althing. FTP, name this Icelandic politician, the first woman to be elected head of any modern state.
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The Permanent Central Opium Board, the Commission of Enquiry for European Union, and the Nansen International Office for Refugees were among the approximately 20 major agencies it created. Governed by an Assembly that had no legislative power and a Council that could only act on a unanimous vote, it proved utterly unable to enforce the Sixteenth Article of its charter, which provided for joint military action in the event of aggression against one of its members. For 10 points name this subject of Woodrow Wilson's fourteenth Point.
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The Straits of La Perouse and Tartary were declared open. Negotiations were originally to be held at Oyster Bay, but John McClane suggested a location change to Wenworth-by-the-Sea. The cause of the Hibiya riots, the agreement ordered the lease of Talien and Port Arthur on the Liaodong Peninsula, as well as the mutual evacuation of Manchuria by both Russia and Japan. For 10 points, name this treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War that earned Theodore Roosevent a Nobel Prize, signed in a New Hampshire city.
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The author of the "Letter on the Boukman Rebellion," this man delivered one of his most famous speeches upon taking Port Republican and Fort Bizoton. His conflict with Thomas Maitland prompted a reliance on the brutal policies of Andre Rigaud, and he destroyed infrastructure in a feud with the extremist Sonthonax. Eventually captured by Charles LeClerc, Napoleon's brother-in-law, this man was then succeeded by Jean-Jaques Dessalines, who changed the name of the country this man founded from Saint-Domingue. FTP, identify this leader of the only successful slave revolt in history and father of Haitian independence.
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The beginnings of this event were inspired by a lecture by the hydrologist Victor Prompt and the original plan was to send Parfait-Louis Monteil. After this event, the ambassador Paul Cambon signed an addition to Article IV of the Niger Convention the location was renamed Kodok, and a resolution was made through negotiations between Lord Salisbury and Delcasse. It began when Gabriel Hanotaux ordered a group of one hundred fifty sharpshooters under the future General Charles Mangin and Major Jean-Baptiste Marchand to march two thousand miles to this location, arriving there on July 10, about two months before the arrival of men under Lord Kitchener. FTP, identify this crisis named for the Nile outpost at which it occurred; a dispute that nearly led to war between France and Britain.
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The causes of this war included the construction of Mennonite settlements in a disputed region, rumors of new petroleum deposits there, and the recent Tacna-Arica Settlement. When the League of Nations failed as a mediator, the German-trained Bolivian army was expected to win easily, but the inability of the Bolivian Indian conscripts to adapt to the region's weather combined with the tactical skill of Jose Felix Estigarribia led to a Paraguayan victory. FTP, name this 1932-35 war between Bolivia and Paraguay fought over a piece of lowland territory.
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The declaration that formally established this dynasty was made on Kulan Mountain. The first Westerner to discover their ruins was Henri Mahout, though stories of the elegance of its capital had been told much earlier by a visiting Chinese emissary, Zhou Daguan. Among the landmarks in its main capital were the temples Ta Prohm, the Baphuon, and Ta Keo, the first of which was made entirely from sandstone. A complex at Roulos formed the original capital of this empire, which expanded through its conquest of the Mon Kingdom and eventually that of Champa, though it would later fall itself to the Ayutthaya [ay-yut-THIGH-yuh]. Rajendravarman II, Suryavarman II, and the founder Jayavarman II were among the notable rulers of, FTP, what medieval empire of South Asia centered around Angkor in present-day Cambodia?
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The fifth one had a name that translates as "splendid accountant," while the fourth was a famed athlete who was said to have been born with all the teeth in his mouth. The seventh was abducted at an early age, and his sadness led to his name which means "blood-crying." The ninth reorganized his state into a system of four apos, each of which controlled four provinces known as suyu. The first wife of each of them was known as the Qolla and was his full sister, and they officially took their position after a visit to Mount Huanacauri. The ninth conquered the Chimu people, but the adoption of succession rules similar to those of the Chimu did not prevent war between the successors of Huyna and Ninan Cuyochi. FTP, identify these men, who include Pachacuti, Manco Capac, and the unfortunate Atahualpa.
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The first holder of this office was bailed out of a volatile political environment when the murder of US diplomat Robert Imbrie by an angry mob enabled him to institute an expansive crackdown on his critics. The second failed miserably by attempting the same strategy in the wake of the Cinema Rex fire in a city heavily developed by that predecessor, a veteran of the Cossack Brigade. At the advice of the minister Teymourtash, the first of them signed the Treaty of Saadabad and developed Abadan, while the second was forced to allow supply of the USSR through a certain "Corridor"during WWII. That man used the brutal SAVAK to crack down on dissidents and was brought to power after Kermit Roosevelt organized Operation AJAX to supplant Mohammed Mossadeq, only to fall himself to Kohmeini's Islamic Revolution. For 10 points, identify position held by two Pahlavis, a monarchical office which ruled from Tehran.
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The foremost scholar of this man is Jadunath Sarkam. This man's grandson came to the throne five years after his death, but only ruled for a year before being succeeded by a man who would be murdered after being overthrown by the Saiyid brothers. This man fought early battles at Samugarh, alongside his brother Murad, and at Deorai where he secured his throne against Dara Shikoh. Later in life he executed the guru Tegh Bahadur and imposed the jizya tax on non-Muslims. His military history mostly consists of failures: his son nearly overthrew him with the help of the Rajputs, and he was never able to suppress his greatest enemies, Sambhaji and Sivaji, who were chiefs of the Marathans. The father and predecessor of Bahadur Shah I, FTP, name this son of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor from 1658 to 1707.
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The grandson of this dynasty's founder was overthrown in a coup by his uncle, the Prince of Yan. This dynasty's last emperor, Chongzhen, was dethroned by the peasant Li Zicheng. Its first emperor came to power during the Red Turban Rebellion and was known as Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor. One of its rulers, the Yong-le emperor, sent Zheng He on exploratory naval missions, commissioned the Forbidden City, and moved the capital to Beijing. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Yuan and preceded the Qing, known for its porcelain.
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The killing of Chief Waruhu marked the first serious threat of the Land Freedom Army, but the most brutal incident was the beating of 85 unarmed prisoners in what was termed the Hola Massacre. Based on an oath "not to let the white man rule us forever", the name by which this incident is now known did not even exist in the language of the native Kikuyu, over 100,000 of whom were killed in battle and concentration camps. FTP, Jomo Kenyatta was imprisoned during what rebellion of 1950s and 60s Kenya.
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The king universally considered the greatest of this state was responsible for defeating the Gajapatis of Orissa and adding the Raichur Doab to this empire's territory. That king was given a glowing review by the Portuguese travel writer Domingo Paes, who wrote about this state. This state was ruled by the Saluva and Tuluva dynasties after its initial founding by the house of Sangama, including its first kings Bukka and Harihara. This polity's namesake capital was destroyed after its leader Rama Raya was killed by a four-sultan alliance during the Battle of Talikota. That began its final decline, during which it was ruled by Tirumala from the city of Penukonda. Ethnic Kannadas and Tamils were second-class citizens in this state, which was ruled by Telugus, and incorporated the preceeding Hoysala empire into its Hindu bulwark against the Muslim sultanates of the north. For 10 points, name this empire which ruled from modern-day Andhra Pradesh in the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries.
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The last king of this dynasty was Brithadratha, who was overthrown by the military commander Pushyamitra Sunga. In constant opposition to the Chola dynasty in the south, this family's rulers included Dasaratha and Devadharma, and its most famous member's son Mahinda supposedly brought Buddhism to Sri Lanka. Its founder's most famous advisor was the statesman Kautilya and at its extent it saw the unification of all of northern India. FTP, identify this Indian dynasty founded by Chandragupta whose most famous member was Ashoka.
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The leader of one side of this battle was nearly trapped on top of Mount Gilboa while scouting. Shortly after this battle, one commander launched a naval campaign against Cyprus. That force feigned a retreat, joining with their hill-hidden soldiers and then raining arrows on the enemy. One side's troops were augmented with Cilician Armenians, and prior to it, one side displayed the other's envoys's headson Bab Zuweila. The first recorded instance of hand cannon use occured here, where the Christian Turk Kitbuya Noyan commanded the losing side. It was followed by the First Battle of the Horns and the assassination of the leader Qutuz by the general Baybars. For 10 points, name this 1260 victory of the Mamluks and symbolic furthest advance of the Mongol army.
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The most famous person given this name was a UCLA graduate who was granted a full pardon in 1977 by Gerald Ford. She had been jailed for six years after a media outburst demanded she be put on trial upon her return to the United States thirty years before her pardon. Using the name "Orphan Ann" while doing the program "Zero Hour," she was only convicted on the charge that she "did speak into a microphone concerning the loss of ships." FTP, identify this name under which Iva Toguri was charged for treason, which American GIs gave to any English-Speaking female broadcasters of Japanese propaganda during WWII.
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The pre-colonial history of this country included a kingdom of the Efik people at Calabar, where Mary Slessor went as a missionary. Samuel Ajayi Crowther was this nation's first native bishop. Usman dan Fodio declared jihad in what would become this country, founding a sultanate at Sokoto. This country also contained the Oyo Kingdom. Olauduh Equiano was born here, and Nnamdi Azikiwe led an independence movement here. Odumegwu Ojukwu began a civil war in this country, whose colonial history was marked by palm oil trade. The Fulani and Hausa ethnic groups are prominent in this nation's north, and its southeastern Igbo people created the secessionist Republic of Biafra. For 10 points, name this country, which was ruled as part of British West Africa from Lagos.
all of which were won back by armies under his command, gains cemented by the 1923 Conference of Lausanne. A participant in the Gallipoli campaign, his political reforms included an overhaul of the legal codes, the introduction of Western-style surnames, and the removal a constitutional provision naming Islam as state religion. FTP, name this 20th century Turkish statesman.
The son of a customs official and lumber merchant, he rose to power by riding the wave of popular discontent caused by the Treaty of Sevres, which gave Greek soldiers control over cities like Dumlupinar, Sakarya, and Izmir
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The treaty concluding it included the Hatti-Humayun charter, which completed the Tanzimat reforms. It was precipitated when one side demanded recognition of its rights by way of the Treaty of Küchük Kainarji, pressed by Prince Menshikov. Defeat at Rutchuk and the breaking of the siege of Silistria coupled with threats of Austrian action alone the Danube led to a Russian withdrawal from that theater. The "massacre of Sinope" encouraged British and French intervention, but better known is the 11-month siege of Sebastopol. Best known for the Battle of Balaklava, memorialized in Lord Tennyson's "Charge of the Light Brigade", this is, FTP, what 1853-56 war, named for a Ukrainian peninsula in the Black Sea.
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The treaty ending this war stipulated that plebiscites would be held in the provinces of Tacna and Arica ten years later, though that did not occur for another 46 years. That treaty, signed at Ancon, forced the capitulation of this conflict's instigator, president Hilarion Daza. The war started after Daza broke a promise by raising taxes on a foreign-owned nitrate company, a move he would regret following the occupation of the entire province of Antofagasta by Chile. FTP, name this war that saw Chile occupy much of Peru and Bolivia, taking away all of Bolivia's namesake coastline.
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The turning point in this battle came with Hasbrouck's defense of St. Vith and McAuliffe's holding of the vital communications center at Bastogne. It began when German forces broke through a portion of the Allied line with a surprise attack on the "Ghost Front", and was intended to take Antwerp. Despite bad weather that kept Allied air forces grounded early in the fighting, the German forces were soon repulsed. Also known as the * Ardennes Campaign, FTP, what was this last major German offensive of WWII?
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Their historic precursors were the Marabouts [mar-eh-boots] and they conquered and incorporated the Berghouata peoples into their ranks. They fought to a standstill with the forces of Alfonso VI and their ascent spelled doom for Ghana, as they took Kumbi Saleh after a 10-year siege. Although a loss at the Battle of Ourique began to mark their decline, some fragments of their empire, such as the Banu Ghanya, continued to fight, even after Marrakech, the city founded by their general Yusub ibn Tashufin, fell to their similarly-named successors. FTP, name this Berber empire that controlled nearly all of Muslim Spain at its height, but was finally replaced by the Almohads.
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They arose from the Lambunah, Gudalah, and Massafah Berber tribes from the Sahara who responded to the doctrinal teachings of Abd'Allah Ibn Yasin, drawing their name from the island fortress to which Ibn Yasin had retreated in religious ecstasy. Under leaders like Abu Bakr al-Lamtuni, Yosuf Ibn Tashufin, and Ali Ibn Yosuf they threw back the onslaughts of the Castillians and ruled an empire which included all of Muslim Spain and North Africa up to Algeria, which they ruled from their capital at Marrakech. FTP name this 11th and 12th century Muslim people eventually driven out of Spain by Castile and succeeded in North Africa by the Almohads.
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This city, the capital of Sogdiana in the 4th century B.C., lay uninhabited from 1720 to 1770 but later recovered to serve, from 1924 to 1936, as capital of a Soviet state. In the older part of the city, one can still find three Islamic schools, one of which was headed by astronomer Ulugh Beg, the grandson of the man who ruled out of the city after it achieved independence from the Mongols in 1365. FTP, name this endpoint of a literary "golden journey," located in present-day Uzbekistan, the capital of the empire of Tamerlane.
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This dispute started over a civil war in which one side favored the Blanco regime, while another sought military reprisals for injuries upon their subjects. Culminating in the final Battle of Cerro Corá, this war was declared on another participant after Bartolomé Mitre refused to allow troops to cross his territory. A secret alliance, made by Brazil and Argentina with General Venancio Flores of the Colorado faction, brought Uruguay into this war. Begun by the dictator Francisco Solano López, FTP, identify this 1865-70 South American conflict that pitted Paraguay against three nations.
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This man's government reclaimed for the state the al-madbut lands formerly held by tax farmers. His teenage son Toussoun was dispatched to the Hejaz to reclaim Mecca and Medina from a Wahhabist insurgency. This victor at the Battle of Nizip introduced the farming of cotton to his country and annexed Syria, only stopping in the face of European opposition. Earlier, he sponsored Tahir Pasha's losing fleet at the last battle fought between wooden ships, Navarino. He came to power when he was put in charge of three hundred soldiers who were to fight the French occupation, and within seven years this Albanian was named wali by Selim III. For 10 points, name this governor who established an effectively independent Egypt.
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This ruler gave permission to Gracia Mendes Nasi to rebuild a settlement in the city of Tiberias. This leader fought against the Safavid leader Tahmasp I before agreeing to the Peace of Amasya. On this leader's death, an elegy was written by the poet Baki. This ruler also made use of the architectural talents of the mosque builder Sinan. After a request for a tribute was refused, he won a battle where Louis II lost his life, which led to this ruler supporting John Zapolya for the Hungarian throne. His victory at Mohacs preceded this man's unsuccessful siege of Vienna. For 10 points, name this ruler whose rule proved to be the peak of the Ottoman Empire.
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This treaty demanded that the losing nation supply war-ravaged nations with livestock and that the Yugoslav kingdom would receive annual allotments of coal for five years. Revisions were sought under dictator Miklós Horthy, especially the return of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia, which both went to Czechoslovakia; and Transylvania and the Banat Region, which both went to Romania. By this treaty, the losing nation's army was limited to 35,000 men and financial reparations to the Allies were to be made by May 1, 1921. FTP, identify this 1920 treaty between the Allies and Hungary after WWI.
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This treaty prompted the Triple Intervention of Russia, France, and Germany, who were concerned with the balance of power. The victor of the preceding conflict was given a war indemnity of 200 million Kuping taels, in addition to the Pesacdores Islands and the southern portion of Fêngtien, while Korea was granted independence. Signed by Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu and Count Ito Hirobumi for the Japanese, and Li Hung-Chang and Li Ching-Fong for the Chinese, FTP, identify this 1895 treaty that ended the First Sino-Japanese War.
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Though he was to be burned at the stake, Vincente de Valverde converted him on his death-bed and he was strangled instead. He was enjoying a recent military victory at the hot springs in Cajamarca when a force of 180 men arrived to take him hostage. The son of an Ecuadorian princess, he ruled the Northern part of his empire until his victory over Huascar in 1532 consolidated the empire, but his supreme rule was cut short by the former governor of Panama, Francisco Pizarro. FTP identify this 13th and last emperor of the Incan empire.
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Towards the end of this dynasty the Imperial Tutor Zhang Juzheng attempted to reinstate many obsolete government reforms, gaining power over Emperor Zhu Yijun, or the Wanli Emperor. Other rulers included Zhu Di, or the Yongle Emperor, whose most important act was dispatching the eunuch admiral Zheng He on a south seas expedition; and Zhu Zhanji, the fifth emperor of this dynasty. Its end was precipitated by Li's Rebellion and Nurhaci's victory in Manchuria. FTP, identify this Chinese dynasty that was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang and best known for its vases.
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When his son was dying, this ruler offered his life instead, walking around his son's bed seven times in prayer. Later that year, his son recovered, and he took ill, dying shortly thereafter. Following his decisive defeat at Sar-e-Pol, he lost much of his territory and was forced to run from the forces of Muhammad Shaybani Khan, ruler of the Uzbeks beyond the Syr Darya. He consolidated his forces for more than twenty years before raiding into the kingdom of Malwa and then capturing Gujarat and Udaipur in one swift stroke. This ruler of Fergana and descendant of Tamerlane would finally come into his own when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1525. FTP, name this Muslim ruler who founded the Mughal empire.
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While in Paris he studied with German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, and while in Rome, on the heights of the Monte Sacro, he made the pledge that would become his life's work. During his first exile, he penned the famous "Letter from Jamaica," in which he outlined his grand scheme. This followed his call to throw off the yoke of Ferdinand VII in his Cartagena Manifesto. Sadly, he died in obscurity following the crushing news that his compatriot Antonio Jose de Sucre had been assassinated. FTP, name this man known as the "Liberator" in his native Venezuela.
El Salvador
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Emperor Hirohito
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First Vatican Council or Vatican I (prompt on "Vatican")
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Francisco Indalécio Madero
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Francisco Pizarro
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François "Papa Doc" Duvalier (accept "Papa Doc," prompt on "Duvalier")
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Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar
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Gallipoli
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Gallipoli Campaign or Dardanelles Campaign
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Gallipoli campaign [accept Dardanelles campaign]
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Gallipoli or Dardanelles Campaign
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Georgia
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Getulio Dornelles Vargas
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Ghana (Accept Wagadu before it's mentioned)
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the Jameson raid
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the United Arab Republic
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Francois Duvalier or Pap Doc Duvalier (prompt on just "Duvalier" or just "Papa Doc")
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Ehud
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Activism on their behalf began in earnest with 1938's "Day of Mourning" and 1992's Mabo decision, as well as 1996's Wik decision, which made major headway in recognizing their claim rights after they were stripped by the Protection Acts. Neville Bonner was the first of them to sit in parliament after his 1971 election, only nine years after they had been enfranchised. The subject of John Hawke's controversial "compact of understanding," they practiced "firestick farming" and had been exterminated in one province after the Black War. FTP, identify this group whose dispersal to state wardship in the early twentieth century is referred to as the "stolen generation;" the natives of Australia.
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Beginning with the subjugation of neighboring tribes by the Denkyira people, Osei Tutu led a rebel group that became this kingdom, taking its name from the word meaning "because of war." Transportation in this kingdom was almost entirely foot-based, with messengers traveling the eight "great roads." With capital at Kumasi, this kingdom was founded at the beginning of the 18th century and was overrun by the British towards the end of the 19th century. FTP, identify this kingdom centered in present-day Ghana most famous for an object created by sorcerer Okomfo Anokye, the Golden Stool.
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Christian Falsen created one of these in Norway, and Namik Kemal agitated for one of these in the Ottoman Empire, getting his wish during the rule of Abdulhamid II. Another one, known by its supportes as the "sacred codex," appeared in 1812 and is known as the one "of Cadiz" in Spain. Sun Yat-Sen advocated for the "five-power" one in China, Walter Bagehot wrote a book about the mythical English one, and the French National Assembly ordered a "civil" one "of the clergy" passed in 1790. For 10 points, name these documents, whose American version incorporates the Connecticut Compromise and three-fifths compromise and has twenty-seven amendments.
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Despite the dissolution of the USSR, it is still alive, and its member countries were considering condemning the US for the missile attacks on Sudan in August. Primarily consisting of Asian and African countries, its leaders included Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru and Gamel Abdel Nasser. It was formally organized at a 1961 conference in Belgrade, but its origins can be traced to the Bandung Conference of 1955. FTP, name this loose grouping of countries that resisted joining either the Western or Soviet blocs.
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Even opponents of this ruler praised his passing of the National Forest initiative. One action directed against him revolved around the Extraordinary Parliament, which elevated his rival to a de jure political office; this was known as the National Protection War. To support this ruler, the most profitable governmental department formed the Communications Clique. He was forced to agree to some of the 21 Demands and drew upon the advice of Frank Goodnow. He was offered the rank of First Marquis after resolving the Wuchang Uprising, during which this assassin of Song Jiaoren commanded the Beiyang Army. He took the hilarious reign title Constitutional Abundance and attempted to declare himself Emperor, but died in disgrace in 1916. FTP, identify this greatest military ruler of China's Warlord Period, who ruled as a dictator between the end of Manchu power and the rise of the Republic.
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Following a rebel victory at Junin, Spanish viceroy Jose de la Serna led a march of 10,000 men through the Andes against them. After a strategic retreat, the rebels attacked near this site in southern Peru, before the Spaniards could get organized. Opening the attack with a daring cavalry charge by the Colombian Jose Maria Cordoba, the viceroy surrendered to the Venezuelan general, Antonio Jose de Sucre. FTP, identify this December 9, 1824 battle which marked the end of Spanish power over South America.
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Nicholas Geffrard restored republican government to this nation in 1859 after 10 years of tyrannical rule under emperor Faustin I. Ruled by the U.S. military from 1915 to 1934, Elie Lescot took power after Stenio Vincent's resignation, and was in turn overthrown by Dumarsais Estimé. Ten years later, Paul Magloire would be overthrown by the organizer of the Tontons Macoute, who would later allow his nineteen-year-old son to succeed to the presidency-for-life. FTP, name this Caribbean nation ruled treacherously by the Duvalier family and more humanely by Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
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Suppressing the Kabylian uprising of Muhammad al-Muqrani was the last stage in the conquest of this colony, which began forty years earlier with the surrender of the janissaries defending its capital against naval invasion. While the towns of the Mitidja plain fell quickly, treaties devised by Clauzel and Desmichels fell apart, and war resumed in 1839 between the forces of Abd-el-Kader, leader of a Sufi brotherhood, and General Bugeaud's Foreign legionnaires. Bugead's victory allowed the arrival of the colonists known as pied-noirs, who later stubbornly resisted its independence movement, the FLN. FTP, name this Mediterranean colony ruled by the French until it was granted independence in 1962 after ten years of civil war.
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United in 1632 by King Fasilides, its first permanent capital was Gonder. Home to the monolithic churches of King Lalibela, the youngest member of the Zagwe dynasty, a major event in its modern history was its repudiation of the Treaty of Ucciali, which led to its 1896 victory over Italy at Adowa, led by Menelik II. FTP, what is this African country whose most famous 20th century ruler was Haile Seslassie?
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After helping to overthrow two successive governments, he briefly withdrew from politics and devoted himself to a group of smalltime white collar criminals known as the Green Gang during the mid-1910s. He converted to Christianity in 1930 under the influence of his wife's family, the Soongs, but four years later he began the New Life Movement, a neo-Confucian state cult. He had spent two years in the Japanese army as a youth, and he later could be convinced to resist the Japanese occupation only after being kidnapped in the Xian incident. This Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army succeeded Sun Yat Sen as the leader of the Kuomingtang, and he later became the first president of Taiwan. FTP, name this leader of the Nationalist forces which opposed Mao Zedong's Communists in the Chinese civil war.
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After his accession in 1556 at age thirteen he quickly defeated a Hindu army led by Hemu and a Punjab based Afghan kingdom headed by Sikander Shah Sur. Soon after he removed himself from the control of his regent, Biaram Khan. By the age of twenty in he had recovered the entire kingdom of his father, Humayun, and was ready to expand, eventually conquering the Rajput states, Gujaret, Bengal, Kashmir, and Afghanistan, but failing to take the Deccan. He was tolerant of Non-Muslim religions and created a highly centralized state. FTP name this Great Mughal, the grandfather of Shah Jahan and grandson of Babur.
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After its 1999 election, Prime Minister Jonathan Motzfeldt was re-elected and the Social-Democratic and Socialist Parties share power in its parliament, the Landsting. Interestingly, Motzfeldt's brother Josef is head of the Marxist Eskimo Brotherhood, which calls for total independence. As with the Faroe Islands, it is represented by two parliament members in the democratic monarchy that controls it. FTP, with capital at Nuuk (noo-uk), name this large island administrated by Denmark.
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After leaving his homeland, he worked in Costa Rica as a time-keeper on a banana plantation, where he became concerned about black working conditions. He later launched the Edelweiss Amusement Company and traveled to Geneva to present the "Petition of the Negro Race" to the League of Nations. He wrote about his cause in a newspaper called The Watchman, and to promote worldwide commerce among black communities, he ran the Black Star Line. FTP, name this founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, the Jamaican-born founder of the Back to Africa movement.
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After publishing a study of native languages he began his administrative career under Lord Minto in Penang, but after a nearby colony was wrested from French control he was promoted to Lt. Governor and instituted numerous reforms. That period of his life is recounted in The History of Java, which earned him election to the Royal Society and would pave the way for his founding of the London Zoo. His greatest achievement occurred in 1819 when he crossed the Straits of Malacca and established a port on the southern tip of Malaya. FTP identify this explorer and statesman who founded Singapore.
antitrust laws or competition law [accept clear equivalents involving monopoly early]
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apartheid
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chopsticks
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climb Mount Everest
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constitutions
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fall of Constantinople (or siege of Constantinople or reasonable equivalents mentioning Constantinople specifically being defeated/taken)
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janissaries
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presidents of Mexico [accept word forms; prompt on partial answer; prompt on generic answers like leader of Mexico; do not accept “Prime Minister of Mexicoâ€]
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the 'Abbasid Dynasty [or 'Abbasid Caliphate; prompt on Muslim Empire or Islamic Empire]
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the 4th Crusade [prompt on Sack of Constantinople or similar answers until "Fulk of Neuilly"]
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the Abbasid Caliphate
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the Amritsar Massacre
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the Atlantic Charter
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the Ayyubid dynasty
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the Fashoda incident
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the Golden Hind [accept The Pelican before it is read]
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the Khazars
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the Maya (Mayans)
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the Ming dynasty
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the Mongols
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the Mughal empire (or: Mogul empire)
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the Nation of Islam (prompt on "Black Muslims")
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the Opium Wars (accept Anglo-Chinese Wars before the word "substance" is mentioned)
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the Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople [accept pretty much anything with Ottoman or Turkish; Constantinople, Byzantium or Istanbul; and a word that means conquest or siege in it; prompt on things like the Sack of Constantinople]
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the Republic of Bolivia [or República de Bolivia]
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the Second Anglo-Boer War [prompt on South African War]
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the Second Crusade
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the Second White Lotus Rebellion [or Chuan chu bái lián jiào qi yì; or Pai-lien chiao]
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the Sino-Japanese War
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the Six Days' War
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the Sui dynasty
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the Sung dynasty
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the Third Crusade
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the Treaty of Kanagawa (or: The Treaty of Amity and Friendship)
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the Treaty of Waitangi
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the Umayyad Dynasty [or Umayyad Caliphate; prompt on Islamic Caliphate, Muslim Caliphate, Islamic Empire, or Muslim Empire]
...
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Its end began with the revolt of the emperor Daigo II, who gained power after defeating the Hojo and factions like the Kitabatake and Kusunoki. During this period, the Lotus Sect was founded by Nichiren, Eisai propagated the Rinzai branch of the Zen Sect, and two unsuccessful Mongol invasions weakened the government. This Japanese period was begun by Minamoto Yoritomo and named for the site of its military government. FTP, identify this period that followed the Ashikaga period, lasting roughly from 1185-1333.
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Its era was chronicled in the Masukagami and court officials during its namesake period included the Rensho, the Minamikata, and Kitakata, collectively known as the Rokuhara Tandai. Provincial power was held by appointed officials with the title of shugo. The Jokyu incident, an early attempt to end its rule, was led by Go-Toba and was defeated at the Third Battle of Uji by the Hojo clan, who served as the true rulers following the death of Minamoto. At Hakata Bay it fended off the Mongol invasions, but eventually fell victim to the intrigues of Emperor Go-Daigo. FTP, name this shogunate established by the Gempei War whose rule was sandwiched between the Heian and Ashikaga periods.
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Its final section asserts that the Japanese government should be informed and makes specific reference to article 9 of the London Pact from the previous year. That article considered Anatolian promises made to Italy. Winston Churchill's White Paper was needed to clarify seemingly contradictory terms in it, as well as other secret promises and agreements reached at St. Jean de Maurienne, San Remo, and Sèvres. It did not directly consider any Hejazi lands, but did allocate the cities of Acre and Haifa to Great Britain and set much of the modern Iraqi-Syrian border. FTP, name this agreement of 1916 which split the Middle East into spheres of influence, named for a British and a French diplomat.
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Its first colonial governor was Louis Gustave Binger, who waged a campaign against Almany Samory, a Maninka chieftain who was finally defeated in 1898. Its first independent president was succeeded by Henri Bédié upon his death in 1993, ending the thirty-three year rule of the founder of the RDA. Leadership has been more volatile in recent years, with the 1999 Christmas Eve coup displacing Henri Bédié in favor of Robert Gueï, who engaged in intermittent warfare with Laurent Gbagbo afterwards. Before being governed by the lengthy rule Félix Houphouët-Boigny, this nation was an overseas territory of France, which still has four thousand peacekeeping troops stationed here as of 2006. FTP, name this West African country with a French name, whose capital was moved to Yamoussoukro from Abidjan.
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Its first component was the Declaration of Principles, which promised, among other things, the formation of a Committee for Economic Cooperation that was to include the Electricity Developent Program. The APF formed as a coalition of those opposed to this treaty, and a key mediator in the negotiation of this treaty was the man who was later criticized for declaring the West "stingy" in response to the 2004 tsunami, Jan Egeland. Almost immediately after the signing of these documents, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre soured relations between the parties. Including a change to the charter of one party to remove clauses about the "destruction" of the other, the completion of its first phase was signified by a celebrated handshake on the White House lawn. For 10 points, name this 1993 series of agreements between Yitzhak Rabin and Yassir Arafat on Palestinian autonomy.
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Its first conquest, under the Sufi head of Ardabil, dispossed the Uzbek horde known as the "white sheep" of its future capital. It came to power in Azerbaijan with the aid of the "Red Heads" or Qizilbash and the official language was Azeri during the rule of Ismail I. Its most powerful ruler hired an English military adventurer to train his ghulam slaves in modern musketry, take the offensive against the Ottomans, and expel the Portuguese traders who had settled at Hormuz. Interrupted briefly by Nadir Shah, then finally supplanted by the Zand and Qajar dynasties, it saw the movement of the capital from Tabriz to Isfahan. FTP, Shah Abbas I was a member of this Shi'ite Iranian dynasty that lasted from 1501 to 1760.
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Its first ruler was defeated by an army led by Ulchi Mundok at Salsu, where almost 300,000 troops were said to have been killed. That victory saved the Koguryo dynasty, which had been under attack by an emperor who took the throne after assassinating his older brother and his father. During this dynasty, the architect Yu-wen K'ai redesigned the capital of Ta-hsing, which was renamed Ch'ang-an. Its last ruler, Kung Ti, ruled for only a year, while its second emperor rebuilt the Great Wall and began to build the Grand Canal system. After Yang Ti was assassinated, Li Yuan would reunite the empire under the next dynasty. FTP, name this Chinese dynasty founded by Wen-ti in 581 AD, which unified China for a short time before being supplanted in 618 by the Tang.
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Its first ruler wrote a memoir in the Chagatai language which includes discussions of his victories at Khanua and the Ghaghara River. Although it reached its greatest extent with the conquest of Bijapur and Golconda, its economic decline can be traced to the shortage of assigned jagirs and the inflation of noble titles among the quarrelsome zamindar class. The subsequent period of religious intolerance provoked Rajput rebellion, the formation of a Maratha confederacy, and a short-lived but disastrous Persian invasion. This century of decay ended with Bahadur Shah II, exiled to Burma after his association with the mutineers of 1857. FTP, name this early modern Indian empire ruled successively by Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.
Durres or Epidamnus or Dyrrachium or Durazzo
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Ernesto "Che" Guevara
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Ethiopia (prompt on Abyssinia)
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Gabriela Mistral [Lucila Godoy Alcayaga]
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Han
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Jawaharlal Nehru
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Kwame Nkrumah
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harakiri (HAR-uh-KEE-ree)
...
the Khmer empire
...
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Bantu speaking people first arrived in the area around 500 AD, and in the 18th century the Sotho people formed the Pedi kingdom in this region. Made a British colony after the Boer war, this province, granted self-government in 1906, was the site of the ill-fated Jameson Raid. In 1994, after the dissolution of the bantustans, it was divided into four provinces: Northern Province, North-West Province, Mpumalanga, and Gauteng. FTP name this area named after the river it crosses which, in 1910, joined with the Cape Colony, the Orange Free State, and Natal to form the Union of South Africa.
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He helped found the Kiangsi Soviet Party, and served as a theorist and military leader in Yanan from 1936 until 1945, at which point he began the effort for the party he co-founded in 1921 to gain control of his nation, which he did in 1949. FTP, name this man who led the 1934-35 Long March and ruled China until his 1976 death.
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He studied at the London School of Economics before returning to his homeland and founding the Convention People's Party in 1949 with the slogan "self government now." He was imprisoned a year later but was elected to parliament while still in jail. He was released a year later and became virtual Prime Minister with the title "Leader of Business in the Assembly." He was confirmed in office in 1956 but his regime was overthrown in 1966. FTP, name this leader, a promoter of Pan-African feeling and the first Prime Minister of Ghana.
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He was the son of Ertogrul, who died about 1280 and was a chieftain in the service of the Seljuk sultan of Rum. He made himself ruler of a small state in northwestern Anatolia, capturing the towns of Eskisehir, Bilecik, Yarhisar, and Yenisehir from the Byzantines. From this base, his descendants extended their rule throughout Asia Minor and the Balkans and eventually over the whole eastern Mediterranean. FTP, identify this Turkish leader, considered the founder of the Ottoman dynasty.
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His leg was amputated below the knee after he was wounded during a battle with French troops in December 1838. He kept the leg at his hacienda for 4 years, until 1842, when his supporters paraded his leg to the music of bands and laid it to rest in a shrine known as the Pantheon of Santa Paula. 2 years later, his leg was stolen during the riots that accompanied his fall from power. FTP who was this Mexican general at the battle of the Alamo?
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His real name was Zahiruddin Muhammad. He succeeded his father as sovereign of Fergana and repeatedly tried to take Samarkand, the capital of his Timurid ancestors. He then focused his attention on India, where he won the Battle of Panipat with an army of 21,000 against an army of 100,000, then conquered much of northern India and established his capital at Agra. FTP, name this man, founder of the Mughal dynasty of India and whose name literally means "The Tiger".
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In 1864 Brazil invaded and occupied Uruguay. Paraguayan leader Francisco Lopez planned to attack southern Brazil and reach Uruguay by going through Argentina; instead he met with hostility on the part of Argentina, who would not let Lopez pass through. In January 1865, Lopez crossed the Argentine border, and an all-out conflict ensued. FTP, name this war, in which Uruguay and Brazil teamed up with Argentina to defeat Lopez and his troops.
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In 1947, his forces captured northeastern China for the Communists. Mao rewarded him by making him co-commander of the Military Affairs Commission. He was also given command of the China's People's Liberation Army; in 1969 he was officially named Mao's successor. Two years later, however, he was so dissatisfied with Mao that he attempted a military coup. It failed; and he died trying to escape China. For 10 points, name this man whose plane crashed over Mongolia.
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In Sir Walter Scott's novel The Talisman, he is depicted as a learned and generous ruler, chivalrous and gallant toward his enemies, and courteous and civilized toward the inhabitants of Jerusalem during the capture of that city. The founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, he ended the 88-year occupation of Jerusalem by the Franks. FTP, who is this famous 12th century Muslim sultan and hero that stalemated the Christian counterattack of the Third Crusade?
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In the 9th century, it was united by Jayavarman II, and Sanskrit literature flourished under the enlightened court of him and his successors, who tolerated both Buddhism and Siva worship. This empire fought repeated wars against the Annamese and the Chams, finally falling to the Thais in 1434, after which its capital was transferred from the stone temples of the Angkor region to Phnom Penh. FTP name this ancient Cambodian empire, which later lent its name to an infamous political party.
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It led directly to the end of the Eden government. It was preceded by the creation of a unified command of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Fearful of being surrounded, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike in the Sinai. Britain and France soon intervened on Israel's behalf, but were forced to withdraw because of diplomatic pressure from the US and USSR in November 1956. FTP name this Mideast event, mentioned in Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start the Fire."
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It was a stronghold located at the bottom of a bowl-shaped river valley, about 10 miles long. The only effective way into the stronghold was through air, which proved disastrous for General Christian de Castries when enemy anti aircraft fire prevented resupply. FTP, name this village in northwestern Vietnam, the location of a pivotal 1954 battle between the French and Vietnamese that led to the eventual separation into North and South Vietnam.
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It was chartered in 1553 and the initial cost was 25 pounds per investor. This allowed the company to pay all officials and sea captains while making its purchases with the capitalization of 6,000 pounds. In 1611 the company paid a 90% dividend, making the profit for its few privileged investors enormous. In addition to the money and goods the company brought to England, it also served to increase the communication between Russia and the rest of Europe. For ten points name the monopolistic company which was chartered by Edward VI to deal directly with the tsars.
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It was originally founded as a colony of the Greek island of Corcyra, and disputes with Corcyra set off the most devastating phase of the Peloponesian War. In Byzantine times, it was the western terminus of the Via Aegenita, which started in Constantinople and ran through Thessalonica. As such, it was the landing point of Robert Guiscard's 1081 invasion of the Byzantine Empire. For ten points, name this city, currently Albania's primary port city on the southeastern shore of the Adriatic.
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Its author was in the area in question for only five months, but presciently identified language barriers as a cause of tension between the major populations. His work concluded that the 1837 rebellions were the result of a lack of political cohesion and representation. It also suggested French assimilation into English culture, and the political union of Upper and Lower Canada. FTP, name this report produced by the Governor-in-chief of the British North American provinces in 1839 that paved the way for responsible government and internal autonomy for colonies, a landmark in British constitutional history.
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Japan used them as a submarine base during WWII, and oil was discovered there in 1976, literally adding the fuel to the fire concerning these sandbars and small reef islands. They command the sea passage from Japan to Singapore and all or parts are claimed by Malaysia, Japan, the Philippines, and most notably, Taiwan and China, who often threaten to go to war over them. FTP, what is this disputed island group?
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Jean-Paul Sarte called him "the most complete human being of our age." It was later learned that he had spent some time in the Congo helping to organize the Patrice Lumumba Battalion, and he may have visited North Vietnam in 1966. In the autumn of that year, he arrived in the Santa Cruz region, but was wounded, captured, and killed by Bolivian authorities the following year. FTP name this Argentine doctor and revolutionary active in the Cuban Revolution.
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One of the more widely spoken languages in this country is Sranan, a lingua franca incorporating elements of English, Spanish, Dutch, and Hebrew, and in 1665 the country became home to the first synagogue in the Western Hemisphere. The abolition of slavery in 1863 led to a massive influx of workers from China, Java, and India, and East Indians now comprise the country's largest ethnic group. FTP, name this former Dutch colony in South America with capital at Paramaribo.
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She represented her country at the League of Nations and the UN, and under Jose Vasconcelos, she participated in revising the Mexican school system. She donated the proceeds from one of her collections to help Basque orphans, and her poetry has been translated by Doris Dana and Langston Hughes. Her works for children include Ternura and Crickets and Frogs, and among her verse collections are Lagar, Desolacion, and Sonetos de la muerte. FTP, identify this winner of the 1945 Nobel Prize, the first woman and first Latin American to attain that honor.
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The first was held in London in 1900 and was mainly attended by representatives from the U.S., Britain, and the West Indies. The second, organized by W.E.B. DuBois in Paris in 1919, discussed ways of improving the post-war colonial governments. The fifth, held in Manchester in 1945, included a wide variety of African delegates and demanded immediate independence for all African peoples. FTP name these international meetings whose function has largely been taken over by the Organization of African Unity.
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The jewel-encrusted instrument was provided by, and afterwards returned unwashed to, the Emperor, and it was observed by several official witnesses and a sword-carrying loyal friend. It eventually became permissible to draw immediately upon the friend's services rather than begin oneself, but many did not take advantage of it. FTP, name this privileged alternative granted to disloyal daimyo and samurai, known as both seppuku and the original Japanese words, which mean "belly cutting."
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The oldest to do it was the Spaniard Ramon Blanco at age 60, the first woman to do it was Junko Tabei in 1975, the first to do it alone was Reinhold Messner in 1980, and the youngest was Shumbu Tamany at age 16. The fastest accomplishments of this feat were by Hans Kummer in 16 hours, 45 minutes, and Kaji Sherpa in 20 hours, 24 minutes, from the Tibet and Nepal sides, respectively. FTP, what is this feat, first done by Norgay and Hillary in 1952?
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The real causes of this war lay in contested border areas, uneven trade regulations, and population pressures between its two participants. Lyndon Johnson arranged a trade between the nations of a squatter named Martinez Argueta, who had been sentenced to twenty years in prison for illegal entry into one country for sixty of the other's captured soldiers. Tension continued, however, and on July 14, 1969, hostilities began between El Salvador and Honduras. FTP, identify this "sporting" war, which broke out after a World Cup match.
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This organization was co-founded by a nephew of King Sisavang Vong, Prince Souphanouvong. A constant part of its country's governments after the 1954 Geneva Conference, it became increasing Communist, and, in 1975, at the same time as Communist-led organizations swept into power in neighboring Cambodia and Vietnam, it swept into power by taking the city of Vientiane. For 10 points, name this nationalist movement of Laos.
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Working from a family base in the Owari province, he gradually gained control the region and occupied in 1568 the capital of Kyoto; five years later he drove out the last of the Ashikaga shoguns. FTP identify this warlord, assassinated in 1582 before realizing his ambition of uniting all of Japan.
Antonio José de Sucre
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Battle of Kosovo
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Battle of Manzikert
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Battle of Mohacs
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Dutch East India Company [accept United East India Company; accept Vereenigde Oost-indische Compagnie; prompt on East India Company]
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Ecuador
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Edmund Hillary
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Emiliano Zapata
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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Emperor Wen of Sui or Wen-di or Yang Jian
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EmpressWuZetian
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Francisco Ignacio Madero Gonzales
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Francisco de Miranda (or Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez; prompt on "The Forerunner" or "El Precursor")
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Ian Smith
...
King of Thailand [I guess you can accept King of Siam from cute and/or clever people]
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Lin Biao
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Manetho (or Manethon)
...
Manila
...
Marcus Moziah Garvey
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Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov
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Mau Mau Rebellion
...
Suriname
...
The Nicene Creed (or Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed)
...
The Purple Forbidden City (or: Zijin Cheng)
...
The Rape of Nanking [or Nanking Massacre; accept versions with "Nanjing"]
...
The Six-Day War or the June War or the Third Arab-Israeli War (accept 1967 Arab-Israeli War until 1967 is read)
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The Soccer War (or The Football War or La Guerra del Fútbol)
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The Sound of the Mountain [or Yama no Oto]
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The Spratley Islands
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The Taiping rebellion
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Theodor Herzl
...
Third Crusade
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Three Kingdoms Period or San-Kuo or Sanguo
...
Timur Lenk or Timur the Lame or Tamerlain or Tamburlaine
...
Timur the Lame or Tamerlane or Tambor-Lenk or Tamburlaine
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Treaty of Shimonoseki
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Treaty of Shimonoseki (or Maguan before mentioned)
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Uganda
...
Venustiano Carranza
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Vicente Ramon Guerrero Saldana
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Victoriano Huerta (WEAR-tah)
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Vigdis Finnbogadottir
...
Vijayanagar
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Vladimir I (accept early: Vladimir the Saint)
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Winter War [or talvisota]
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Yalu River
...
the Dead Sea Scrolls
...
the Dowager Empress or Tz'u-hsi [su-SHEE] or Yehonala
...
the Ever-Victorious Army
...
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A battle for control of it occurred at Anfao, and the general Yaya manipulated a crucial succession. Originating in the Dendi region, it was destroyed at Tonbidi by Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco in 1591, and its 1464 ascendancy saw victories over the Mossi, Dogon, Fulani, and Tuaregs. It became the first West African Empire to institute a civil bureaucracy. Ruling from Gao, FTP, name this empire whose rulers included Muhammad Askia and Sunni Ali, located in what is now Nigeria.
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At the center of this city was a building symbolic of Mount Meru. Important until its capture by an army from Ayutthaya in 1431, it came to prominence in the late ninth century when King Yashovarman I moved there, and it is most famous for complexes erected by Kings Jayavarman VII and Suryavarman II. FTP, identify this capital of the Khmer Empire noted for its Thom and Wat.
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By the time he was released as a war hostage in 1806, his wife had left him, and Richard Payne Knight led the effort to remove him from his seat in Parliament. The structure he then built on the corner of Park Lane and Piccadilly cost him some six thousand pounds. Bryon wrote that he was "Cold as the crags upon his native coast," criticism that caused him to seek private life. Earlier in the 1790's he secured posts as envoy to Brussels, Berlin, and Turkey. After the British defeated Napoleon in Egypt, the Turkish sultan allowed him to obtain any sculpture that interested him. FTP, name this man whose artifacts from Athens remain controversial.
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Egyptian history records that two wars under Pharoahs Merneptah and Ramses III were engaged against this group, and it is thought that invasions into Anatolia by them caused the breakup of the Hittite Empire. They are variously identified by the Egyptians as the Ekwesh, the ancestors of the Achaean Greeks, the Teresh or Tyrhennians, who were the ancestors of Etruscans, and the Peselet, believed to be the Philistines. FTP, identify these unimaginatively named groups, named for their maritime tendencies.
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He was voted out of his country's parliament for anti-war activities that included founding the Union of Democratic control and later the right-wing press printed a copy of his birth certificate, showing his illegitimate birth. He returned to parliament four years later and defeated J.R. Clynes for his party's leadership. He ended his political career as Lord President of the Council for two years, in political isolation as a result of making a power-sharing pact with the Conservatives four years prior. Winston Churchill gave him the nickname "boneless wonder" and in 1906 he made a pact with Gladstone's Liberals that bore fruit nearly two decades later. For 10 points, name this man who was twice succeeded by Stanley Baldwin, and who in 1924 and 1929 he became British Prime Minister, the first Laborite to do so.
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Her father tries to dissuade her from her intended course by telling her a story about a merchant who understood animals. Among those animals is a cock, which persuades the merchant to beat his wife as an example of the family discipline with which her father threatens her. When that doesn't work, her father, the Grand Vizier, blesses her attempt at marriage to King Shahryar. For ten points, name this woman, a framing device for a collection of stories translated by Sir Richard Burton.
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Highly symmetric, its largest buildings are all located in a north-south line along its center. Those structures include the u-shaped Meridian Gate and the central-most Hall of Supreme Harmony- which contained the official throne of the emperor for the most important affairs of state. The majority of it was built during the first two decades of the 15th century under the patronage of Yong-le. Now referred to as the Palace Museum by its nation's government, FTP, identify this orange-colored palace complex in Beijing, China.
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Hippolytus referred to this man as "stump-fingered", and it has been speculated that he cut off his thumb to disqualify himself from Jewish priesthood. The Church in Egypt claims this man as its founder. The only reliable information on this man is in Philemon 24, in which he is mentioned as sending greetings to the Christians of Colossae, and the Apostolic Father Papias of Hierapolis stated that this man recorded the teachings of St. Peter. Identified as the man who fled naked at Jesus' arrest, for 10 points, name this patron saint of Venice and traditional author of the second Synoptic Gospel.
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His attorney general, Godfrey Lule, often had to defend this man's practices at the United Nations, while his defense minister, Mustafa Adrisi, was his brother-in-law. Upon taking power, he murdered his main rival, Pierino Okoya, and he created the Public Safety Unit and the State Research Center, whose employees spent most of the time murdering members of the Langi and Acholi tribes and feeding their bodies to Nile crocodiles. A member of the Kakwa ethnic group, after becoming chief of his country's army and air force, he deposed Milton Obote in a coup. FTP, name this man accused of helping the Palestinians at Entebbe, who, from 1971 to 1979, was dictator of Uganda.
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His chief opponent was Philip Francis, but he retired after this man wounded him in a duel in 1780. After his uncle's death in 1749, he was taken from school and granted a writership, and a year later sailed for the East. On his return to England, he got in trouble for punishing the Zemindar of Benares, forfeiting property that belonged to the Begums of Oudh, and aiding the Nawab of Oudh against the Rohilla Afghans. FTP, name this man, the first governor general of Bengal, whose impeachment, led by Edmund Burke, lasted for 7 years, and who shares his name with a famous battle of the Norman Conquest.
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His childhood name translates as "bounty of the sun," and his ugliness caused him to be called "monkey" and "bald rat." After taking Takamatsu, at Enmyoji River he destroyed the army of Akechi Mitsuhide, and he established his dominion with his victory over Shibata Katsuie. He arranged to be adopted by Konoe Sakihisa after taking the title of Kampaku, which had previously been held only by those of Fujiwara descent, and following that event he adopted the name by which he is better known and which means "bountiful minister." As Kampaku, he held the Grand Kitano Tea Ceremony and issued the first Christian Expulsion Act, and his failed military expeditions include those against his future successor as well as two against Korea, the last of which was abandoned when he died in 1598. Succeeding Oda Nobunaga in 1582, FTP, identify this Japanese unifier who was himself succeeded in 1600 by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
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His cousin was a wife of King Sisovath Monivong. He studied radio electronics in Paris in 1949, where he kept company with Khieu Ponnary, the first woman from his country to receive a bachelor's degree. He served under Ho Chi Minh in the anti-French resistance movements of the 1940s and rose in the ranks of the Communist Party of Kâmpuchéa. Born Saloth Sar, he is perhaps best known for the agrarian reforms he implemented in his native country that killed almost two million people. FTP, identify this Cambodian leader and founder of the Khmer Rouge.
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His diplomatic experience included signing a thirty-year treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union and a trip to the Bandung conference, after which he proclaimed that Africa was "ripe for revolution." Though he discouraged the dissident generals and supported Zhang Xueliang in the Xi'an incident, he later created the second united front between the Communists and KMT and unsuccessfully negotiated with George C. Marshall for an end to the civil war. During the Cultural Revolution he acted as a voice for moderation and sponsored the rise of Deng Xiaoping. FTP, name this man who met with Richard Nixon in 1972, the first Premier of the People's Republic of China.
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His downfall was precipitated by the ascension of the Archduke Matthias and his signing of a treaty known as "The Perpetual Edict." This man was raised under the pseudonym "Geronimo" at the Castle of Villagarcia. He captured Tunis for a brief period, but didn't really make his name at court until a series of successful campaigns in Granada against the Moriscos. His last military success came at Gemblours, where he crushed a rebel army, and though he tried to reassert himself as governor general of the Netherlands he would die of fever a few months later. His greatest victory came alongside Agostino Barbargigo's Venetian forces off the coast of Corinth in 1571 at the expense of Ali Pasha's navy. FTP, identify this victorious commander of the Holy League at Lepanto.
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His first contact with Europeans came during treatment for jigger infections at age 10. In 1928 he became general secretary of the Kikuyu Central Association, and after a brief foray into the Communist Party in the 1930's, he helped organize the 5th Pan-African Conference in 1945. He organized a mass nationalist party, but suffered a bit of a setback with a seven year prison sentence after the Mau Mau Rebellion. While still in detainment, he was elected president of the latest nationalist union, and after his release finally negotiated independence from Britain in 1962. FTP, name this man who was elected the first prime minister of Kenya.
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His forces commited a massacre at the granary of a major silver-producing city, which was a response to resistance led by Juan Antonio Riano. His army was weakened following the Pyrrhic victory of Monte de las Cruces, after which the Army of the Center defeated him at Aculco and Puente de Calderon. His actions were sparked by Gabriel de Yermo's arrest of José de Iturrigaray, which led to the Queretaro plot. His most notable utterance was the "cry of Dolores," and every September 16 the president of his country recites the "Grito" to commemorate Independence Day. This man was replaced by Ignacio Allende in the final days of his revolt, but both were executed in 1811. FTP, name this Catholic priest who led a rebellion of Indians and Mestizos against the Spanish government of Mexico, and who fought under the banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe.
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His half-brother of the same name won the Battle of Anaquito against Blasco Núñez but was eventually defeated by Pedro de la Gasca. This man first came to the New World with Balboa's Panama expedition and settled down as a cattle farmer until he joined with a priest named Hernando de Luque and commander Diego de Almagro, using two borrowed ships to search for gold in the Darién area. This leader of the "famous thirteen" ambushed a certain opponent at Cajamarca and retrieved twenty-four tons of gold and silver after ordering a room to be filled with precious metal. He then declared Manco Capac the new king and ordered the execution of Atahualpa. FTP, name this conqueror of the Incan empire.
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His interview with Baron Maurice de Hirsch, who had proposed the colonization of Argentina, was unsuccessful. In a 1902 book, he described a socialist utopia as the ideal solution for the "world political question" he had discussed with the Ottoman sultan and the radicals of London's East End. In a work published six years earlier, he argued for the creation of a "Society," "Local Groups," and finally a "Company" which would be a joint-stock company under English law devoted to the purchase of land. His colleague Max Nordau's speech at the Basel Congress continued the agitation he had begun as a correspondent for the Viennese newspaper Neue Freie Presse, which assigned him to Paris to cover the Dreyfus affair. FTP, name this man who concluded that the establishment of a national homeland was the only solution to anti-Semitism, author of the pamphlet The Jewish State and the founder of Zionism.
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His last years saw an attempt by the filibusterer George Scheffer to hand off part of his country to Czar Alexander I, to which he responded by dispatching Alexander Adams to its westernmost province. Much of his military success depended on two Scottish advisors, John Young and Isaac Davis, who he picked up after they were abandoned following the Olowalu Massacre. His survival of an assassination attempt following his failure in the Kauaawa War led to his greatest domestic achievement, a decree of protection for travelers called the Law of the Splintered Paddle. His greatest campaign included battles at Iao and Nu'uanu, part of a war against Kahekili, which allowed him to append Maui and Oahu to his native island. FTP, name this great unifier of Hawai'i.
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His memoirs, In the Eye of the Storm, do not mention his time in the Balkans during WWII when he allegedly served as an intelligence officer for the Nazis. Austria's ambassador to Canada from 1956-60, he failed to win Austria's presidency in 1971, but was elected president in 1986 despite rumors about atrocities committed during WWII. FTP, who was this Austrian who from 1972-82 served as UN secretary-general?
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His refusal to enforce his own Consolidation of Labor Laws led workers to attack him in the Miner's Manifesto. His abuses caught up with him when his guard Tenente Fortunato was implicated in the murder of Rubens Vaz during the Tonelero Street conspiracy. His replacement of the Constitution of 1891 attempted to ease the lot of the workers, but his brutal suppression of the cangaços did not endear him to his anti-coronelist power base, and he used the Cohen Plan, a fabricated plot by the Integralistas, to assume dictatorial powers. Starting out as the governor of Rio Grande do Sur, he led the Liberal Alliance in overthrowing the government of Washington Luis in 1930, and he modeled his rule on the Estado Nôvo of Antonio Salazar. FTP, name this president of Brazil.
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His right-hand man was assassinated by a military conspiracy, and he helped organize the National Committee for the Rapid Realization of Independence. He was recruited through the Office of Strategic services by Preston Goodfellow, and his namesake line banned foreign fishing around Liancourt Rocks. He brutally put down a rebellion on Cheju island during his time in office. The April 19th movement ousted him and his wife Franziska Donner from power, and, like Sun Yat-Sen, he fled to Hawaii, he after being replaced by Yun Boseon. For 10 points, name this man who came to power in 1948 and opposed Kim Il Sung as the first president of South Korea.
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His time in his country's highest office was marked by a scandal in which his predecessor's associate minister of national defence, Pierre Sévigny, was revealed to have had an affair with a German prostitute named Gerda Munsinger. His time in office was also marked by a contentious "Flag Debate," as he controversially proposed to replace the Red Ensign with a new design. He represented Algoma East in his country's House of Commons, and after St. Laurent resigned he defeated Paul Martin to become the leader of the Liberals. In 1963, he replaced John Diefenbaker as Prime Minister of Canada. FTP, name this man who became President of the General Assembly of the UN in 1952, and whose work in defusing the Suez crisis was rewarded with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957.
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His various ideological campaigns included the New Life Movement in the mid-30s and a United Front with his country's communists between 1937 and 1946. The latter came about after this man was arrested at Xi'an [SHEE-AHN] by one of his own supporters and forced to concentrate on fighting foreign invaders rather than domestic enemies. His big diplomatic success came at the Cairo Conference, where he convinced the allies to abandon their so-called "unequal treaties" with the country that he then ruled. For 10 points, name this head of the Guomindang who died in 1975 in Taiwan after being kicked out of China by Mao Zedong.
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Historical periods of this present-day country include the Gampola, Rolonnawura, and Yapahuva. Major figures in its history, which is chronicled in the Mahavamsa, include Senarath, who conquered the rebel state of Sitawaka, and Rajasinha II, who signed a treaty with the Dutch. The Dutch allied with the kingdom of Kandy here, and large portions of this island have been controlled by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. FTP, name this island country formerly known as Ceylon and found off the southeast coast of India.
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In 1930 this man led a 200-mile march to the sea to collect salt in defiance of a government monopoly, marking a renewal of his protest efforts. Trained as a lawyer in London, he spent 21 years in South Africa opposing discrimination on the part of the South African government. Assassinated by Nathuram Godse in 1948, he had earlier become famous for his non-cooperation and civil disobedience in India. FTP, name this Indian nationalist leader known as "Mohatma"?
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Its last years were characterized by major feuds between the Qays and the Kalb and the evolution of a new sect known as the Hashimiyah. Its later rulers of the Marwanid family finally saw their end with Marwan II, who was defeated at the Battle of the Great Zab River. This dynasty's first ruling family was the Sufyanids, which was established by the son of Abu Sufyan, who emerged victorious over Ali, the fourth caliph. Ruling from Damascus from AD 661 to 750, FTP, name this first great Muslim dynasty.
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One brigade was deployed at the "brickworks" while another force, the African Hunters, attempted to scale the walls of one of the five forts that defended the namesake site, which had just survived the Wars of Reform. After fearing that his ill soldiers were threatened, General de Lorencz marched from Orizaba ready for battle. The infantry of the victorious force was led by future president Porfirio Diaz but it was the main force under the command of General Zaragoza that won the day. FTP, identify this battle that repulsed the French invasion of Mexico and is now remembered every fifth of May.
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Part of its reforms included awarding of positions based on the nine rank system. It ended when the Jin dynasty was founded by Sima Yen, and it began when Ts'ao P'ei accepted the abdication of Hsien-ti and established his authority over the north with his capital at Lo-yang. Soon after rival generals generals established kingdoms in Szechuan and at Nanking. Thus, the disintegration of the Han dynasty was complete. FTP, name this period from 220-280 AD when the Wei, Shu, and Wu kingdoms fought for control of China, depicted in a famous Chinese historical romance
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Some of them believed in Yara-Ma-Yha-Who, a vampire who jumped out of fig trees, ate people, and vomited them back up; reborn from the experience, they were unharmed though slightly shorter. Among these people's creator gods was a female snake named Eingana, and a "rainbow serpent," who inhabits water holes. The Alcheringa is the period before these people's creation, and their other deities include fairies called the Mimi, who lived in what is now Arnhem Land. The period known as Dreamtime is when they believe the world was created. FTP, name these people to whom Uluru, or Ayer's Rock, is sacred, the indigenous people of Australia.
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They built colleges of a new type, the madrasah, and made efforts to stamp out heterodoxy but failed as the Isma'ilis kept their strongholds in the mountains. Following the Seljuks, they created a new land system based on the grant of rights over land in return for military service. Ended after the defeat of the Mongols at the Battle of 'Ayn Jalut in Palestine, Baybers then created a Mamluk kingdom in Syria and Egypt. FTP, identify this Muslim house begun by Saladin.
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This man acceded to the throne upon the death of Titu Cusi after having grown up in the convent of Vilcabamba. The rebellion he led with his general Wallpa Yupanki was prompted by the violation of the Treaty of Acobamba by the Spanish. The legitimate son of Manco Capac, he was captured an executed for the death of Friar Diego Ortiz. This leader's name was adopted by his great-grandson, who led the siege of La Paz in 1781. FTP, identify this ruler of the Inca and namesake of a Peruvian terrorist movement.
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This man was influenced into militarism by the growth of the shin or new zaibatsu. This man's country was taken off of the gold standard by a prime minister who was assassinated during the May 15 Incident. This man made a recorded radio broadcast known as the Jewel Voice Broadcast that announced his country's surrender in one war. This ruler also issued the Declaration of Humanity, which ended his claim to divine status. That declaration came when this man's country was under Douglas MacArthur's administration during U.S. occupation. For 10 points, name this ruler whose reign saw WWII and who was succeeded by Akihito as emperor of Japan.
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This man's reign saw the subjugation of Bijapur and Golconda, attacks on the Uzbegs and Persians, and two wars in the Deccan. Coming to power in 1628, a severe illness in 1657 led to a succession war which saw his imprisonment by his son Aurangzeb, and on his death he was buried with his favorite wife, Mumtaz. FTP, who was this Mughal ruler who immortalized his wife with the construction in Agra of the Taj Mahal?
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This sadistic and nymphomaniac librarian collected lampshades, gloves, and book covers made from tattooed human skin. Committing suicide by hanging with bedsheets in 1967, this person had been ordered to life imprisonment after a previous sentence of hard labor for life was commuted to 4 years. For ten points, what woman married the then-commander of Sachsenhause and later became known as the Witch of Buchenwald.
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Tu Fu's poem The Man with No Family to Take Leave Of was based on the events precipitated by this man. Originally of Turkic-Persian origin, he was a protégé of the emperor's concubine Yang Guifei, who he later strangled and threw into a ditch. He was military commander on China's northeast frontier and in 755 CE he seized the city of Luoyang and the imperial capital at Chang'an, thereby sparking his namesake rebellion against the Emperor Xuanzong. FTP, identify this Chinese general who led a rebellion that marked the end of the Tang Dynasty.
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The Kojiki and Nihonshoki, detailed histories of Japan, were written during this period. The Chinese monk Ganjin finally arrived at the capital, and firmly established the Ritsu sect of Buddhism. Shomu's reign included the brilliant Tempyo period, and it came to an end when Kammu subdued much of northern Hondo, and moved the capital to Heian. FTP, identify this period in Japanese history, lasting from 710-784.
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The Mehrauli Iron Pillar in Delhi indicates that he led a successful campaign against chiefs of Venga. The pilgrim Fa Hsien described the kingdom under this man's reign, noting that there was no death penalty, poll-tax, or land tax, but that the caste system was firmly embedded and that most people did not eat meat, wine, or onions. He is better known today for his victories over the Saka Satraps and the marriage of his daughter to the king of the Vakataka dynasty, effectively uniting the two kingdoms during his time. At court, he kept a circle of poets known as the "Nine Gems," including Kalidasa, and the fourth day after Diwali, Padwa, coincides with his coronation. FTP, name this Indian king, the second so-named of his dynasty, who shares his name with the founder of the Mauryan empire.
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The Spanish failed to recapture it in the Battle of Rio Nuevo, and in 1670 it officially changed hands via the Treaty of Madrid. In the late 18th century, escaped slaves led by Queen Nanny and Cudjoe fought two Maroon Wars against its possessors. In 1865, an arrest made for trespassing on abandoned property resulted in the Morant Bay Rebellion, and a namesake "commission" was formed in response to governor Edward Eyre's overreaction. The participants in that uprising were emancipated in 1838, seven years after a general strike planned by Baptist minister Samuel Sharpe got violent on Christmas Day. FTP, name this Caribbean nation, once ruled by the British from Spanish Town, but which now has its capital at Kingston.
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The aboriginal inhabitants of this nation were the Guanajatabey, though they were mostly supplanted by the Ciboney and Taino before the appearance of European explorers. The Revolutionary Committee of Bayamo planned this country's first war of independence, during which the seizure of the steamer Virginius caused tensions between the colonial Spanish and other powers; that war had begun with the insurrection of Manuel de Cespedes in this country and the “Grito de Yara,†and is known as its Ten Years War. Ramon Grau replaced Gerardo Machado in this nation in 1933 after the Coup of September, better known as the Sargeant's Revolt. The Twenty-Sixth of July Movement here overthrew Fulgencio Batista. For 10 points, name this island nation that was led by Fidel Castro.
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Succeeding Ignacio Comonfort, while in exile from the ruling government between 1853 and 1855, he lived in New Orleans, but returned when Santa Anna was overthrown for the final time. Born to impoverished Zapotec parents, he earned a law degree and was governor of his native state of Oaxaca between 1847 and 1852, he is most noted for curtailing the power of the Catholic church and leading the resistance to the French-supported emperor Maximilian. FTP, name this president of Mexico from 1861 to 1863 and 1867 and 1872.
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Successor to the T'ung Meng Hui, it was suppressed by Yuan Shi-Kai but rose to power on Yuan's death. While its founder was Sung Chiao-Jen, its platform was largely the work of his colleague Sun Yat-Sen. Sun's successor Chiang Kai-Shek gradually transformed it into a currupt oligarchy. FTP name this Chinese party, still in power in Taiwan.
Anastasio Somoza Debayle
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Angkor
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Anglo-Zulu war
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Argentina
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Askia Muhammad (or Muhammed I Askia or Askia the Great or Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr Ture; prompt on Muhammad I)
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Assassins
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Assassins or Hashishuun or Hashishiin or al-Hashashuun
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Atahuallpa
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Augosto Pinochet Ugarte
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Bangladesh [or East Pakistan until read; do not accept or prompt on “Pakistanâ€]
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Bartolomé de las Casas
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Basil II (accept early Basil the Bulgar Slayer)
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Battle of Ayn Jalut (also accept "Goliath's Spring or Goliath's Well")
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Battle of Blood River
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Battle of Guadalcanal
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Battle of Isandlwana
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Battle of Plassey [accept Battle of Palashi or Battle of Pelasior polashir Juddho]
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Battle of Plassey or Palashi
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Battle of Puebla
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Battle of Tondibi
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Chernobyl (accept RBMK reactor during first sentence with an amazed look)
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Cuban independence from Spain [accept obvious equivalents]
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Dahomey or Abomey
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Daimyo
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Darius I [or Darius the Great; prompt on Darius]
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David Ben-Gurion [accept David Gruen]
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Daw Aung San Suu Kyi
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Dawes Plan
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Deng Xiaoping
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Dien Bien Phu
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Diet of Japan [or Kokkai]
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Dirty War (accept La Guerra Sucia)
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Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda
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Kamakura Shogunate
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Kamakura Shogunate [accept "Bakufu" for "Shogunate"]
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Kamakura period
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Khmer (prompt on early buzz of "Angkor" empire; but do not accept "Angkor Wat")
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Khmer Empire (note: don't accept Angkor, as the first line refers to a period when Angkor was completely abandoned.)
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Khmer empire (prompt on early buzz of "Cambodians")
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Kingdom of Bhutan
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Kingdom of Ghana
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Louis 'David' Riel
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Louis Riel
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Lucknow Pact
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Macao [or Macau]
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Machu Picchu
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Nigeria
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Night of the Long Knives
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Non-Aligned Movement
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Oda Nobunaga
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Opium Wars
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Orange Free State
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Oslo Accords
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Phraya Taksin the Great (or just Sin or "Somdet Phra Chao Taksin Maharat/Krung Thonburi" or Boromraja IV)
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Pierre Elliott Trudeau
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Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
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Plataea
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Russo-Japanese War
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SS Mayaguez incident
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Safavid Dynasty
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Safavid dynasty
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Safavids
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Saint Mark the Evangelist
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Saki (Accept: Hector Hugh Munro)
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Salvador Allende Gossens
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Samarkand
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Satsuma Rebellion
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Scheherazade
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Shaka or Chaka
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Shang Dynasty
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Shapur or Sabur or Sapor
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Sharpeville massacre
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Siena
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The Long March or the Changzheng
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The Meiji Restoration or Meiji Period
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The Muscovy Company
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The New Science [or Scienza nuova]
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Treaty of Trianon
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Túpac Amaru
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Umar i Ibn Al-khattab
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Umar ibn al-Khattab or Omar
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Umayyad caliphate [or Omayyad dynasty]
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Umayyad or Omayyad dynasty
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Vostok
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Wang Mang
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War of the Gran Chaco
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War of the Pacific
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War of the Pacific or Guerra del Pacifico or Guano War
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War of the Triple Alliance
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War of the Triple Alliance [accept Paraguayan War until Paraguay is mentioned]
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War of the Triple Alliance
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Warren Hastings
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White Lotus Rebellion
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the Battle of Ayn Jalut (prompt on the Battle of the Spring of Goliath before it's mentioned)
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the Battle of Puebla
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the Black Hand (accept Crna Ruka; also accept Union or Death before it is mentioned)
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the Children's Crusades
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the Crusader states
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A few key officials in this ruler's government included Chief Justice Hector MacDonald and General Peter Walls, both of whom are criticized as turncoats in this man's memoirs entitled The Great Betrayal and Bitter Harvest. He rose to his highest office by replacing Winston Field and afterwards was faced with a period of opposition called the Second Chimurenga. His tenure ended with the Internal Settlement, under which he was replaced by Bishop Abel Muzorewa, and soon after, he was definitively removed by the Lancaster House Conference. These events occurred fifteen years after he made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, drawing sanctions from Great Britain and the United Nations. For 10 points, name this leader of the Rhodesian Front, the longtime head of the white minority government in Rhodesia.
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A group known as the "Control Faction" emerged to counter the attempts to restructure the government around this individual. This figure refused to accept the resignation of his Prime Minister after a failed assassination attempt in which a hand grenade was rolled under his horse carriage, and was left powerless to intervene in the acquittal of 11 naval officers who subsequently murdered that minister in the May 15 Incident. The empowerment of this man was the state goal of the League of Blood, while the year of his ascension saw a financial crisis triggered by the devaluation of Earthquake Bonds, leading to the rise of conglomerate control of the economy. This man denounced the 2-26 Incident and was delivered the Jewel Voice Broadcast, in which he instructed his people to "endure the unendurable" and accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration". Avoiding the War Crimes trials that condemned Hideki Tojo, for 10 points, identify this Showa emperor of Japan, who led the country during WWII.
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The Battle of Feyiase saw the founding of this empire, as Osei Tutu defeated the Denkyira. Aggressively expansionistic, it came to dominate many of the surrounding Akan chiefdoms, gaining enough wealth so that its leader could sit on the Golden Stool. The British fought four wars against it before incorporating it into the Gold Coast Colony. In the 20th century a political movement arose stressing identity with it, centering on Kumasi, its capital. FTP, name this empire whose homeland now lies in central Ghana.
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A law bearing his name did away with special courts for the clergy and military. The president of Supreme Court during the presidency of Comonfort he became the leader of the Liberals during the War of the Reform. He worked rolling cigarettes in New Orleans while in exile during Santa Anna's rule and died of a heart attack in 1872 after suppressing a revolt by Porfirio Diaz who, ironically, objected to his winning a fourth term as president. FTP, identify this Mexican leader who led the resistance to Maximilian and the French.
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A leader of one party in this conflict had earlier defeated his brother at the Tugela River, and this conflict began when Henry Bartle Frere issued an ultimatum to the opposing side. It also saw 139 British successfully defend an attack by 4,000 soldiers at Rorke's drift. Its last battle on July 4th, 1879 saw the death of the losing side's ruler at Ulundi, though forces under Lord Chelmsford faced a major defeat at Isandlwana. The polity, which lost this conflict was led by Cetshwayo. For 10 points, identify this conflict between the British and an empire, which once counted Shaka as its ruler.
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A popular subject for writers, this historical figure stars in a novel written by Gary Hart under the pseudonym John Blackthorn, while one year after this man's death childhood friend Ricardo Rojo wrote a glowing account of his life. His own Motorcycle Diaries were recently published, but he remains most well known for his part in overthrowing the Guatemalan regime of Jacobo Arbenz, as well as guerilla activities in the Congo before disappearing in Bolivia in 1967. FTP identify this Argentinian who became Cuban minister of industry after playing a pivotal role in Castro's revolution.
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A rebellion by the "Yellow Turbans" so weakened this government that a poet would come to write: "The great city of the west sinks into chaos. Tigers, and wolves, the ravagers have arrived. I leave our house. No living souls; only whitened bones strew the plain." This was a long fall for the dynasty that brought us the crossbow and paper. Founded by Liu Bang and named after a river, it lasted from 206 BC to 220 AD For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty.
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After a failed attempt by people from this ancient region to take Sai Island, a fort was set up at Semna to prevent their passing north in non-commercial business. The efforts of Kamose helped thwart an alliance between people from here and Apopis I, and it later moved of a capital to Meroe. One of the most famous rulers from here supported Hezekiah's revolt against Sennacherib in Assyria, and Prince Taharqa from here would subsequently help defend Jerusalem. One ruler from here conquered Egypt and was named Shabakafor, and a capital here was established at Napata. For 10 points, name this region home to rulers of Egypt's 25th and the Kingdom of Kush, a region extending upriver from the first cataract on the Nile in modern-day Sudan.
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After this man's power was usurped by Domingo Martinez de Irala, he was deported to Spain and eventually banished to Africa. The first Spaniard to visit Iguacu Falls, he became governor of Rio de la Plata in 1541 and recounted his various adventures in the volume "Shipwrecks." But this former treasurer of Panfilo Narvaez is most famous for his explorations of Florida and Texas. FTP identify this explorer who returned to Spanish settlements after 8 years of wandering in Mexico.
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After this war, the losers brought in Emil Körner to modernize their armed forces. Noteworthy events include the sinking of Arturo Prat's Esmerelda by the Huáscar at the Battle of Iquique and the winners' suppression of the indigenous Mapuche. At its end, the Treaty of Ancón awarded the winner temporary possession of Tacna and Arica and permanent possession of Tarapacá and Antofagasta, from Peru and Bolivia, respectively. Fought over the nitrate-rich Atacama Desert, this is, FTP, what war won by Chile, fought from 1879 to 1883?
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At this man's trial, one witness alleged that he once said "Rome has fallen;" his former associate Charles Nolin also testified against him in front of judge Hugh Richardson. This man once convened a council called "the Exovedate," from the Latin for "out of the flock," and proceeded to breathe the "Holy Spirit" into his followers. Earlier, he had quickly defeated John Christian Schultz and John Sloughton Dennis and seized Fort Garry. A so-called "peace mission" under Garnet Wolseley forced him into exile after he was villified for insisting upon the execution of Thomas Scott. He dubbed himself the "Prophet of the New World" and returned from exile with his general Gabriel Dumont in order to lead the North-West Rebellion in 1885. FTP, name this man who had earlier led the Red River Rebellion, and was hailed as a hero of the Métis people in Manitoba.
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Attempts to eliminate them and take their lands began in 1660 on the recommendation of Yuri Krizhanich. Ismail Gaspirali was the first to advocate a collective identity for this people. Given a Soviet Autonomous Republic in 1921, during World War II Stalin accused them of being Nazi collaborators, forbade the use of their language, and transported them to Uzbekistan and Kazakstan. For 10 points, name this group of Turkic-speaking peoples located along the Volga river who made up most of the Golden Horde.
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Augustus II of Poland introduced into Europe a style of music named for this group, which was controlled by the Bektashi mystical order. After supplanting the spahi, they were divided into the cemaat, bölükhalki, and segban, and their mutiny during the Battle of Zenta led to the unfavorable Treaty of Carlowitz. An attempt to replace them with the Nizam I Jedid (nee ZOMM ee jeh DEED) did not succeed, but they lasted only thirty more years before their failed coup against Mahmud II led to their massacre in the Auspicious Incident. FTP, name these troops recruited under the devishirme (dev eh SHERR may) system from the Christian provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
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Baptist and Methodist churches were burned in this colony in the 1830s after Anglicans blamed those groups for inciting Samuel Sharpe's rebellion. It was also the location of the Maroon Wars, which resulted in the ex-slave Cudjoe winning independence for an area in its interior. This country was known by its native population as the "Land of Wood and Water," whereas the Spanish first called it Santiago when Juan de Esquievel founded the first European town here. The Battle of the Saintes quashed French plans to occupy this island, which were resumed in 1806 and again crushed by John Duckworth. Robert Venables and the elder William Penn had seized it for Britain in 1655, and Spain conceded that fact in the 1670 Treaty of Madrid. Twenty years later, an earthquake destroyed its then-capital at Port Royal, which had been the base of operations for Henry Morgan. FTP, name this island country full of rum and Rastafarians.
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Before his death, this man drew a cross of his own blood on the ground, kissed it, and cried "Jesus" as he fell. After traveling to Hispaniola, he had enrolled in the service of the explorer Alonso de Ojeda (oh-HAY-da). Three years later he participated in Balboa's expedition to the Pacific and served as governor of Panama for five years. His most famous exploits were conducted with Diego de Almagro, his future betrayer. It was at the town of Cajamarca (ca-ha-MAR-ca) in November of 1530 that this man revealed his own treachery by surprising the guards of Atahualpa. Considered the founder of Lima, FTP, identify this Spanish conquistador and conqueror of the Inca Empire of Peru.
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Born circa 1336 of obscure origins, by 1357 this man was already a general of some repute who was made vizier to the khan Tughlaq Temur of Transoxania before turning against him and setting himself on the throne. He then embarked on a series of conquests which encompassed Persia, Fars, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Georgia, as well as parts of India while making his capital, Samarkand, a center of architectural splendor and culture. For 10 points name this Tartar ruler, whose life was dramatized by Christopher Marlowe.
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Conrad Martin of Paderborn was charged with revising its constitution, whose first draft was largely the work of Johann Franzelin. Cardinal Gibbons was the youngest member of the delegation, which in the third of its four sessions produced the canons "On God the Creator of All Things," "On Revelation," "On Faith," and "On Faith and Reason," comprising the Dogmatic Constitution of the Catholic Faith. This council had its roots in the publication of the Syllabus of Errors five years earlier and sought to address the issue of rationalism. Called forth in the bull Aeterni Patris and discussing the "teaching authority of the Roman pontiff" in its final session, it was cut short by the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. FTP, name this council held in 1869 and 1870, in which Pius IX asserted the doctrine of papal infallibility.
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Created from meetings with Xavier Ascazubi, its first nautical school at Guayaquil was organized by Capitán de Navío Juan Illingworth. Prominent among those that led to this country's founding was Antonio Nariño, who took part in the initial uprising. After independence was assured at Carabobo, the capital was placed at Cucuta and Francisco Santander became its first vice-president. Santander's idea of federal sovereign states prevailed and Bolivar's centralized government broke up, losing Ecuador and Venezuela in 1830. FTP, what was this short-lived nation in South America led by Simon Bolivar?
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During World War II, this state was the site of the POW camp of Cowra, which saw one of the largest prison escapes in the war. Samuel Marsden was forced to flee this state when three hundred Irishmen marched to Parramatta in the Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804. The Tenterfield Oration, calling for states to unify for purposes of defense, was given in this state, which was also the landing spot for Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet. The arrest of John MacArthur sparked an incident in this state that ended with Lachlan Macquarie becoming governor after George Johnston deposed William Bligh in the Rum Rebellion. For 10 points, name this most populous Australian state, whose capital is Sydney.
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During his reign, a group of five men, largely educated in England, formed a movement that rose from an earlier movement meant to "expel the barbarians." Fictional works that framed this ruler's reign are "The Beefeater," which shows the effects of a treaty his people signed in 1854, as well as "The Nose," which was published four years after this ruler's death and focuses on the veneration of "Western" features. His reign also saw the Satsuma rebellion, as a reaction to the reduction of classes in his nation. Also alive for the formulation of his namesake Constitution in 1889, as well as victory in a war that ended with a treaty negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt, FTP name this Emperor of Japan, whose name lends itself to an Era and a Restoration.
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During this conflict, one country established a puppet regime known as the Terijoki Government, and it began with one side shelling their own border village of Mainila. The eventual losers of this conflict showed the prowess of their motti tactic in a remarkable incident at Raate Road in which 3,600 soldiers ambushed, broke up, and defeated a force of 25,000, and that battle prevented the other side from marching to Oulu and splitting the country in half. Fears over the nationalist and anti-communist Lapua Movement contributed to one side's participation in this conflict, and that side eventually broke through the Mannerheim Line and captured Karelia. For 10 points, name this World War Two-era invasion of Finland which showed the weakness of the Soviet military.
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During this dynasty, a Catholic scholar developed a philosophy of the rights of the people that is classified as part of the "practical learning" modernization movement known as Silhak. Its fourth ruler is credited with developing the official writing system of fourteen consonants and ten vowels, replacing the hanja system. It was formed after in the late 14th century when an opportunity to invade China was passed over by King U's general in favor of overthrowing the Goryeo. FTP, name this dynasty that ruled Korea until annexed by Japan in 1910.
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During this dynasty, painting and sculpture flourished, as seen in the production of its famous eponymous horses. Buddhism was suppressed and monasteries dissolved during the Hu-chiang period, while its greatest territorial expansions occurred under Hsuan Tsung, whose ambitions were finally checked by the Arabs at the Talas River. Great decline occurred after the An Lu-Shan rebellion, which served as subject material for its great poets, including Tu Fu and Li Po. FTP, what was this 618-907 Chinese dynasty whose name is now associated with astronauts?
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Edwin Montagu opposed this document, which was strongly supported by the editor C. P. Scott. It was drafted by Lord Milner, and undermined promises made by Henry MacMahon. After this document was issued, the Declaration to the Seven was sent to the Party of Syrian Unity. Incorporated into the Treaty of Sèvres at the San Remo conference, it was supported by a white paper written by Winston Churchill. A major supporter of this document was a chemist who developed a new technique for synthesizing acetone, Chaim Weizmann. Originally drafted as a letter to Lord Rothschild, for 10 points, name this statement issued in 1917 that supported the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
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Eight of the "Twenty-Four Generals" of one faction were killed at this battle. The namesake location was controlled by Okudaira Sadamasa, who before this battle had to fend off a seige. One sides' cavalry, lead by Baba, Naito, and Yamagata, was slowed down by the Rengogawa stream, allowing the other side to set up wooden stockades and align his arquebusiesrs into three protected lines. Depicted in the Kurosawa film Kagemusha and considered the first modern Japanese battle, for 10 points, name this battle fought outside of the namesake castle that lead to the downfall of the Takeda clan, a decisive victory for Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu.
identify this South American nation with capital at Quito.
Eloy Alfaro served as president twice, but after his second term he was put in prison and murdered by a lynch-mob the next year. Alfaro represented a dramatic liberalization following the years when it was a Catholic theocracy under Garcia Morenos. Its conservative first president, Juan Jose Flores, spent much of the mid-20th century attacking his liberal opponent Vicente Villafuerte. Velasco Ibarra was elected president five times but never finished a term. Joining Gran Columbia shortly after it was liberated at the battle of Pichincha by Sucre, it broke away in 1830. For 10 points
what was this trading kingdom of northeastern Africa that eventually developed into Ethiopia?
In the 6th century, this kingdom reduced the Yemen to vassals, while three centuries earlier it invaded and conquered the neighboring Meroe kingdom. Renowned for its huge obelisk tombs, it used its port at Adulis to dominate trade on the Red Sea. It saw the minting of coins under its greatest king, Ezana, whose alliance with Byzantium started the kingdom's conversion to Christianity. For 10 points
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Its central area of control was centered on the Kanto plain and Kihai district and called the tenryo or "heavenly domain." The country was administered by the Baku-Han system and daimyos, classified as "fudai" or "tozawa," were forced to spend every other year in attendance at the court of Edo. It was established shortly after the Battle of Sekigahara and was preceded by the period when Nobunaga and Hideyoshi consolidated power. FTP, identify this Japanese Shogunate established by Ieyasu and overthrown in the Meiji Restoration.
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One conflict involving this nation saw the taking of Mannerplaw and the capture of Khun Sa. In another conflict, an attack on Negrais led to rise of a dynasty ruled by Hsinbyushin and Bodawpaya. An Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League resisted Japanese rule here after being trained by them. Alaungpaya founded its Konbaung dynasty at Ava after a Mon rebellion toppled the Toungoo, which had been led by king Bayinnaung. Khin Nyunt held the leadership of an organization founded by General Saw Maung in this nation, SLORC, and early kingdoms here include Arakan and Pagan. For 10 points, name this polity once ruled by the regime of Ne Win, currently home to Nobelist Aung San Suu Kyi, who is held under house arrest in Yangon.
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One dynasty which ruled in this kingdom used the "bone-rank" system to select "true-bone" men for the Council of Nobles. Another dynasty here was founded at Songak, encouraged immigration from the defunct state of Parhae, and fought several wars with Khitan. The government here protested relations with the U.S. by burning the General Sherman and, later, some groups here fought for democracy in the Tonghak Uprising and sought independence under the banner of the March First Movement. Earlier, the Hall of Worthies established by Sejong had finished constructing the hangul alphabet. FTP, name this former kingdom in which the Silla; Goryo; and Yi, or Choson, dynasties ruled, presently split into two countries.
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One emperor from this dynasty was married to Fu Hao, and its early portion is coextensive with the "Erligang Culture." One ruler of this dynasty infamously built an artificial tree with sausages hanging from its branches, which he put on an island in the middle of a swimming pool of wine. Its founder allegedly read a prophecy on a turtle shell and fought eleven wars. The previously-mentioned ruler was said to have married a fox demon and was blamed for this dynasty losing the Battle of Muye to its successor, since he allegedly lost the Mandate of Heaven. Founded by Emperor Tang, the artifacts associated with this dynasty include oracle bones and the first known Chinese writing. It may have overthrown the Xia Dynasty, and was definitely succeeded by the Zhou. For 10 points, name this first historically-attested Chinese dynasty.
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One episode of violence in this conflict involved a failed attack on an arsenal at Monte Chingolo. Officials during this event operated under a document known as "Directive 404/75" and its ten annexes, and launched operations targeting the "parallel government" in Tucuman Province, including the infamous "Annihilation Decree." Its victims included journalist Jacobo Timerman and it was notably opposed by Adolfo Esquivel. Often referred to as the "National Reorganization Process," its key features included the PEN, a national prison system, which evolved under the tenure of Jorge Videla and resulted in the creation of "los desaparecidos," or the disappeared peoples. For 10 points, name this event that saw military juntas commit various human rights violations in Argentina.
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One figure by this name was known as Gille and claimed to be a son of Magnus Barefoot, but was killed by a rival Sigurd Slembe during a civil war. A Kievan "Grand Prince", Mstislav I, was known by this name, because of his birth to Vladimir Monomach and Gyda, the daughter of a king of this name. Liashchenko proposed that the White-Russian epic folk hero Solovei Budomirovich is based on a historical king by this name, who had married the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Elizabeth, only after achieving fame through his Byzantine adventures. After sharing the throne with his nephew Magnus the Noble, that man won the battle of Fulford Gate, before being defeated by another figure of this name at a battle which saw the death of Tostig. FTP, give this name, shared by a king known as Haardraade and a certain Godwinsson, the loser of the Battle of Hastings.
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One key moment in this battle came when the main army proceeded to mount the Surgham Hills while the rear was forced to wheel around; they were led by an allegedly-homosexual commander called "Fighting Mac," Hector Macdonald, who defeated a two-pronged attack and was called the "real hero" of this battle. The Kerreri Heights stood on one flank of this battle, which saw the 21st Lancers make a heroic charge across a ravine, described in the book The River War which was written by a famous member of the Lancers. The main commander here was forced to depart soon after to tend to the Fashoda Incident. The army of Ansar or Dervishes was devastated and the Khalifa, commanding those troops as the successor to the Mahdi, was captured shortly thereafter. FTP, name this 1898 battle, a victory for Horatio Kitchener in the Sudan.
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The Chehel Sotun was erected under the auspices of this dynasty. It weakened under the reign of Shah Tahmasp, and its troops were organized into ghulams, tofangchis, and topchis under the military reforms of the Englishman Robert Sherley. Before it lost the important Diyarbakir site, this dynasty's greatest leader expelled Portuguese traders from their most popular port, and its capital fell to Ghizlzai Afghans in 1722. Its founder captured Tabriz from the White Sheep federation of Uzbek Turkmen, and this dynasty was eventually supplanted by Nader Shah. Its capital was moved to Esfahan in the early 17th century, and it was founded by Isma'il I and reached its peak under Abbas I. Lasting from 1502 to 1736, for 10 points, name this dynasty that established Shi'a Islam as the state religion, and which was based in Iran.
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One leader in a war for this cause was known as the Bronze Titan and issued the Protest of Baraguá against compromises in this pursuit, whose advocates were later subjected to the "reconcentration" policy. Another man who worked for this goal summoned all his slaves in order to announce that they were free and should join his army in pursuit of this end. This cause was advocated in the Grito de Yara by the antislavery activist Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, and advocates for this goal were briefly placated with the Pact of Zanjón by a man who had earlier fought against the Carlists, Arsenio Martínez Campos. Antonio Maceo and Calixto García were later leaders in conflicts fought to achieve this end, known as the Little War and the Ten Years War. Brutally suppressed by Valeriano Weyler, this cause achieved success after the explosion of the Maine triggered U.S. involvement. For 10 points, identify this national aspiration advocated by such figures as Jose Martí from a certain Caribbean island.
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One man of this name appears in first Chronicles 7:10 and is the son of Bilham and the great-grandson of Benjamin the patriarch. The more famous person with this name appears to confront a man who crossed the Jordan with the aid of the Ammonites and Amalekites and took the city of palm trees, from which he oppressed the Israelites for 18 years. That man, Eglon, granted this son of Gera a private audience, at which this man stabbed him and famously had trouble removing the knife due to Eglon's legendary fatness. FTP, name this second Judge of Israel, scourge of the Moabites and namesake of a recent Israeli Prime Minister.
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One man to hold this office was faced with the Conscription Crisis in 1944. The first man to hold this office was embroiled in a scandal in which he accepted payments from Hugh Allan in return for granting a railroad contract. Kim Campbell was the first female holder of this office, which John Macdonald lost to Alexander Mackenzie after the Pacific Scandal broke. The failure of the Meech Lake Accord doomed Brian Mulroney's time in this office. For 10 points, name this office, formerly held by William Mackenzie King, which is currently held by Stephen Harper.
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One member of this clan was supposedly joined in battle by the female samurai Tomoe Gozen, who may have drowned herself after the Battle of Awazu. Another member had an ally in the giant warrior monk Musashibo Benkei who fought with him at the Battle of Uji Bridge. They were defeated by their main rivals in the Heiji Rebellion, after which many of them were mercifully sent into exile including Noriyori, the younger brother of the main members. But, within a couple decades, they returned and won the Battle of Dannoura during the Gempei War; thus they emerged victorious over the Taira clan and their leader Yoritomo set up the first bakufu. FTP, name this clan which established the Kamakura shogunate.
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One member of this dynasty won a major victory at La Forbie over his treacherous uncle, though his allies at that battle would soon desert him. That ruler's father captured Damietta several times and like his son was forced to do battle with the Khwarezmians. The last of them was murdered by one of his generals, who went on to marry the widow of an earlier one of them. After Aybek killed Turanshah, they were supplanted by the Bahri dynasty. The high point of this dynasty came at a battle in which Raymond III of Tripoli and King Guy were defeated near an extinct volcano, the Horns of Hattin. FTP, name this Kurdish dynasty which ruled Damascus and Egypt during the 12th and 13th centures, and which was founded by Saladin.
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One member of this family took the title of "shinno," or "new emperor," and attempted to establish a secessionist government at Kanto. Another member of this family destroyed the pirates on the Inland Sea; that one's father allied with Shirakawa to implement the insei system. This group controlled Japan during the so-called Rokuhara regime, having achieved complete power by allying with Go-Shirakawa against Sutoku, and then consolidated their victory in the Heiji War. Despite leading the winning forces in the Hogen Disturbance, this family's downfall was sealed by such military defeats as Ichinotani and Yashima Island, as well as a battle in which a notable sword was lost and Prince Antoku drowned. For 10 points, name this clan which met its end in the 1185 naval battle of Dan-no-ura, leaving Japan to the Minamoto family and Kamakura shogunate.
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One of its leaders believed that the devilish race created by an evil "big head scientist" was to hold power for six thousand years ending in 1914. That evil scientist died at the age of 150 on the island of Patmos, after he had performed his malign work of grafting the brown germ out of people, thereby forming a new race. Following its attack on the Hanafi Center, Warith Deen took over leadership, changed its name twice, and then disbanded it, prompting the formation of three splinter movements. This movement, which believes in the sinister Mr. Yakub, was founded in Detroit by a fabric seller named Wallace Fard who called himself the "Prophet" but who disappeared soon after, leaving it in the hands of Elijah Muhammad. FTP, name this organization whose fame was spread by Malcolm X.
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One side had managed to acquire numerous Vickers and Curtiss aircraft as well as numerous armor, it was the other side, advised by General Belaieff which took the most prisoners, while the war cost over 100,000 lives. The territory in question was settled in the early 19th century and its only habitable part is the eastern Austral. A virtual stalemate that ended in 1935 with the exhaustion of both sides, FTP, name this South American war, fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over its namesake region.
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One side in this conflict employed the field fortress design expertise of Belaieff and Ern. The other side purchased several Vickers 143 aircraft and tanks, but the sweltering heat forced the tanks to operate with all hatches open, rendering them easy targets for grenades. Kundt had initial command of the army of a nation still smarting from the loss of its Litoral Province in a previous conflict in the 1880s. That nation saw a coup replace Salamanca with Tejada Sorzano after a string of victories by Estegarribia. Saavedra Lamas helped secure a 1935 armistice in, FTP, this war fought over a prime piece of real estate ranging from waterless plains to arid thornbrush jungle, contested by Paraguay and Bolivia.
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The author of Philosophy of the Revolution, this man saw his shining foreign policy moment at the Treaty of Bandung; later missteps included involving his nation in the Yemeni civil war. The target of a 1954 assassination attempt at the hands of the Muslim Brotherhood, he rose to power earlier that year following Mohammed Naguib's fall from grace after the overthrow of King Farouk. Before leading his country into an ill-fated union with Syria, he defied the West with his handling of the Aswan High Dam Project and the Suez Canal. FTP, name this president of Egypt from 1956 to 1970.
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The defense of one of the countries involved lasted for five years until the final defeat at Cerro Cora. A secret alliance made with Velancio Flores, an enemy o the Blanco regime, spelled the end for the eventual losing side. Though declaration of war against Bartolome Mitre had already sealed the fate of Francisco Solano Lopez and his country. Costing Paraguay almost a third of its male population, FTP, identify this conflict fought between 1865 and 1870 and named for the number of nations allied against Paraguay.
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The first Cro-Magnon skeletons were discovered in 1868 under a rock overhang at one end of this town. Nearby is the Abri Pataud archeological site. On the other end of town are the Font de Gaume and Les Combarelles sites. The Musée National de Préhistoire is in the centre of the village. Only a few kilometers out of town are the sites of La Madeleine and Le Moustier. The cliff dwellings of Roque St. Christophe have been inhabited almost continuously for over 50,000 years. Near Roque St. Christophe is the PréhistoParc at Tursac that has full-size dioramas of extinct animals, and of scenes from Neandertal and Cro-Magnon life. About twenty kilometers away is Grotte de Rouffignac, a cave famous for the large number of mammoths painted on its walls. For ten points, these can all be found in or near what French village, the self-styled "World Capital of Prehistory"?
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The first ended in 1769 after an alliance of Nizam Ali, the Marathas, and the English failed to oust Hyder Ali from Arcot. The second, which lasted from 1780-17884, was ended by the Treaty of Mangalore, and saw the defeat of Hyder Ali at Porto Nova and his subsequent death, leaving his kingdom to his son Tipu Sultan, who fought against Cornwallis. The third of these wars was ended by the Treaty of Seringapatnam, but Indian gains were lost after the fourth and final version in 1799. FTP, identify this set of wars named after the titular region in India over which they were fought.
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The grandson, on his mother's side, of the leader of the Rebellion of 1837, he was taught by his mother that it was his destiny to vindicate his grandfather and namesake. A resident for a time at Hull House, he worked for the Rockefeller Foundation from 1914, although he insisted on residing in Canada, where he could run for Parliament. For ten points, who was this politician, who between 1919 and 1948 served as Liberal leader and three-time Canadian prime minister?
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The last of this line was the Emperor Chieh, whose devotion to a beautiful but cruel mistress led to misery and a revolt by T'ang. Notable for the advances made in irrigation under it, its founder was Yu the Great, who was so devoted to duty that he only visited his palace once during his reign after succeeding Shun, the last ogf the Five Sovereings. FTP name this ruling epoch, the first hereditary dynasty of China, a semilegendary house followed by the Yin or Shang dynasty.
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The most famous work of Slovenian author Vladimir Bartol deals with the downfall of this group. Muhammad of Esfizar, a Herati historian, claims they still existed in the sixteenth century, and Abaka sent an army against them. One leader of them had his head removed from his body in a shepherd's hut by his Mazandarani companion, a deed to which Rokn ud Din did not respond. Their defeat involved the taking of Girdkuh, Maimundiz, and Lembeser, and an account of this group's founder was compiled when the minister Athamulk Juveni found the Sergerushti Sidina. The man who defeated them eventually murdered the family of the Khurshah, after successfully taking a fortress established by Hasan Sabbah, Alamut. FTP, name this group destroyed by Hulagu Khan, a sect of radical Ismailis known for their habit of killing important leaders.
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The novel comes to a close after a call is placed to Mr. Geoffroy that identifies one of the protagonists, which then allows Miss Ferry to express her disapproval of the whole adventure. Eric Lyles and his "mum" are continually intruding on a couple that try to distinguish themselves from their fellow tourists by claiming that they are travelers. After leaving Tunner behind in the second section, The Earth's Sharp Edge, one character falls ill, while the other is kidnapped by Belqassim and forced to join his harem. The innocent fun of the first part, Tea in the Sahara, is shattered as Kit and Port Moresby lose themselves in, FTP, what 1949 work by Paul Bowles.
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The revolt of the emperor Go-Daigo and ensuing factional struggles led to the downfall of its bakufu, or military administration. For the majority of its rule members of the Hojo family wielded power. It had originated under the rule of Minamoto Yoritomo and was named for his capital city. During it, seppuku, or ritual suicide by disembowelment by emerged, and the new faith sects of True Pure Land and Nichiren Buddhism appeared and grew quickly. In addition, this period saw the defeat of two attempted Mongol invasions with the aid of the "divine wind" of typhoons that decimated the Mongol fleet. FTP, what was this first Japanese shogunate, ruling from 1193 to 1333?
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The ruler of Oman, Sa'id ibn Sultan, relocated his capital there in the seventeenth century. British consul general John Kirk persuaded Sultan Barghash to abolish the slave in 1873 angering natives such as Tippu Tip, who used it as a base for the expansion of his empire near the Lualaba river. Made a British protectorate in 1890, this island regained its independence in 1963. For 10 points, in 1976 what East African island officially united with its mainland neighbor Tanganyika?
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The site of this event was home to groups who referred to themselves as Kelly's Heroes, the Hazels, the Vikings, and the Dirty Dozen. The Cillie Commission was convened in response to it and evaluated the death of sociologist Melville Edelstein. It originated with a meeting at Orlando Stadium West planned by the Action Committee to protest the so-called "gutter education" mandated by the Medium Decree. Hector Peterson is probably its most famous participant; this event occurred 16 years after a similar event at Sharpeville and many of its participants were removed to Robben Island. For 10 points, name this 1976 tragedy during which students protested mandatory Afrikaans education and were killed in the namesake South African township.
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The son of Romanus II and Theophano, he was crowned emperor with his brother Constantine at the age of three in 960. In 985, with the help of the Varangian Guard, he exiled a namesake rival known as the Eunuch, who had been ruling as regent. By marrying his sister Anne to Vladimir of Kiev, he was responsible for converting Kievan' Russia to Christianity. FTP, name this Byzantine emperor whose 1014 defeat of Tsar Samuel I earned him a reputation for killing a Balkan ethnic group.
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The territories of this empire are referred to as the Twelve Doors, and its provincial governors were known as farins and farbas. A forty-four edict constitution, the Kouroukan Fouga, established this empire's legislature, the Gbara, and it grew out of the Kangaba state. This empire was established after a victory over the Sosso king Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina, and one of its leaders devalued gold in Cairo on his way to Mecca. With capital at Niani, for 10 points, name this medieval empire of Western Africa whose rulers included Sundiata Keita and Mansa Musa.
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The third invaded Italy twice and set up his tutor Gerbert of Aurillac [GURR-burt of OH-ree-ack] as Pope Sylvester II. The fourth was the son of Henry the Lion and was Welf candidate for the throne before being beaten out by the Hohenstaufen Frederick II. The second was married to the Byzantine princess Theophano. The first, or the great, was responsible for an eponymous renaissance including such figures as Liutprand of Cremona, and was crowned by Pope John XII in 962 and trounced the Magyars at Lechfeld in 955. The first three of these emperors make up the bulk of the Saxon dynasty and shared -- for 10 points -- what short palindromic name with Chancellor Bismarck?
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The victor in this battle reported that "the enemy were moored in a strong Line of Battle for defending the entrance of the bay, flanked by numerous Gun-boats, four Frigates, and a battery of Guns and Mortars...but nothing could withstand the Squadron your Lordship placed under my command." Thomas B. Thompson commanded the Leander, Samuel Hood was in the Zealous, and Thomas Louis in the Minotaur, while the flagship was the Vanguard. FTP, name this battle of August 1798, which Lord Nelson won in the waters of the Egyptian delta.
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Their final defeat came in 1258, when Hulagu Khan put the last ruler to death. For three centuries before that, they served only as figureheads, at the mercy of military commanders. With their capital at Baghdad, their glory days were in the eighth and ninth centuries, under the leadership of Abdullah al-Mamun and his father, Harun ar-Rashid. FTP, name the caliphate which overthrew the Umayyads in 750, descendants of the uncle of Mohammed.
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Their gods included Illapa, the god of thunder, Mamaquilla, a moon goddess, and Viracocha, the great creator. Lesser powers were "huacas," spirits that inhabited natural objects such as rocks and mountains. None of them could save Huayna Capac from smallpox in 1527, or prevent civil war between his sons Huascar and Atahualpa. FTP, name this empire centered on Cuzco which was conquered by the forces of Francisco Pizarro.
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Their modern-day descendants are a matrilineal Akan people. The Oyoko clan forged this alliance from the small states that arose near modern Kumasi. The British broke it up and exiled King Prempeh I to the Seychelles, but the confederation was restored in 1935. It reached its zenith early under Osei Tutu, whose authority was symbolized by the Golden Stool. FTP, name this alliance, whose king remains influential in Southern Ghana, and which shares its name with a hip hop singer.
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Their proposed coup was inspired by the example of the Carbonari and Tugendbund. Most of the participants were Army veterans, Freemasons, or members of secret societies such as the Union of Salvation. They demanded the accession of Constantine, but they were quickly suppressed and Nicholas I became tsar. FTP name this 1825 event in Russian history.
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Theodore II ["the Second"] took the throne in 1855. In 1868, British troops invaded and Theodore committed suicide. In 1872, Johannes IV ["the fourth"] became king; but he had a civil war with Menelek, whom the Italians backed. In 1896, Italy invaded but was humiliated. Menelek's grandson, Lij Yasu, converted to Islam in 1916, and the Christian church deposed him. His aunt chose a regional governor, Ras Tafari, as his heir. This is a history of, for 10 points, what African nation?
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They were introduced during the Shang Dynasty, and it is believed that their development was influenced by Confucius who claimed that their most obvious substitutes should be avoided as they could remind people of violence and slaughterhouses. Sometimes made out of porcelain, animal bone, ivory, coral, agate, and jade, aristocrats often used silver ones since it was thought that silver would change color if it came into contact with poison. They later spread to Korea, Japan, and some parts of Southeast Asia, and are most often carved out of bamboo. FTP, what are these Asian eating utensils that replace forks and knives.
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Thirteen years before this battle, a crusade intended to prevent its outcome led by Ulászló I was destroyed at Varna. It earned its victor, who succeeded where his father had failed, the sobriquet Fatih. Factors helping decide it include construction of the Rumeli Hisari and circumvention of a previously infallible blockade chain by the hauling of a fleet overland into the Golden Horn. Probably spurious accounts of this 1451 event have Constantine XI Palaeologus dying on foot at a gate and Mehmed II astride a pile of corpses in the Hagia Sophia. FTP, name this siege that ended the Byzantine Empire; the ultimate capture of its capital city.
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This battle was made more difficult for the winner when the Culloden ran into a reef and diverted the Leander in a rescue mission. The losing admiral had studied his enemy's prior tactics at the Battle of the Saintes, and had his ships chained together while at anchor to prevent the British from dividing his fleet. However, the French fleet was too far from the shore, allowing the British to attack the line under Brueys from both sides, culminating in the explosion of the flagship, L'Orient. Only two French ships-of-the line escaped, while Lord Nelson's fleet did not lose a single ship to French fire. FTP, name this 1798 naval battle that stranded Napoleon in Egypt.
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This individual ordered the sinking of the Altalena on the suspicion that it carried men wishing to launch a coup against him. Years earlier, this man founded a workers' faction known as the Histadrut, which would later merge with similar groups into the Mapai, later his country's labor party. This man increased his nation's population via Operation Magic Carpet, which flew in almost fifty thousand Yemenis “On Wings of Angelsâ€. This politician left the Mapai upon resigning due to the Lavon Affair, and he and his supporters formed the Rafi party and made and made an unsuccessful attempt to challenge the coalition of this man's successor, Levi Eshkol. For 10 points, identify this statesman, who, in 1948, became the first prime minister of Israel.
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This leader managed to free his polity from the Convention of Balta Liman, allowing him to establish a state monopoly on textiles. This ruler sent an expedition to expel Wahabis from the Hejaz, and was the beneficiary of the Convention of Kütahya and his son's victory at the Battle of Nizip. He replaced the iltizam tax system and established a new army under Colonel Joseph Sève formed from conscription among the fellahin. French support of this man led to the so-called "Oriental Crisis" when he invaded Syria, and he sent his son Ibrahim Pasha to wage a campaign in the Morea, though it was cut short by defeat at Navarino Bay. This native Albanian led a massacre of the Mamelukes, and was named viceroy by Selim III after expelling Napoleon's forces from the nation he would rule. For 10 points, name this man who achieved autonomy from the Ottomans while ruling Egypt from 1805 to 1848.
Kingdom of Cambodia [or Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea]
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Kingdom/Empire of Kongo
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Knight Templars
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Kongo empire
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Korea
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Korean peninsula [or Hangook bando; or Choson bando]
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Kublai Khan
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Kuomintang; accept KMT
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Kurt Waldheim
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Lajos Kossuth
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Laos (accept Lan Xang prior to mention of the "20th century")
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Lepanto
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Les Eyzies
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Lester Bowles Pearson
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Leyte Gulf (prompt on just Leyte)
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Liberal Party
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Likud or Union
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Limited Test-Ban Treaty or LTBT (prompt on Nuclear Test Ban Treaty or NTBT)
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Lin Biao or Piao
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Livonia
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Lord Elgin or Thomas Bruce or Lord Kincardine
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Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener
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Lord John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, First Baron of Aldenham
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Malaysia
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Mali
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Mali Empire [or Manding Empire; or Manden Kurufa]
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Mamluks
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Mamluks or Mamelukes
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Mamluks or Mamlukes
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Mau Mau rebellion
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Maurya
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May 4th Movement
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Mayan Civilization
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Mehmet II (or Mehmed II or Muhammad II)
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Meiji Restoration
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Miguel Hidalgo v Costilla
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
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Minamoto (accept Seiwa Genji but don't accept or prompt on Kamakura)
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Minamoto Clan
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Mobutu Sese Seko (or Mobutu Sese Seko Koko Ngbendu wa za Banga)
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Mobutu Sese Seko Koko Ngbendu Wa Za Banga [or Joseph Désiré Mobutu; or "The all-powerful warrior who, because of his endurance and inflexible will to win, will go from conquest to conquest, leaving fire in his wake"]
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Mobutu Sese Seko or Joseph Desire Mobutu
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (prompt on the Shah of Iran)
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Mohammed Mosadeq
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Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi
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Mongkut (accept: Rama IV before it is mentioned)
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Monte Albán
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Moroccan crises or incidents or whatever
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Muhammad Ali Pasha (or Mehmet Ali)
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Muhammad Ali Pasha [or Mehmet Ali Pasha]
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Muhammad Ali [or Mehmed Ali]
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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (accept early buzz of Mustafa Kemal)
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My Lai
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Mysore Wars
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Nara
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Nazca or Nasca
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Ned Kelly [or Grand Theft Kangaroo]
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New Caledonia
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New Democratic Party [or NDP; or Nouveau Parti Démocratique]
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New South Wales
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Oriental Republic of Uruguay [accept Banda Oriental until it is read]
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Osman
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Otto
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Ottoman Empire
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Pablo Neruda [or Juan Ricardo Reyes Basoalto]
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Pan-African Congresses
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Pathet Lao
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Patrice Lumumba
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Peace of Westphalia
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Pedro Alvares Cabral
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Pedro II de Alcãntara
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Pol Pot (accept early Saloth Sar)
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Prime Minister of Canada [or equivalents like Canadian PM; prompt on partial answer]
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Puebla
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Qin Dynasty [or Chin Dynasty; do not accept "Ching Dynasty"]
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Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina
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Ralph Bunche
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Reconquista (prompt on "reconquest")
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Reinhold Messner
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Republic of Biafra
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Republic of Bolivia or [Republica de Bolivia]
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Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina [or Bosna i Hercegovina]
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Republic of Chile
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Republic of Ecuador
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Republic of Peru [or Republica de Peru]
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Republic of Sierra Leone
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Republic of The Gambia
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Republic of Uganda [Accept Buganda]
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Republic of the Philippines [or Republika ng Pilipinas]
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Republica de Colombia
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Rio de la Plata or River Plate [pla-TAY]
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Rum Rebellion
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Schmalkaldic League [or Schmalkaldischer Bund]
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Sea Peoples
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Second Anglo-Boer War [or Second War of Independence; or South African War before mentioned]
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Sekigahara
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Sepoy Mutiny [or First War of Indian Independence; or Indian Mutiny before "India"; or Revolt of 1857 before mention]
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Sergei Mironovich Kirov
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Shah Jahan
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Shah Jahan (prompt on Prince Khurram)
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Shahanshah of Iran [or King of Iran; or Emperor of Iran; accept anything that establishes singular rule of Iran; accept Pahlavis early]
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Shaka Zulu
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Simon Bolivar
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Simon de Bolivar
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Sino-Japanese War
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Sir John Hanning Speke
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Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
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Six Days War (prompt on "1967 War")
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Six-Day War
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Sixth Crusade
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Soccer War or Football War
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Soccer War or Guerra de Fútbol
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Song dynasty
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Songhai (or Songhay)
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South Africa
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Soviet-Afghan War (or "Soviet Union/Russian invasion of Afghanistan," or anything which distinctly mentions those two countries)
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Soweto riots/uprising/rebellion/massacre/etc.
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Sri Lanka
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St. Brendan
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Sun Yat-sen [or Guofu; or Zhongshan; or Sun Zhongshan; or Sun Deming; or Sun Dixiang; or Sun Wen; or Sun Rixin; or Sun Yixian; or Sun Zaishi; accept Nakayama Shou in either order before mentioned
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Sundiata Keita or Mari Diata
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Sykes-Picot Agreement
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Tadeusz Kosciuszko
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Taiping Rebellion
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Taiping Rebellion (prompt on "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace" or variants)
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Taiping Rebellion or Rebellion of Great Peace [Accept equivalents for Rebellion]
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Taiwan
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Taiwan [prompt on "Formosa" before mentioned]
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Taliban
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Tamburlaine the Great (do not accept or prompt on just "Tamerlane")
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Tamerlane (or: Timur lenk)
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Tamerlane [accept Timur-e Lang, accept Timurlank; Timur the Lame, Tamburlaine, and other reasonably close pronounciations]
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Tamerlane [or Timur the Lame; or Emir Timur]
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Tamerlane [or Timur the Lame; or Timur e-Leng; or Tamburlaine]
...
Tamurlaine or Timur the Lame
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Tang dynasty
...
Tatars
...
Teutonic Knights [or Teutonic Order; or House of the Hospitalers of Saint Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem; or Deutscher Ritter Orden; or Haus der Ritter des Hospitals Sankt Marien der Deutschen zu Jerusalem; or Domus Sanctae Mariae Theutonicorum in Jerusalem; do not accept Knights Hospitalers]
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The Battle of the Nile
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The Great Game
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The League of Nations
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Washington Naval Conference on the Limitation of Naval Armaments
...
Wilkes
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William L. Mackenzie King
...
Xia dynasty (Hsia; pronounced like the "s" in "vision")
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Yellow Turban Rebellion
...
Yi dynasty or Chosun dynasty
...
Yoritomo Minamoto
...
Young Plan
...
Yuan Dynasty
...
Yuan Dynasty or Dai-ön Ulus
...
Yuan Shikai (or Rong'an)
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Yuan Shikai [or Yuan Shigai; or Yuan Shih-k'ai]
...
Yuri Andropov
...
Zanj Revolt
...
...
'This kingdom was ruled by Anshuverma, who fathered the enterprising missionary Bhrikuti and was a member of the Lichavi Dynasty. After being separated into 22 principalities known as Baisi, it became united again under Jayasthitimalla, while its modern incarnation was forced to sign the Treaty of Sugauli with the British in 1816 not long after its reunification under the Gorkha leader Prithvi Narayan Shah. The Kot Massacre in this state brought about the autocratic rule of its most recent dynasty, which was founded by Jang Bahadur. The future of that dynasty would have lain with a man whose wild unpopularity stems from his track record of assaulting police officers and inexplicably numerous hit and run allegations, Paras, after Prince Dipendra brought an M16 to a family dinner. The recently abolished Rana monarchy controlled, for 10 points, what country, whose capital is Kathmandu? '
Dom Pedro II de Alcantara [there's a bunch of other names after this, but I don't reasonably expect anyone to give them]
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Don John or John of Austria or Don Juan of Austria
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Dumbarton Oaks
...
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
...
Durham Report
...
Entebbe Incident/Raid/Whatever (accept Operation Thunderball or Thunderbolt)
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Ernesto "Che" Guevara de la Serna
...
Ethiopia
...
Ethiopia or Abyssinia
...
Fa or Hua Mulan
...
False Dmitriis
...
Farouk I (also accept Faruq al-Awwal)
...
Farouk I or Faruq al-Awwal
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Fashoda incident
...
Fatimid dynasty
...
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia [or Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik]
...
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
...
Ferdinand Marcos
...
Forbidden City (prompt on "Palace Museum" before mentioned)
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Francois-Dominique Toussaint Louverture
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Ghana
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Gregory Potemkin
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Grito de Dolores or Cry of Dolores
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Gulags (or Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps)
...
Harun al-Rashid
...
Heian Era
...
Henri Christophe
...
Henry Morton Stanley
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Henry Pu Yi or Aisin Gioro or Hsuan T'ung
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Heraclius
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Hernan Cortes
...
Herzog
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Hideyoshi Toyotomi [accept Toyotomi Hideyoshi]
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Hiram Bingham (each is a son of the previous one their life spans are as follows:1789-1869; 1831-1908; and 1875-1956)
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Hirohito [accept Showa before mentioned]
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Ho Chi Minh Trail (Accept Truong Son Strategic Supply Route before it is mentioned)
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Hundred Flowers Campaign (accept the Double Hundred Campaign)
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Hussein ibn Talal
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Ibn Battuta
...
Ibn Sa'ud ('abd Al-'aziz Ibn 'abd Ar-rahman Ibn Faysal Ibn Turki 'abd Allah Ibn Muhammad al Sa'ud)
...
Idi Amin Dada Oumee
...
Inca civilization [or Tahuantinsuyu]
...
Inca rulers or Sapa Inca (accept equivalents)
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Indira Gandhi [prompt on Gandhi]
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Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi [prompt on Gandhi]
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Indonesia
...
Isaurian dynasty [or Saurian dynasty]
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Ivan
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Iwo Jima
...
Jacob Leisler
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Chandragupta II Virkramaditya (accept either underlined part after Chandragupta as long as it's proceeded by Chandragupta)
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Chandragupta Maurya
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Charles Martel
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Chiang Kai-Shek or Jiang Jieshi
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Dom Pedro I of Brazil (or Pedro IV of Portugal)
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Julius Nyerere
...
...
-1956
4th Crusade
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Abbasid dynasty or caliphate
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Abbasids
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Abdullah Ocalan
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Abu Bakr
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Almoravid dynasty
...
Almoravids
...
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
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An Lu-shan's Rebellion
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Augustin de Iturbide (accept Federal Republic of Central America or United States of Central America before the star)
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Aurangzeb (accept 'alamgir or Muhi-ud-din Muhammad before they are mentioned)
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Aurangzeb [accept Alamgir I or Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir]
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Avicenna or Abu 'Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd-Allah ibn Sina
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Axum (prompt on Ethiopia)
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Ayyubids
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Babur
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Babur or Baber or Zahir-ud-din Muhammad
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Babur or Zahir-ud-din Muhammad
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Babylonian Captivity (do not accept Great Schism)
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Battle of The Nile [or Battle of Aboukir Bay]
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Battle of Ulundi
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Battle of Verdun
...
Battle of the Bulge (accept Ardennes before *)
...
Battle of the Coral Sea
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Benito Juarez
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Benito Pablo Juarez
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Bernardo O'Higgins
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Biafra
...
Black September (or Aylul Aswad)
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Boer Wars
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Boxer Rebellion [or Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists Rebellion before mention; or Righteous Harmony Society Movement before "Society"]
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Canada
...
Canada (Accept Canadian Army before mention of navy, accept Montreal Locomotive Works before "commanders")
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Carchemish [the more famous individual is T.E. Lawrence]
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Ch'ing Dynasty or Manchu Dynasty or Qing Dynasty
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Chaco War or Gran Chaco War or War of the Gran Chaco
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Jurchens [prompt on Manchus before it is read]
...
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A leader from the latter phase of this conflict was Jacobus Hercules De la Rey, who would eventually be shot dead by police. One side in this war achieved victory at Spion Kop by compelling the other side to try raising the siege of Ladysmith. Frederick Sleigh Roberts was eventually successful in relieving Maefiking and Kimberly, and Horatio Kitchener introduced the "scorched earth" policy and the concentration camp in this war, whose belligerents included a republic led by Paul Kruger. FTP, name this 1899 to 1902 war ended by the Peace of Vereeniging, which was fought between Great Britain and the Afrikaner states of South Africa.
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A merchant in the service of the Medici, this man helped outfit the ships for Columbus' 2nd and 3rd voyages, and devised a system for determining nearly exact longitude, while his acceptance of South America as a separate continent altered European understanding of the New World. In 1499 he served as navigator of the expedition of Ojeda that discovered the mainland of the New World, while on his own he discovered Baia de Guanabara and the mouth of the Amazon, but is best-known for the accounts of his voyages published by the mapmaker Martin Waldseemuller. FTP, who was this explorer often considered the source of the name America?
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A recent diary indicates that he probably sailed to Brazil on his second voyage. On his first voyage he left Saint-Malo with two ships and 61 men and went as far as Anticosti Island. His return and subsequent report piqued the interest of Francis I, who sent him back the next year. After encountering trouble from the Iroquois, he was supposed to set up a base to be colonized by Jean Roberval in 1541. FTP, identify this mariner, whose explorations of the North American coast and the St. Lawrence River laid the basis for later French claims to Canada.
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A revered leader of this party was a Baptist minister who established a provincial health care system that earned him the name "father of socialized medicine in" the country where this party operates. This party has part of its origins in the Non-Partisan League of North Dakota and in labor unions, as reflected in the fact that labor unions are given one quarter of its convention delegates. A major victory for this party was the surprise 1990 election of Bob Rae, but after a recession sapped their popularity, they dropped into third place in the 1995 elections in Ontario. Once led by the winner of a CBC poll for "Greatest Canadian," Tommy Douglas, this party is now headed by Jack Layton and has exerted influence during the recent string of minority governments, despite competing for the leftist vote with the Greens. For 10 points, name this Canadian political party, currently the fourth-largest in Parliament after the Liberals, Conservatives, and Bloc Quebecois.
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A revolt against them led by Babak, the leader of the Khorram-dinan sect, was put down by their eighth ruler, who succeeded his brother al-Mamun to the throne. Their first ruler was a member of the Banu Hashim who called himself the "blood-shedder" because of his fondness for killing members of the previous dynasty. That ruler was succeeded by his brother, al-Mansur, after a brief five-year reign, having come to power at the Battle of the Great Zab with the death of Marwan II. The last member to rule from their original capital is sometimes said to have been rolled up in a carpet and trampled to death following the 1258 sack of that capital. Reaching their peak under the leadership of Haroun al-Rashid, FTP name this dynasty which ruled from Baghdad after supplanting the Umayyads.
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According to Charles Darwin, this man put himself in the stocks for violating his own rule forbidding wearing knives on Sundays. He signed the Convention of Barracas with the general who executed his predecessor Manuel Dorrego, allowing him to gain power for two terms, after which he began a campaign against indigenous tribes. Vicente López y Planes became interim leader after this man's loyal Regimiento Aquino failed to save him from defeat at the Battle of Caseros. This employer of the Mazorcas militia lost that battle to the forces of Urquiza. The May Brotherhood produced The Slaughter House and Amalia as literature against this ruler, who was satirized in a book subtitled Civilization and Barbarism about a similar caudillo named Facundo Quiroga. Echevarria and Sarmiento notably opposed, for 10 points, what conservative Argentine leader in power until 1852?
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According to its five-part Constitution, authority was to be vested in the Supreme Central Directorate. It formed after its predecessor, "National Defense," refashioned itself as a cultural organization. Organized in four or five member committees, its undisputed leader was a man known as "Apis," and its activities were enthusiastically supported for a time by Crown Prince Alexander. Eventually their displeasure with Prime Minister Pasic's policies after the Balkan Wars prompted a team that included Nedjelko Cabrinovic and Danilo Ilic to be sent on a mission to Sarajevo. Officially known as "Union or Death," FTP, name this Serbian terrorist organization, whose most famous member Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
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According to legend, one of its rulers took his name meaning "forceful one" from an exclamation by his deposed predecessor's daughter. It began with only two towns, Sarnah and Kikuya, but grew rapidly after victories over the Dogon, Mossi, and Tauregs, culminating with the addition of Djenné and Timbuktu to the empire. It was relevant, however, for little over a hundred years due to a 1591 Moroccan invasion. Centered at Gao and known for its merit-based civil service, FTP, name this kingdom whose rulers included Askia Muhammad and Sunni Ali.
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According to legend, this leader dreamed that he saw the prophet Muhammed as a constellation after having a religious conversation with Abu Sufyan. He had the patriarch Sergius draft the Ecthesis, affirming his belief in monothelitism. This victor at the Third Battle of Issus came to power as a result of a coup against the emperor Phocas. He occupied royal residence at Dastgerd, and supposedly returned with the true cross from a campaign in Persia. This father of Constantine III was also victorious at the Battle of Nineveh over Chosroes II, though he'd later be defeated at the Battle of Yarmuk by Umar. For 10 points, identify this Byzantine emperor in power from 610 to 641 AD, who fought a protracted war with the Sassanid Empire.
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Admiral Schley and Admiral Samson were part of this entity's group of ships known as the Great White Fleet. An 1871 contract signed by railroad magnate, Henry Meiggs, was seminal to the creation of this entity by Andrew Preston and Minor Keith. While working at Sullivan and Cromwell, John Foster Dulles represented this entity, which was later controlled by the likes of Eli Black and Carl Lindler. In 1928, this entity allegedly ordered the massacre of strikers, who demanded eight-hour days and six-day weeks, at Cienada. In order to protect the interest of this entity, which was popularly known as "el pulpo" or "the octopus," the CIA authorized Operation PBSUCCESS in 1954 to help overthrow Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala. For 10 points, name this company, now known as Chiquita, which dominated Central America in the early twentieth century.
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After the death of his patron, the comte de Vergennes, he was given a job as secretary to the comte de Ségur, who was minister to Russia. After Catherine the Great's government expelled him from that country, he returned to France, where the Girondists sent him on a diplomatic mission to Geneva. His most important trip was held up on the chance that Louis XVI might be sent with him rather than executed, but he ended up travelling without royal company on the Embuscade. His plotting with people like Alexander Moultrie and Stephen Drayton enraged George Hammond, the British minister who was friends with Alexander Hamilton. FTP, name this son-in-law of George Clinton, who in 1792 was appointed minister of the French revolutionary government to the United States.
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After working for twelve years to eliminate Japanese influence from Korea, he shaped and led the Newly Created Army in Tianjin, then accepted a post as viceroy of Zhili. Twelve years later, his role in mediating the Double Ten Revolution led to his ascension to political prominence; he soon dissolved the parliament and promulgated a new constitution giving himself unlimited power. Response to such overreaching led to his March 1916 abdication in favor of Sun Yat-Sen. FTP, name this nominal first President of Republican China.
...
Alfred Draper wrote a definitive 1981 history of this event. It was followed by the enforcement of a declaration known as the "Crawling Order" for two weeks before that order was revoked by Chelmsford. The chief perpetrator claimed that it was in response to an attack on Marcia Sherwood, and had the support of Police Superintendent Ploper. Due to the observance of Baisakhi Day, several thousand had gathered in the square known as Jalianwalla Bagh and the subsequent actions would result in the assassination of regional governor Michael O'Dwyer for his role 21 years later. Chaos resulted soon after Sir Reginald Dyer's order to fire resulting in, for 10 points, what incident in which 379 people were killed by British troops in the namesake holy city in northern India in 1919?
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Among the administration of this polity was the hi' koi, who controlled the fleet and home affairs. Local positions included the kurmina fari, the governor of one of two major provinces, while the central governmetn appointed special ministers called korei farma to oversee white minorities. One of its rulers, refusing to convert to Islam, was overthrown by a man sometimes called Sylla, who expanded the empire as far Dendi and Yatenga. Rulers of this empire like Ishak I and Dawud succeeded Askiya Muhammad. Its best-known ruler took the title of daali, conquered the city of Djenne, and expelled the Tuareg peoples. For 10 points, identify this African empire with capital at Gao, which supplanted the Mali empire and was most famously led by Sonni Ali.
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Among the approximately 35,000 existing collections of these include volumes published by Johann Gutenberg and the English printer William Caxton. The study of them is important as a source of information regarding the early development of the art of typography and also because many include the earliest printed versions of many classical, medieval, and Renaissance works. FTP give this bibliographical collective term for books printed before the year 1501.
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An American engineer, John Hays Hammond, and an expatriate British army colonel were sentenced to hang from the beam of Slagter's Nek for their involvement, but these death sentences were commuted to large fines. Its less fortunate namesake, the Administrator General for Matabeleland, served fifteen months in Holloway Prison upon his return to London. His men were surrounded and forced to surrender at Doornkop after the "Reform Committee" of Johannesburg uitlanders failed to support them as promised. Their opponent was encouraged by the presence of a cruiser in Delagoa Bay and by a famous telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm II. FTP, name this January 1895 raid that worsened Anglo-Boer relations.
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An agreement of this name was entered into by Secretary of War James Barbour in order to supercede the Treaty of Indian Springs, which was spearheaded by governor George Troup and signed in 1826. Another agreement of this name saw an attempt to seek a renewal of the Marcy-Elgin Reciprocity Treaty and was negotiated by a commission led by Lord Ripon. This agreement also sought compensation for the raids of the Fenians, but John Macdonald was disappointed once again. Hamilton Fish also signed it and more pressing concerns addressed by it included the San Juan boundary dispute. FTP, give the name that identifies this Anglo-American treaty of 1871 as well as a 1921 international conference on naval limitation held in a capital city.
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An early leader, Thomas Roe, gained the right to establish a factory at Surat in 1615. Popularly known as the John Company, it ceased to exist after 1873. Generally excluded from their namesake region after the Amboina Massacre of 1623, it acquired Bengal in 1757 and governed the territory from a Court of Proprietors until the Regulating Act and Pitt's India Act gave control of political policy to the government. For 10 points, name this company that founded Hong Kong, caused the Opium Wars, and was victimized in the Boston Tea Party.
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An early resistance movement in this country was organized by a local queen named Anacaona. One of its rulers lost power after foolishly entrusting sole leadership of his presidential guard to General Geffrard, who himself was ousted five years later in the wake of the Bizoton Affair. Another came to power despite earlier partnering with Rigaud and Boyer in the failed "War of the Knives". That man's rival shot himself with a silver bullet in the courtyard of his palace, whose name ironically translates to "without worry," after losing control of the southern half of this nation to a coalition of wealthy affranchis. Alexandre Petion and Henri I jockeyed for control of this country, also ruled by Faustin I, following a revolution against forces led by Sonthonax and Charles Leclerc that briefly left Jean-Jacques Dessalines in power. For 10 points, identify this French colony which saw the first successful slave revolution in the Caribbean organized by Toussaint Louverture.
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An emakimono painting commemorates Ban Dainagon's attempts to frame the first man to take this clan's name of the burning of the door of the Imperial Palace. Legendary warriors such as Watanabe no Tsuna and Sakata no Kintoki were among the four famed retainers of another member of this family, who quelled the Oeyama rebellion. Another member of this clan became known as "the son of the God of War" for his exploits against the Abe clan in the Zensunnen war. Members such as Tametomo and Tameyoshi sided with Sutoku in the Hogen rebellion, marking the decline of the Seiwa Genji line. One member of this family heeded Mochimoto's call to arms against Antoku. For 10 points, name this clan, whose member Yoritomo established the Kamakura shogunate.
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An expert on colonial politics, he won the Toppan Prize for his research on French Togoland and Dahomey. Also concerned with racial equality issues, he assisted Gunnar Myrdal with the writing of An American Dilemma and, in protest of segregation in Washington, D.C., declined an offer to serve as Secretary of State under Truman. He headed the US Division of Dependent Area Affairs in mid-1945, but he may be better known for a role in which he created the Partition Plan. FTP, name this man who, for his efforts as head of the UN Palestine Commission, won the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize.
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An important victorious battle for this polity is sometimes given a name that translates as "slippery ground" due to the excessive bloodshed. After this polity's fall, a small offshoot dynasty known as the Banu Ghaniya persisted for many decades. Its origins can be traced to the tribal leader Yahya ibn Ibrahim, and it lost at the battle of Ourique during the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf. Earlier, at the earlier battle of Sagrajas, its most successful leader, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, won a decisive victory over forces under Alfonso VI. This dynasty essentially ended after its capital of Marrakesh was conquered by its successor dynasty in 1147. For 10 points, name this Muslim Berber dynasty of north-west Africa and Spain that was succeeded by the Almohads.
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An individual from this country was likely responsible for the Dulcie September shooting in Paris, and collaborated with private American interests to organize Operation Babushka, formally known as the IFF, which focused heavily on discrediting dissidents in this country and was overseen by Jack Abramoff. Craig Williamson's trail of death while serving this country's government may have extended to the murder of Swedish PM Olaf Palme nearly ten years after an event recounted in Joe Slovo's No Middle Road broke out here as a result of language-based education laws. UNSCR-134 condemned an incident in this site of the Church Street Bombing that saw tension over the Cato Manor killings lead police to fire on protesters in the Sharpeville Massacre. For 10 points, identify this country which imprisoned members of the Spear of the Nation on Robben Island and saw the Soweto Uprising during the long struggle against Apartheid.
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Apollinaire included a letter from this group to a sovereign in his La Chanson du Mal-Aimé, and a member of this group kills a princess and two of her sons out of love for Helena in Sienkiewicz's With Fire and Sword. Another literary member of this group hides under bricks to see his son before that son is executed, and one named Petlyura is rumored to be in charge of an advancing army in Bulgakov's The White Guard. In a poem by Byron, a title character belonging to this group is exiled out of love for Theresa, and Olyenin's life among these titular people was recounted in a novel by Tolstoy. FTP, identify these people living in the Don region, who were written about by Sholokhov and examples of which include Gogol's Taras Bulba and Byron's Mazeppa.
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Article 69 of its constitution states that treaties already in effect "shall remain valid in the regional spheres for which they were intended" and the constitution was ratified by plebiscite on February 21, 1958. It ended on the morning of September 28, 1961 when the "Supreme Arab Revolutionary Command of the Armed Forces" seized the radio station and charged Mahmun Kuzabari with forming a government. Although Jordan, Turkey, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. quickly recognized the new nation, the movement was denounced as a coup by a leader who tried to maintain his nation's sovereignty and resist Syrian independence. FTP, identify this short-lived nation that from 1958 to 1961 was a union of Syria and Egypt.
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Article Three of this agreement provided for creation of a Joint Commission of Delimitation with two members from each participant country charged with inspecting the drawing of boundaries. Agreed to after the capture of the Gulf of Pechili, it was reportedly drafted largely by John Watson Foster, but the meeting had to be adjourned for a three-week armistice when one side's diplomat was shot in the left cheek. By this agreement, one side surrendered the Pescadores Islands, but a more controversial cession under it led to the so-called Triple Intervention. Also known as the Treaty of Maguan, its major provisions resulted in creation of the brief Republic of Formosa and mandated the independence of Korea. FTP, name this 1895 agreement which ended the First Sino-Japanese War.
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Article X of this agreement provides for a Joint Liaison Committee through which disputes in its application can be resolved. Almost immediately after its passage, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre occurred, and this agreement was extended by the Wye River Memorandum about 5 years later. Its seventeen articles are followed by four "annexes" which establish protocols, such as for a Human Resources Program. Its signing was witnessed by Andrei Kozyrev and Warren Christopher, and it generally fell into disfavor after one group that refused to sign it came to power, and especially after the Second Intifada. It created the Palestinian Authority and was signed by Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat. For 10 points, name this set of agreements whose negotiation was presided over by Bill Clinton in 1993, a series of accords signed in a Scandinavian city which is not Helsinki.
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As a result of his political activities he was kidnapped for 10 days while staying in London during his worldwide travels. Author of "Fundamentals of National Reconstruction", late in his life he organized the Whampoa Military Academy to encourage his proposed Northern Expedition. The first graduate of the College of Medicine in Hong Kong, he soon failed to instigate an uprising in Canton, and later founded the Alliance Society to promote nationalism, democracy, and livelihood, his "Three Principles of the People". FTP, who was this Chinese revolutionary, the first head of government after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty?
...
As it declined, it suffered invasions by the Takrur people and the opening of its Bure mineral fields in the south. Founded by a Mande-speaking king, its power was broken by a struggle with Abdullah ibn Yasin and the Almoravids, leading to its ultimate defeat by the Susu and the capture of its capital by Abu Bakr in 1076. It is mentioned in The Book of Routes and Kingdoms by the eleventh-century geographer Abu Ubayd al-Bakri, who noted its rulers' hospitality to Saharan traders. Also called "Wagadou," this empire, which grew rich on the gold trade, was named for the title given to its hereditary kings. Its last capital, Kumbi Saleh, was destroyed by Sundiata in 1240. FTP, name this West African empire which gives its name to the modern African country formerly called the Gold Coast.
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At one point in this novel, the dog Teru has ten puppies, and the protagonist has a dream about beards. The protagonist copes with the deaths of his friends Tatsumi and Kitamoto, and at the end of the novel he forgets how to tie a tie. Natsuko Iwamura becomes the secretary in place of Tanizaki Eiko in this novel, and the protagonist's daughter Fumiko beats her husband and travels to Shinano before Toriyama's funeral. The final scene of this novel sees the protagonist suggest going to the country and looking at the maple trees, while earlier his son Shuichi cheats on his wife Kikuko with a war widow, Kinuko, who goes to the country to have Shuichi's child. For 10 points, name this novel in which Yasuko and her businessman husband Shingo cope with aging and the marital problems of their children, written by Yasunari Kawabata.
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At one point it looked as if Sirocco would break through the wall set up by Augustino Barbarigo, who was deployed on the left near Capes Oxia Scrophia. Luckily, the Marquis of Santa Cruz's forces stayed back in reserve. One side lay in wait after its success at Famagusta and was met with a four pronged force. Though Uluch Ali successfully split Andrea Doria's slower galleys, he was undone by sheer numbers and had to retreat. Meanwhile the commander of Selim II's invasion of the Gulf of Patras had been beheaded and without the leadership of Ali Pasha his men soon lost the desire to continue the battle. As Pius V had predicted, the forces of the Holy League, under Don John of Austria, defended the Venetian province of Cyprus, at FTP, what October 7th, 1571 naval battle.
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Born in 1924, he was a schoolmaster when he joined the ANC in 1949. Ten years later, he led opposition to the Central African Federation, which led to his imprisonment for a year. Upon his release, he became president of the United National Independence Party, which was the controlling party in his country four years later. FTP, name this leader, president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991.
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Born off the coast of Jamaica, the son of merchant captain, he joined the East India Company at age 14. By age 30 he was the governor of Java, although in 1816 he was recalled to London. His most lasting legacy came in 1818, when Lord Hastings charged him with creating a fortified British port on the Strait of Malacca. For ten points, name this founder of the London Zoo, for whom is named the landmark hotel of the city he founded, Singapore.
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Before his career in politics, this man was a manager of the Polar Bear brewery. Arrested for embezzlement from the post office following a study trip sponsored by the Minister of Colonies, he founded the MNC, his country's first nationwide political party, and a university in Russia that Carlos the Jackal attended was named for him. Sidney Gottlieb claims that he was instructed to poison this man's toothbrush by the CIA, but the assassination attempt failed. With his aides Mpolo and Okito, he was murdered by Tshombe's men in Katanga after fleeing from the repressive government of president Joseph Kasavubu. FTP, identify this man who opposed Mobutu Sese Seko and the rule of the Belgians; a Marxist who was the first elected prime minister of Zaire.
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Both asteroid #944 and a state are named for this man. On January 11, 1811, his army was routed by forces led by Felix Calleja, and he was caught fleeing north and shot. The previous year, he had captured Guanajuato and Guadalajara after proclaiming a crusade to free Mexico from Spanish rule under the banner of Our Lady of Guadalupe. FTP, identify this Mexican priest, whose name figures in the treaty that ended the Mexican-American War.
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Commemoration of this battle falls annually on the "Day of the Vow," which since the 1990s has been known as "reconciliation day." Fought on the banks of a tributary of the Buffalo, it was precipitated by the one of the participant's forces smashing women and babies against rocks during an earlier engagement at Bloukrans. During this battle the victors organized covered wagons into a fortified circle known as a "laager," and an assegai hit Andries Pretorius in the hand, which was one of three wounds inflicted on the 474 defenders by the 15,000-man Zulu army. FTP, name this engagement which saw the defeat of Dingane, a major turning point for the Voortrekkers in the Zulu war.
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Communist historiography blames the loss of this battle on the government's brutal suppression of the peasant rebellion of Gregory Dozsa twelve years earlier. A later battle fought at this site saw troops under Charles of Lorraine claim victory in 1687. In a campaign before this battle, the victors were able to capture Peterwardein and Sabac. Pal Tomori led an unsuccessful charge on the right wing at this battle, and his king later drowned while attempting to flee. It was followed by a civil war fought by Ferdinand I and John Zapolya, and this battle resulted in the end of the Jagiellon dynasty with the death of Louis II. For 10 points, name this victory for Sulieman the Magnificent over the Kingdom of Hungary.
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During this dynasty, the emperor controlled the government directly, ruling with the aid of a specially appointed Nei-ko, or Grand Secretariat. Its second ruler, Jianwen, died in a mysterious palace fire during the revolt of his uncle Yongle, who ordered the construction of the Temple of Heaven and the Forbidden City and oversaw the seven voyages of Zheng He. It was founded by an orphan and Buddhist novice who took the ruling name Hong Wu after ousting the Yuan dynasty. FTP, what was this Chinese dynasty that ruled until the Qing took power in 1644?
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During his reign he was famous for such behavior as wearing pajamas during public appearances, making speeches from his bed, and public weeping. After receiving his doctor of law degree at the University of Lausanne, he became the governor general of Iran's important Fars province but retired from public service in 1925. FTP identify this Iranian leader who returned to public service in 1944, became premier in 1951, and was ousted in a 1953 coup instigated by American and British intelligence agencies.
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During this conflict, one of the leaders used the island of Lido as a prison for those in his debt. The course of the war was altered by a meeting in Hagenau between Phillip Hohenstaufen and Boniface of Montferratt; their decision eventually led to the deposition of the "bushy-eyebrowed" Alexius V and the subsequent ascension of the Latin Empire. Earlier, Simon de Montfort had deserted the effort after he refused the overtures of Enrico Dandolo to sack a Dalmatian city. Originally aimed at conquering Egypt, this is, FTP, what war, which saw the first sack of Constantinople and a repeat of the failure of Frederick Barbarossa and Richard the Lion-Hearted to take Jerusalem?
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During this dynasty, the devastation caused to the old capital Chang'an necessitated the later rulers of it to govern from Luoyang. Originally founded by Liu (Lyo) Bang, it took its name from the western kingdom that Liu had ruled before he became emperor. The reign of this dynasty was interrupted for fourteen years by Wang Mang, while its fall led to the three kingdoms period. FTP, name this dynasty that gives its name to ethnic Chinese, lasting from 206 BC to 220 AD.
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During this event. a dispute between Henry VI and Tancred of Lecce on the death of William II of Sicily caused his forces, which were the first to answer the Auditia tremendi of Gregory VIII, to play little part. It was prompted by the raiding of Reynald of Châtillon, which resulted in a massive defeat at the Horns of Hattin. In the end, Henry of Champagne replaced both Conrad of Montferrat and Guy of Lusignan as King of Jerusalem, but, though Jaffa and Acre were retaken, the failure to capture Jerusalem and the death of Frederick Barbarossa are more often remembered today. FTP, name this religious war, which is most famous for the battles between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin.
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During this leader's rule, the British diplomat Brian Lea faked his own kidnapping in this man's country. He angered many members of his military when he decided to appoint Smith Opon-Acak to succeed David Oyite-Ojok after the latter's death in a helicopter crash. During the latter portions of his rule, Paul Ssemogerere led the parliamentary opposition. Earlier, he was appointed prime minister by Walter Coutts. Paulo Muwanga preceded him in another position, and this man outlined a plan for his country in his The Common Man's Charter. His rule also saw massacres in the Luwero triangle, and he was succeeded as president by Yoweri Museveni. He earlier came to power after ousting Mutesa II, and was able to reclaim his office after his rival was accused of cannibalism. For 10 points, name this man who both preceded and succeeded Idi Amin as president of Uganda.
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During this man's early travels, he was accompanied by Alfred Marche and the doctor Noel Ballay, whom he entrusted with establishing a transport route. His third expedition resulted in founding a post at Cape Lopez after he fully charted the basin of the Ogowe River onboard the ship Venus. After pacifying the Fang peoples, he arranged a rendezvous with the elderly king Iloo. As a result of that meeting, he concluded the so-called Makoko Treaty, which he reportedly delivered in a crystal box to the Bateke peoples after securing the treaty's ratification by his friendship with Jules Ferry. For 10 points, name this late 19th century French explorer who was a more diplomatic counterpart to Henry Stanley, and whose name survives today in the capital of the Republic of the Congo.
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During this man's rule, compañÃas deslindadoras were set up to survey and privatize land that was often already settled by poorer citizens of his country. This man created an office under himself to which Ramón Corral was appointed. Corral was a member of this man's supporting group of cientificos. This man was succeeded after his first term in office by Manuel González. This ruler had unsuccessfully used the Plan de Noria against one opponent, but the Plan de Tuxtepec helped this ruler replace Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada as president. An interview with James Creelman inspired Francisco Madero to run against this man. For 10 points, name this Mexican president who, despite once advocating for no reelection of presidents, ruled Mexico for most of the time between 1877 and 1911.
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During this man's rule, his army was shaken by the "Revolt of the Parakeets," named for the green and yellow trim on the uniforms of the revolting battalion. He was also opposed by a movement called the Confederaton of the Equator led by Friar Caneca, who opposed his reforms and attempted to found a breakaway state. He first married Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria and then wed Amelie de Beauharnais after her death, when he was forced to fight the Liberal War against his brother in order to secure his throne for his daughter Maria da Gloria. He's more famous for issuing the Grito do Ipiranga as regent with his sword drawn, after which he was declared emperor. For 10 points, name this son of John VI of Portugal, who became the first ruler of an independent Brazil.
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During this man's rule, ninety percent of the country's cattle died in the famine known as the "Kefu Qan" or "Evil Days," and the Oromo were politically united with the Ge'ez. He came to power after overthrowing Bezebeh and declared himself the negus of Shewa. As a child, he was imprisoned at Magdela by Tewodros II, but he was later able to succeed Yohannes IV. This son of Haile Malakot took the name of the legendary son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Before a stroke forced him to cede power to his wife, Empress Taitu, this man rejected the seventeenth article of the Treaty of Wichale, leading to his forces' defeat of Oreste Baratieri at Adowa. For 10 points, name this emperor of Ethiopia who fought off an Italian invasion in 1896.
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During this period, a councilor named Wang An-shih promulgated fiscal reforms that benefitted the poor. It was constantly beset by the Jurchen, and was forced to re-establish itself in the south at Hangchow after the Jurchen took their capital of Kaifeng. This period saw a literary resurgence, as such novels as All Men Are Brothers were written, as well as a revival of Confucian philosophy through thinkers such as Chu Hsi. Its first ruler, Chao K'uang-yin, established it in the 960s. FTP, name this Chinese dynasty which succeeded the Tang and which was finally ended in 1279 when the Mongols conquered China and set up the Yuan dynasty.
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Following his father's failed bid for power during the Heiji revolt, this man was banned to Izu province where he seduced Ito Sukechika's daughter and subsequently joined forces with Hojo Tokimasa. Though he eventually subjugated the ex-emperor Go-Shirakawa, it took other members of his clan including Yoshitsune to destroy Kiyomori, and the leaders of the Taira, at Dannoura in 1185. FTP, identify this first shogun of Japan who led the Minamoto family to victory and established his bakufu at Kamakura.
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Following the surrender of powers to Mutsuhito, the feudal Daimyo and Samurai systems were quickly dismantled, a Western-style constitution was introduced, and a policy of government-sponsored industrial development was implemented. Precipitated by the Tokugawa Shogunate's increasingly severe internal difficulties in the first half of the 19th century, this event marked the return of imperial rule in Japan. FTP, name this 1868 transfer of power which has been credited with allowing Japan to be transformed into a centralized modern state.
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Footage shot by the American missionary John Magee was used in a documentary on this event entitled "The Black Sun," and Magee was part of a group of twenty expatriates who formed the International Safety Zone to intervene in this event. Afterwards, the occupiers distributed opium, heroin, and morphine to the city's population. It was preceded by the "kill one hundred people using a sword contest"; the winner, Toshiaki Mukai, was one of several officers later executed for atrocities committed during this event, which is still omitted from history textbooks in Japan. More than 300,000 Chinese died, and more than 80,000 women were raped, during, FTP, what 1937 massacre of a Chinese city by Japanese forces?
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From 1999 to 2004, this man was a representative to the European Parliament from Italy's Green Party. His writings include Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell, and a work subtitled Expedition to the Ultimate. His "unauthorized biography" titled a 1999 album by Ben Folds Five, and he was the subject of a 1984 Werner Herzog film about his tackling of Gashenbrum I and II. He first came to prominence after losing several toes at Nanga Parbat, but he became the first man to ascend Everest without supplementary oxygen. FTP, identify this Italian mountain climber who pioneered an Alpine climbing system and was the first man to climb all fourteen peaks taller than 8,000 meters.
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General Di Qing of this polity put down the border rebellion of Nung Tri Cao, and this polity fought a war against the Tanguts over control of the Ordos prefecture, but this dynasty lost the Second Battle of Bach Dang against the forces of Vietnam's Le Dynasty. Sima Guang attempted to seize power during this dynasty. This dynasty began when Emperor Taizu took over the throne and conquered the Sixteen Prefectures at the end of the Five Dynasties period. One chancellor instituted a series of reforms which included the construction of a central bureaucracy and the implementation of a civil service exam system. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty often split into northern and southern periods that lasted from 960 to 1279.
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Geoffrey of Monmouth used this phrase to refer to an event which led to Ambrosius Aurelianus becoming king of England, following the deaths of Vortigern and hundreds of British chieftains at the hands of Angle, Saxon and Jute mercenaries. The 1981 Kitchen Accord is sometimes referred to as this by Quebecois nationalists, and this term can also refer to Saddam Hussein's July 1979 ouster of Baath party leaders. It also refers to Harold MacMillan's dismissal of seven members of his cabinet on July 13, 1962, as well as the second-to-last track on AC/DC's 1981 album For Those About to Rock. Victims of the most famous event by this name included Erich Klausener, Edgar Jung, Gregor Strasser, Kurt von Schleicher, and Ernst Röhm. FTP, give this phrase which more famously refers to Hitler's 1934 purge of the SA.
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Having fought in the Chaco War, this man served as commander-in-chief of his nation's armed forces from 1951-54, and in 1954 he ousted President Frederico Chavez. Nicknamed Colonel Trunk, he essentially ruled as a totalitarian, and membership in his Colorado Party was a requirement for most jobs. His country became notorious for its illegal trade, drug trafficing, and harboring of NAZI war criminals, and in 1989 he was ousted by so-called "traditionalists" led by Andres Rodriguez. FTP, who was this son of a German immigrant, the long-time president of Paraguay?
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Hayashi Razan was an influential scholar at his court, whose rise occurred after refusing to follow Hideyoshi on two disastrous attempts to invade Korea, and culminated in the construction of his castle, the largest ever built. As a youth he was sent to live in Sumpu, as the hostage of a rival family, where he learned the military arts that would later help him to subjugate the Hojo clan and take control of Eastern Japan. But true mastery of the country was not achieved until victory in 1600 at Sekigahara. FTP identify this man who established his capital at Edo and whose shogunate would rule Japan from 1603 until 1867.
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He began his career as secretary to Radini Tedeschi, the bishop of Bergamo, but after serving as a chaplain in World War I he was appointed to diplomatic service in Bulgaria. In 1952, he retired to Venice, but six years later, at the age of 76, he was surprisingly elected to a higher office, from which he defended the rights of all human beings in his Pacem in Terris. FTP, identify this man, born Angelo Roncalli, whose Papacy saw the beginning of the Second Vatican Council.
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He blinded and imprisoned his brother-in-law and ordered his father-in-law and prime minister, Asaf Khan, to murder the rest of the royal princes. He had to quell several rebellions, such as those of the Orchha chief Jujhar Singh in the region of Bundelkhand, and of the governor of the Deccan, Khan Lodi, whom he killed at Shihonda. At his death, he had been imprisoned by his son, who warred with Dara Shikoh, Shuja, and Murad Bakhsh over the succession. His greatest military success was probably the pacification and conquest of Bijapur, but he is better known as a patron of the arts, supporting the painters Govardhan and Bichitra and building the Red Fort in Delhi and the Jami Masjid. FTP, name this son of Jahangir and father of Aurangzeb, best known for building a mausoleum for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
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He built the city of Niani and made it his capital. Earlier in his career, he freed the small state of Kangaba, of which he was an heir, and reorganized its army. Following this, he gained revenge for the death of his ten brothers by defeating Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina. This hero of the Malinke people furthered his territorial gains by razing Kumbi Saleh, thus effectively ending the Ghana Empire. FTP, name West African man who ruled from 1240 to 1255 as the first emperor of Mali.
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He came to power by killing the usurper Gautama, also known as Smerdis, in a coup which he recounted in the Behistun Inscription. He divided his empire into twenty provinces, each under the command of a satrap. He also built a road from Susa to his new capital, which replaced the former dynastic capital at Pasargadae. During his rule, he successfully put down rebellions in Sugartia and Susiana and waged war against the Scythians, but he was defeated in 490 B.C. by revolting Ionian city-states in the Battle of Marathon. FTP, name this Persian king who was succeeded by Xerxes I.
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He commanded the Triumph against the Spanish Armada in 1588, and for his success he was knighted. Two years later he mapped the Portuguese coast with John Hawkins. Initially, he had gained fame by serving as vice admiral of Sir Francis Drake's expedition to the West Indies. However, his legacy lasts with three trips made in search of the Northwest Passage, on the last of which he attempted to establish a colony on his namesake body of water. FTP, name this explorer, whose namesake bay is an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean that extends into southeastern Baffin Island.
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He declared himself dictator through the "Organic Decree of Dictatorship" shortly after the Ocaña convention. During his time spent in New Granada, he authored the Cartagena Manifesto, and he would later write his famous La Carta de Jamaica, in which he stated that "the bonds that united us to Spain have been severed." Following the battles of Boyaca and Carabobo, he would become president of Gran Columbia, but after the revolt of Jose Maria Cordoba and the separation of Venezuela from his country, he resigned and died one year later in 1830. Known as El Libertador, FTP, identify this South American leader, whose name inspired that of a country with its capital at La Paz.
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He discovered the thirteenth-century inscription of King Ramkamhaeng during his time as a Buddhist abbot and founded the modernizing Thammayut sect. On the death of his half brother, he succeeded to the throne even though he was his father's forty-third child. His Prime Minister, Suriyawong, urged him to maintain a balanced influence between France and Britain in foreign policy. Nevertheless, he agreed to the Bowring Treaty of 1855, which granted extraterritoriality and trading privileges to British subjects. Foreign influence would continue in the reign of his son, Chulalongkorn, who succeeded him in 1868. Also known as Rama IV, FTP, name this Chakri king of Thailand who hired the English governess Anna Leonowens to tutor his son, inspiring The King and I.
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He discussed his childhood dream of being an irrigation engineer in his memoir Pinkas Sherut. He met his wife Leah while both were members of the Palmach, and he was responsible for the defense of Jerusalem during the 1948 war. He later served as chief of staff during the Six Day War and as Golda Meir's labor minister. He was the first native-born prime minister of Israel, but his first administration, which included the Entebbe raid, ended when his illegal American bank accounts became public. He later used criticism of the Madrid talks to initiate a new approach that produced the Declaration of Principles and the Cairo Agreement. He thus earned a 1994 Nobel Peace Prize and a 1995 assassination by Yigal Amir. FTP, name this Labor Party politician who signed the Oslo Accords with Yassir Arafat.
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He displaced one of his rivals by giving the Kanto domain to them, which precipitated that family's move away from the Chubu region. This man redefined class relationships based on kokudaka, or amount of agricultral production. He became so enraged at his nephew Hidetsugu that he killed thirty of Hidetsugu's female relatives, and he failed to get past Korea in an attempt to conquer China. In order to enforce an order that allowed only samurai to bear arms, this man started the Great Sword Hunt. For 10 points, name this successor of Oda Nobunaga who unified Japan before being succeeded by the namesake of a shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu.
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He earned a law degree from Lincoln's Inn at 19, and helped in the successful election campaign of Dadabhai Naoroji, who became the first Indian elected to Parliament. An advocate of Hindi-Muslim cooperation, he split with Gandhi over the practice of non-cooperation. FTP name this statesman, who, as leader of the Muslim League, eventually oversaw the partition of the subcontinent and became the first governor-general of Pakistan.
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He first gained notice by organizing the Ikhwan, or Brethren, a fanatically religious group that provided him with an elite army corps. However, after he consolidated his power in the 1920s, the Ikhwan began attacking British allies against his wishes, obliging him to destroy the group at the Battle of Sibilla. An exile in Kuwait from his early infancy, in 1902 he seized his ancestral castle and for the next two decades fought against ibn Rashid on behalf of the Wahabi. FTP, name the man who in 1932 became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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He followed the success of such orators as Hubert Harrison and W.A. Domingo who spoke on Lennox Avenue, his stump for almost a decade. His epic poem, "The White Man's Game, His Vanity Fair," was often recited at large gatherings at Liberty Hall, where he was hailed as "Black Moses." Among his successes were the newspaper Negro World and the Black Star shipping line, but he followed those with a series of disasters culminating in his conviction for mail fraud. FTP, name this leader of the "Back to Africa" movement and founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, an early 20th-century Jamaican Black nationalist.
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He had an affair with Louis XV's daughter, the Countess La Vendahl, and, late in life, he commanded an expedition against the Turks at Liman, but the jealousy of Count Nassau-Siegen caused his dismissal. He obtained a reputation for cruelty after flogging the carpenter Mungo Maxwell and running-through the leader of a mutiny, causing him to change his name after fleeing Tobago in 1773. Other antics include his attempted rape of a ten-year-old during his time in the Russian navy, but he is best known for an action involving the British ship Countess of Scarborough. FTP, name this Scottish-born captain best known for shouting "I have not yet begun to fight" and his service in the American Navy on the Bonhomme Richard.
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He hosted a television series examining environmental and agricultural issues titled Concertando while serving as dean of his alma mater, the National Agrarian University. A soft drink bearing his name was released in 2005 to support Si Cumple, a new political party associated with Nueva Mayoria and Cambio90, his former political party. He was blocked from running, but his party finished third in the election and his daughter Keiko received the most votes for Congress. FTP, name this man who conducted a coup against his own government in 1992 and resigned the Peruvian presidency in 2000 by fax from Japan.
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He is said to have smashed the pagan idols in the Ka'bah when the Meccans accepted Islam, to have impersonated Muhammad when the Prophet fled to Medina from his assassins, and to have compiled the first chronologically-arranged version of the Qur'an. The Battle of the Camel followed his refusal to prosecute the murderers of his predecessor 'Uthman, and he was assassinated in 661 after losing control of Egypt. Snubbed for the first caliphate in favor of Abu Bakr, FTP, who is this husband of Fatimah and fourth caliph considered by Shi'ites as the only true successor to Muhammad?
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He joined the opposition in 1928 and by 1933 had expanded his control within Kiangsi Province greatly by 1933. After the war with Japan he seized Manchuria using guerilla war techniques he would later espouse in his Long Live the Victory of the People's War. He leapt over both Peng Dehuai and Zhu De to lead all of China's military, and led the movement to "learn from the PLA" during the Cultural Revolution. FTP, name this man, perhaps best known for the mysterious circumstances surrounding his death by plane crash in 1971, purportedly part of a failed coup attempt against Mao Zedong.
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He led a massacre at Chitor during a conflict in Mewar, and a challenge to his throne was led by Hemu. He established a system of autonomy for the imperial provinces, putting mansabars in charge of each. During his reign, he instituted the principles of Dharmashastra and sulahkul, which allowed non-Muslims to retain their own courts, and he repealed the jizya and the pilgrimage taxes. He founded the city of Fatehpur Sikri in 1569. Abu'l Fazl saw him as the embodiment of the perfect philosopher king, which may have led to his development of the Din-i Ilahi, or "divine faith." For 10 points, name this son of Humayun and father of Jahangir, the third and greatest of the Mughal emperors.
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He led a successful railroad strike in Tomsk and as a result was imprisoned in the Caucuses. After the revolution he worked in Azerbaijan where he organized the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and rose in the ranks until being named head of the Leningrad party. A charismatic leader, his 1934 policy of reconciliation for prisoners and support of Trotsky put him at odds with his friend and mentor, and on December 1, 1934, Leonid Nikolayev walked into Party Headquarters and killed him. FTP identify this man whose murder was used as a pretext by Stalin to purge the Communist party.
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He lost the presidential election in 1930, which was not good enough for him as later that year he seized power at the head of an army-backed coup. He presided over a shifting of power from the states to the central government and from land owners to urban residents. He was deposed in 1945, but he won the presidency again in 1950. Having fallen out of grace with the military and facing another disposal he committed suicide in 1954. FTP, name this dictator and president of Brazil.
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He made several early voyages to the Levant, and while sailing aboard La Dauphine he was the first to discover Cape Fear and Block Island. His first journey ended at the eastern part of Newfoundland, and upon this man's return Francis I claimed the New World for France. In his later trips he went to Brazil, Florida, and several Caribbean sites, including Guadalupe, where he was killed and eaten by natives. FTP, name this Italian discoverer of present-day New York City, a man after whom a long suspension bridge is named.
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He never married, and was succeeded on the throne by his incompetent brother, Constantine VIII. Eldest son of Romanus II, the first thirteen years of his actual reign were overshadowed by revolts by Bardas Scleros and Bardas Phocas. Theoretically emperor from early childhood, his developing years were spent in the shadow of Nicephoras Phocas and John Tzimices. Defeated in 986 by a force under Samuel at Trajan's Gate, his subsequent military campaigns until his 1025 death were all victorious. He conquered Armenia to the east, but is more often associated with the peoples to the west whom he massacred. FTP, name this Byzantine emperor, often given the title "the Bulgar-slayer."
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He once declared that the only five remaining kings would be the Kings of England, Clubs, Diamonds, Hearts, and Spades. In his early years he was dominated by a regency council of Mohammad Ali, Aziz Ezzat Pasha, and Sherif Sabry Pasha. During World War II he kept his palace lit when the city was blacked out and he was criticized for his opulent lifestyle that included the lavish yacht "al-Mahrusa" on which he fled to Italy after signing an abdication agreement at the Ras al-Tin Palace. FTP, name this king of Egypt from 1930 to 1952 who abdicated after the revolt of Nasser.
who was this doctor of the Church whose clear, zealous speeches gained him a moniker meaning "golden-mouthed"?
He originally studied law under the pagan rheterotician Libanius, but soon turned to the priesthood. He refused to come before the Synod at the Oak that was convened by his enemies, the Alexandrian archbishop Theophilus and Eudoxia, wife of Eastern Roman emperor Arcadius, and died after his exile to the eastern edge of the Black Sea. He had earlier gained the position of archbishop of Constantinople due to forceful, eloquent sermons like "On the Statues". For 10 points
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He ousted Ilyas-Khoja and Tughlugh, the Jagataite khans of the Ili River region. A duumvirate formed with his brother-in-law, Mir Husain, proved short-lived, as he assassinated Husain after besieging the city of Balkh to secure his control over the rebellious Afghans. Successive victories followed over Mogholistan, the Kipchak khanate, and the Egyptian Mamlukes. After capturing the Ottoman sultan Bayezid the Lightning-bolt at Ankara, he massacred the Knights of Rhodes at Smyrna. Vowing to undertake the conquest and conversion to Islam of Ming China, he died of disease near Otrar before his departure. FTP, name this Central Asian leader, whose warlike exploits inspired a blank verse drama by Christopher Marlowe.
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He served as minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development from 1968-1974 and was deputy Prime Minister in 1984 but lost to John Turner in his bid to become head of the Liberal Party. Known as "the little guy from Shawinigan," he came to his biggest post by succeeding Kim Campbell. Due to the inefficacy of the policies of the Mulroney government, he had to deal with a nearly successful secessionist bid from Quebec. Succeeded last year by Paul Martin, FTP who is this former Prime-Minister of Canada?
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He served in the O.S.S. as the head of the Africa Section in the Research and Analysis branch.. His doctoral dissertation compared rule of a mandated area, French Togoland, with rule of a colony, Dahomey, and near the end of his life, he negotiated a settlement between Great Britain, Iran, and Bahrain. With John P. Davis, this man formed the National Negro Congress, and his book A World View of Race was a study of race relations in the United States. He was also the chief researcher for Gunnar Myrdal's book An American Dilemma. For 10 points name this American diplomat who came up with the Israel-Palestine partition plan.
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He spent his exile in Monaco, where he had traveled with 200 suitcases, and near the end of his life he was described as a "stomach with a head." According to her biography, opera singer Irma Minutolo secretly married him in Italy. Known as a notorious kleptomaniac-he even stole a watch from Winston Churchill-his lavish lifestyle was on display when he kept the lights on at the palace while his capital was being bombed. Before World War II his rival Nahas Pasha was elevated to Prime Minister, but after repeated clashes with groups like the Wafd Party and the Muslim Brotherhood, he had to abdicate and was succeeded by Muhammad Naguib. Eventually overthrown by the Free Officers movement in 1952, this is, FTP, what last ruling King of Egypt?
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He spent his youth in a Welsh workhouse, and then secured passage to New Orleans as a cabin boy, eventually becoming the adopted son of merchant. By 1868 he was a journalist for the New York Herald accompanying the British punitive campaign against the Ethiopian emperor Theodore II. The Africans called him Bula Matari or "breaker of rocks," and in 1888 he was sent on a mission to evacuate Mehmed Emin Pasha, the last of Chinese Gordon's lieutenants holding out the Mahdi. The modern-day city of Kisangani was once named for him, as he was instrumental in gaining the Congo for Leopold II of Belgium. FTP, name this explorer most famous for finding a Scottish explorer and subsequently saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
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He spent seven years visiting places like the Island of Sheep, the Island of Grapes, and the Paradise of Birds and encountering folks like Paul the Hermit, Judas, and Jasconius, the fish as big as an island. This seems a little much when all he had to do was sail west from the monastery on Delightful Island to reach the Promised Land, but it makes good allegory. FTP, name this semi-legendary monk who some cite as the Irish discoverer of America.
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He succeeded to the throne at age 13 under the regent Bairam Khan. At his half-brother's pleading, he marched to Lahore to defend Kabul against Uzbek invaders. However, that half-brother, Mirza Hakim, turned against him, an action which resulted in the fall of an independent Kabul. His rule was plagued with intrafamilial conflict as his own son Salim was openly hostile to him and in 1602 marched on Agra. In a shrewd act of tolerance, he founded the new religion of Dini-Ilahi, which blended Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. FTP, identify this third Mogul emperor, son of Humayun and grandfather of Shah Jahan.
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He succeeded to the throne at the age of five upon abdication of his father. Under this man's rule, his nation aided Justo José Urquiza against Juan Manuel de Rosas, also intervening in Uruguayan affairs in support of Venancio Flores. He was finally deposed by a revolution led by Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca and spent the remainder of his life in Europe. A law abolishing slavery was signed by his daughter Isabel and he joined his nation with Argentina and Uruguay in the War of the Triple Alliance. FTP, identify this second and last emperor who ruled Brazil.
name this Soviet Marshal credited with the capture of Berlin.
He supported Khrushchev during his rise to power and later against the "anti-party faction" in 1957 although he was ousted from his seat on the Presidium that same year. His first great success came in the Battle of Khalkin-Gol in which he defeated a Japanese army encroaching on Mongolia. His only serious defeat came in the bloody Operation Mars which occurred at the same time as his successful Operation Uranus, the Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad. He would go on to organize victories at Kursk and in Operation Bagration. For 10 points
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He supposedly commissioned the calligrapher Omar Aqta to fit the entire Quran on a single ring, and he served briefly as minister to Ilyas Khoja before allying with Amir Husayn to seize the throne. Before he was buried in an ebony coffin at Gur-e Amir, he ordered his territories divvied up among various descendants, but his empire was briefly reunited by his grandson Shah Rokh. He kidnapped all the artisans of Damascus and defeated Mahmud Tughluq in the 1398 battle of Panipat, leading to the crippling sack of Delhi. This man, born into the Barlas tribe of the Chagatai khanate, fought with the Knights of Rhodes at Smyrna and waged a proxy war on Russia by supporting Tokhtamysh, who turned on this man after he conquered Iran. FTP, name this Samarkand-based warlord who stacked the skulls of the rebellious in pyramids, and whose epithet suggests a boyhood injury that caused him to be crippled.
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He took his first important post after his older half-brother Yilma died. He was named heir to the throne after a man named Iyasu converted to Islam, after which Iyasu's aunt was named Empress Zauditu. When his country was invaded by a European power, he made his headquarters at Desse, but after losing a battle at Maychew he was forced to flee. He was restored to power by the British in 1941, and would later be temporarily ousted by a 1960 coup before finally being deposed in 1974 led by the Dergue. FTPE, name this cousin of Menelik II who in 1930 became emperor of Ethiopia.
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He was imprisoned after the death of the ruler of Hamadan, but after being liberated he disguised himself as a dervish and moved to Isfahan, where he spent the rest of his life serving Ala al-Dawla. His most important philosophical works are al-Najat, or "The Deliverance," which summarizes the enormous al-Shifa, while his mystical views can be seen in al-Isharat wa al-Tanbihat, or "The Directives and Remarks." FTP, name this philosopher, who adapted Aristotle and the Neoplatonists to Islamic thought and also wrote al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, or "The Canon of Medicine."
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He was noted for his obesity and buffoonery, in one instance appearing in a mock adoption ceremony in the imperial women's quarters wearing only a diaper. Under minister Li Lin-fu this man of Sogdian heritage rose to high rank, commanding three frontier provinces. After Li's death precipitated a power struggle, this man declared the Yen Dynasty. His ascension would be checked by Uighur forces, but not before his conquest of Ch'ang-an forced the Emperor to execute the concubine Yang Guifei and drove the Emperor into exile. FTP, name this general whose 756 rebellion failed but nevertheless fatally weakened the Tang Dynasty.
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He was overthrown in 1966 by an army coup while on an official visit to the People's Republic of China. In the 1930s, he studied at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania and later received a master's degree from Penn. In 1947 he published Towards Colonial Freedom, and in 1957 when the British Togoland Trust and Gold Coast became independent, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. FTP name this African leader who died in Bucharest in 1972.
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He was proclaimed prince regent in 1921 due to his father's mental illness, and after surviving an assassination attempt, ascended to the throne in 1926, soon after which he saw his country devastated by one of the worst earthquakes in modern history. A leading expert on jellyfish who published authoritative monographs on marine biology, he did not approve of military expansion, but did not have the power to oppose Tojo and the militarists. He became a figurehead after he was forced to renounce his divinity, but became the world's longest reigning monarch before his 1989 death. Succeeded by Akihito, FTP, who was this emperor of Japan?
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He was twice rejected to the National Military Academy's training program for officers-an irony considering that he would command his country's army for 26 years. A staunch anti-communist, he ordered the detainment of over 180,000 of his fellow Latin Americans. The subsequent crimes committed against them explain why, FTP, which former Chilean dictator is vainly trying to extricate himself from extradition procedures?
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He won the hand of Anna, daughter of Byzantine emperor Basil II, by holding an Anatolian city for ransom. In his younger years, he instituted worship of the thunder god Perun. After shopping around for monotheistic religions later in life (rejecting Islam because he loved vodka, Judaism because of the homelessness of the Israelites, and Catholicism because he found it boring), he built the Church of the Tithe in Kiev and forced a mass conversion of his realm. FTP, who gained the nickname "the saint" for his conversion of Rus' to Orthodox Christianity?
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He worked as a postal clerk in the colonial government in Stanleyville for eleven years and was invited to make a study tour of Belgium. Inspired by Nkruma, he called for pan-Africanism and an end to tribal conflicts, and he was invited to form his nation's first independent government in 1960. Following the secession of the Katanga province, he was dismissed from his post and released to the Katanga forces to be killed. FTP, name this first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, feared to be a Marxist and rumored to have been the subject of assassination plots by the CIA.
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His father Motilal encouraged his education, and introduced him to such other independence activists as Anne Besant. After visiting Dublin in 1907 and becoming interested in the Irish independence movement, he became more radical than his father in working towards Indian independence. As a result, he helped found the Indian National Congress, and held important talks with Mohammed Ali Jinnah during the 1940s over the partition or unity of an Independent India. FTP, name this man who was eventually succeeded as prime minister of India by his daughter Indira grandson Rajiv.
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His own writings include a Book of Privileges in which he lists his claims and titles and the The Book of Prophecy, a compilation of Biblical passages. Another interesting source is a biography attributed to his younger son Ferdinand. His rivals included a subordinate on his first trip, Martin Pinzon, as well as Francisco de Babadilla who arrested him and his brothers Bartholemew and Diego for mismanagement of the newly founded La Isabela. He wound up shipwrecked on Jamaica on his last voyage and on his third discovered the Gulf of Paria and the Orinoco estuary. FTP, name this Genoese native who sailed west with three ships in 1492.
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His son's arm was injured after some Jews threw his bed off the roof where he was sleeping, which led this man to expel the Jews from Khyber. Following the battle of Nihavend, a slave named Abu Lu'lu'a stabbed this man to death during prayers. He was the first person to use the title "commander of the faithful" and is alleged to have originated the tradition of stoning adulterers. He is more firmly known to have created the status of "dhimmi" in his namesake "pact" with Syrian Christians. This founder of Basra rose to prominence when his daughter Hafsa married Mohammed, and while in power he banned non-Muslims from Arabia, oversaw the conquest of Mesopotamia and Jerusalem, and started campaigns against Egypt and Iran. FTP, name this Adi clansman who in 634 succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph.
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His time in office saw the promotion of a protectionist policy that was known as the "National Plan," it also saw corruption, as the Pacific Railroad scandal broke in 1873, forcing him to resign for five years. As a lawyer early in his career, he had earned the esteem of many for his defense of American raiders in the Rebellions of 1837. Elected alderman of the city of Kingston, the following year he and political allies like Etienne Cartier and George Brown accepted the Conservative party's nomination for a seat on the Legislative Assembly. Finally in 1857 he gained the highest office in the land. For ten points, name this politician who, following the Act of Dominion, became the first Prime Minister of Canada.
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His traveling party included 60,000 retainers and hundreds of camels so laden with treasure that they lowered the price of precious metals in Cairo. The son of a Malinke [ma-LIN-kay] cheftain named Sundiata, he gained fame with his 1324 pilgramage to Mecca. FTP, name this leader of West Africa's Mali empire.
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Holders of this position were once hand-selected by their predecessors in a practice known as the “big finger.†One holder of this office opposed the “Renovators†at a Constitutional Congress held in Querétaro. The rules of this office were set in the Constitution of 1917, which was passed when Venustiano Carranza held this position. This office was dominated by members of the PRI until Vicente Fox won it in 2000. Other holders of this office have included Porfirio Diaz and Benito Juarez. For 10 points, name this post, currently held by Felipe Calderon.
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Ian Hodder, who has directed the excavations here since 1993, has accommodated the pilgrimages of Goddess worshippers who claim spiritual kinship with a woman buried here with three boar jawbones. Material remains found at this center of the obsidian trade include flint daggers, friezes of deer hunters, clay figures that may be pregnant women or serpents, and model heads that may indicate bull worship. James Mellaart was the first to excavate the rectangular mud-brick dwellings at this site in the Konya Plain, whose population may have been as high as five thousand. FTP, name this Neolithic city in present-day Turkey whose name means "fork mound."
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In 1948, by officially including it in his platform, Daniel F. Malan was able to bring his party to power for the first time. Put in place with the Population Registration and Group Areas Acts of 1950 its initial focus was on urban areas. It became harsher during Hendrik Verwoerd's prime ministership with the creation of ten Bantustan "homelands." It resulted in the Soweto riots, the massacre at Sharpeville, and the life sentence of Nelson Mandela. FTP, identify this policy of racial segregation in South Africa.
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In 1949, he received a scholarship to study radio engineering in Paris, and joined the French Communist Party during his stay. His main doctrine, a form of Maoism called the "Anka" doctrine, was heavily influenced by André Frank's theory that cities are parasites on the rural landscape, a theory he implemented after becoming "Brother #1" of his country in 1976 after Lon Nol was forced to flee when Communist forces captured Phnom Penh. FTP, identify this notorious leader and mass murderer, who oversaw the genocide of more than 1.5 million Cambodians while attempting to create a classless society as leader of the Khmer Rouge.
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In 1958 this entity paid $64.8 million to the shareholders of the Universal Suez Canal Company. Two years later it formed its first parliament, with representatives from the two constituent nations. Vice President Nureddin Kuhalla and his country seceded from the union in 1961, but despite a failed attempt at reunification with Syria and Iraq, the remaining country continued to use this name until 1971. FTP what was this short-lived confederation of Egypt and Syria headed by Gamel-Abdul Nasser?
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In 1975, a namesake tribunal, composed of both the Pakeha and the people affected by it, was created to address claims arising from this treaty. In addition to the Bay of Islands copy, eight other copies were circulated to gain additional signatures. Signed by William Hobson as representative of the British crown, the anniversary of its signing is recognized as national holiday in the country in which it was signed. Initially intended to give the U.K. sovereignty over a group of islands in the South Pacific, it ostensibly protected the property rights of the native Maori. For 10 points, name this 1840 treaty, a founding document of modern New Zealand.
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In 1987, the monthly adjustment of prices and wages according to changes in expected inflation drew controversy during the first months of implementation of this nation's Pacto, which has gone through fifteen renegotiations. Rudiger Dornbusch recommended that this nation devalue its currency by 30 percent during a time when twenty billion dollars in currency swaps were provided by an Exchange Stabilization Fund; this occurred after Bill Clinton failed to pass a Stabilization Act through Congress to aid this nation, which also received aid through Brady bonds. This currency crisis was also known as the December mistake, and during it cetes were exchanged for dollar-denominated tesobonos. That disaster under Ernesto Zedillo's leadership, also known as the Tequila crisis, forced the signing of NAFTA by, FTP, which country whose currency is the peso?
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In 1994 this man was made head of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee. After studying at King's College, London, he was ordained a deacon of the Anglican Church in 1960 and held a number of church positions in England. He returned to Sputh Africa in 1975 to become Dean of Johannesburg, and went on to become Bishop of Lesotho, Bishop of Johanessburg, and Archbishop of Cape Town. FTP, who was this leader awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his nonviolent protest against apartheid?
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In 1995, this site's Condor Temple was found to feature a hidden series of caves leading to a deep, narrow hole that was probably made 530 years ago. Buildings here include the Tower of the Sun and the Temple of the Three Windows. The stones in its walls were carved so precisely that a knife cannot fit between them, despite the fact that no mortar was used. Its famous stone sundial is dedicated to Inti, an Incan sun god. FTP, name this Incan city in the Andes rediscovered in 1911 by Hiram Bingham.
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In 2003, Isabella Ginor published an analysis of documents suggesting that this conflict was instigated by the Soviet Union, and in 1995, Areyh Yitzakhi accused one party in this conflict of killing 1000 prisoners of war. The conflict began with a preemptive air strike dubbed Operation Focus, and it officially ended with UN Resolution 242, although the victor still hasn't fulfilled the resolution's directive to give up the Golan Heights. FTP, name this 1967 conflict between Israel and an alliance of Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt that saw the seizure of the Gaza Strip and West Bank in just under a week.
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In 2005, this man gave a short speech in which he said "Peter Newman: go fuk yourself" as Newman painted an unflattering picture of him in a biography. His time in power saw him sell 23 of his nation's 63 "crown corporations" and pay out 300 million dollars in reparations to Japanese interred during WWII. He replaced the Manufacturer's Tax with the Goods and Services Tax and passed an agreement that opponents like Ed Broadbent claimed would turn Canada into the 51st state, the Free Trade Agreement. He engaged in failed negotiations with Robert Bourassa over the Meech Lake Accord, which would have given a constitutional veto to Quebec, after he came to power by succeeding John Turner. For 10 points, name this Canadian prime minister who was followed by Kim Campbell after serving from 1984 to 1993.
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In his Fundamentals of National Reconstruction he asserts that revolution is not a new theme derived from Europe, but rather has a history that dates back to the founding of the Shang Dynasty. Seeking to combine the fundamental aspects of nationalism, democracy, and socialism, he developed the "Three Principles of the People", which his party adopted during its brief control of the elected government. Forced into exile in 1913, he returned to unify the Communists with his Kuomintang party. FTP, name this leader considered Founder of the Chinese Revolution and mentor of Chang Kai-shek.
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In his early life he was influenced by the theosophism of his tutor, Ferdinand Brooks. During World War II, the envoys Lord Wavell and Stafford Cripps failed to reconcile his party with the rival party, founded by Aga Khan III. In his most important post, he put through the Community Development Program and the 1951 five-year plan, going against the conservative politics of his father, Motilal. Although under the influence of his minister Menon he was a leader of the non-aligned movement, he called for western aid when China encroached upon the Brahmaputra River. FTP name this continuing leader of the Congress Party despite the protests of Sardar Patel and Gandhi, the grandfather of Sanjay and father of Indira Gandhi and first prime minister of independent India.
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In his time he was called the "grey blur" for his desire to avoid the limelight. Before he could set the so-called "Doctor's Plot" in motion, he died under mysterious circumstances. Earlier, following his instigation of the "engineers' trial," he had the competent Marshal Tukhachevsky executed as a foreign spy. His rise to power came after twice editing Pravda and outmaneuvering both Grigory Zinoviev and his chief rival, whom he had assassinated in Mexico. Born in Georgia with the surname of Dzhugashvili, FTP, name this Soviet leader from 1924 to 1953.
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In later years, this group suffered from a rash of diseases that froze several members to death, and they won one battle by feigning retreat from a series of food reserves, only to attack when the opposing forces attempted to steal it. In addition to that victory against Feng Yi at Hu, this group attempted to control Wei Xiao's land but failed. Liu Xu succeeded in defeating this group after agreeing to not kill the Emperor Penzi. Wang Kuang and Lian Dan were unable to prevent a notable action of this group, and this group was partly led by a figure whose son was falsely executed by the county government, Mother Lu. Pang An, Xu Xuan, and Yang Yin allied themselves with Fan Chong in order to form the other half of this group, which received its name from a tactic used to distinguish its soldiers from those of the Xin dynasty. For 10 points, name this group that succeed in restoring the Han dynasty by killing the usurper Wang Mang.
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In one battle by this name, one side was advised by Henry Walton Grinnell, while the other was advised by Philo McGiffen, the first American to command a steel battleship during war; that battle saw the losing fleet destroyed later at Weihaiwei. Another battle at this site saw General Zasulitch send a telegram refusing to withdraw; his troops were then captured by Kuroki in this battle, which was the first major land engagement of the Russo-Japanese War. The Friendship Bridge is the only remaining bridge over this river and connects the cities of Dandong and Sinujiu. A 1950 order from Truman urged MacArthur to push to this river and resulted in invasion by the People's Volunteer Army. FTP, name this river which forms the border between China and North Korea.
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In one novel, this man's daughter is taught Bible stories and is horrified by the notion of beauty being a sin. This spurious father of Golden Bells appears in another work, where he is told of the infinite ways in which wood can be made into a chessboard after hearing of communication with strings in Ersilia, the size-changing Olinda, and Thekla, which is always being built. In a poem, this man orders the building of a "miracle of rare device" near a place "where Alph, the sacred river ran." For 10 points, name this ruler who appears in Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities, in a namesake opium-induced Samuel Taylor Coleridge poem, and in Donn Byrne's novel Messer Marco Polo.
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In protest of this treaty, Abdyl Frashëri founded the League of Prizren. The losing power was obliged to end its support of the Kishlak system in Armenia and evacuate Dobruja. Though it put an end to fighting marked by battles like Shipka Pass and Pleven and provided for protection for orthodox Bosnians, its modification of the Treaty of Paris caused many of its successes to be nullified at the Congress of Berlin. FTP, name this treaty that freed Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania from Turkish rule, created the Autonomous Kingdom of Bulgaria, and ended the 1877-78 Russo-Turkish War.
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In the 1860s, this country started a campaign to assimilate the Aracunia region, and a civil war in this country saw the ship Itata load up arms in California and threaten the rule of a U. S. backed President Jose Balmaceda. It also gained the Tarapaca province by the terms of a treaty which also required a plebiscite to determine the sovereignty of the Tacna and Arica provinces. Yet another ruler of this country came to power after he joined forces with Jose de San Martin and defeated the Spanish at Chacabuco, Bernardo O'Higgins. For 10 points, identify this country whose Marxist leader Salvador Allende was toppled in a coup led by Augusto Pinochet.
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In the aftermath of this battle, the losing commander was sent to Prote and his wife was committed to a nunnery. Prior to this engagement, the losing commander had sent half of his army under Russell of Balleiul to take the nearby fortress of Khiliat, but they never returned, and that commander's army was further weakened by days of skirmishing and the defection of Uzes. The victorious commander arranged his troops in a crescent formation with his archers at the rear, which enabled him to constantly apply pressure on the right and left flanks of his enemy. The eventual losers of this battle were attacked while they were retreating because the rearguard of Andronicus Ducas had fled. For ten points, name this 1071 battle that saw the Seljuk forces of Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine Empire under Romanos IV.
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In the early nineteenth century, it was ruled by Emir Bashir II, while in the twentieth, it has been dominated by the system known as "confessional politics." Events in the 1980s here included the Damour massacre and the Sabra and Shatila massacres, which were investigated by another country's Kahan Commission. It was the site of a 1958 U.S. Marine landing in support of the Eisenhower doctrine, and was a French mandate territory following World War I, leading to preferential treatment for the Maronite Christian minority. More recently, the kidnapping of Omar Souad, Adi Avitan, and Binyamin Avraham resulted in an invasion of it, targeting Hassan Nasrallah. FTP, Israel recently signed a cease-fire with what country, the home of Hezbollah?
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In the early stages of this conflict one side's army managed to occupy Nueva Ocotepeque, while the other's air force destroyed most of its enemy's stores of fuel. It was partly caused by one country's refusal to renew a Bilateral Treaty on Immigration, a refusal which was followed by the use of an agrarian reform law by the government of Oswaldo Lopez Arellano to evict a large population of squatters. A cease-fire took effect on July 20, only six days after military action had begun in such places as the Gulf of Fonseca. FTP, name this war fought in 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras, which was precipitated by a dispute during a qualifying round for the World Cup.
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In the peace treaty ending this war, the loser was forced to give up the Pescadores Islands and open four ports to merchants from the winning nation. It followed a revolt by the Tonghak Society, after which the eventual winner of this war invaded the capital of a nation neighboring the loser and captured that nation's royal family. The loser of this war asked for peace a month after the battle of Weihaiwei, while their fleet was dealt a serious blow the previous year at the battle of the Yalu River. After Russia, Germany, and France intervened, the peace treaty of Shimonoseki was made less punishing to the loser. FTP, name this war which ended in 1895 and which also involved the loss of Taiwan to the victorious island nation.
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In the various wars of the Arabian peninsula, this power maintained the client tribe of the Kinda, which fought surrogate battles against the Lakhmids and Gassanids. This country subdued the Jewish kings of the Yemeni Arabs and, using a baggage train of elephants, failed to take Mecca in the "Year of the Elephant," 570 AD. In 1896, it won the Battle of Adowa, defeating colonializing Italians. For ten points, name this African country later occupied by Fascist Italy.
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In this battle, the African Hunters attempted to scale a fort defending the namesake site. One side in this battle attacked at the Garita del Peaje. The main action of the battle occurred when General Laurencez ordered his cavalry to charge the center of the enemy forces. The opposing troops, armed with antiquated rifles and machetes, stood their ground on Guadalupe Hill and then pursued the remainder of Laurencez's forces to Orizaba. Porfirio Diaz led the infantry in this battle, but the general command was given to Ignacio Zaragoza. Triggered when Benito Juarez ordered the suspension of foreign debts, for 10 points, name this 1862 victory by Juarez's Mexican Army over the forces of Napoleon III, a battle whose anniversary is celebrated as Cinco de Mayo.
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Issachar J. Roberts, the Southern Baptist who inspired this movement, refused to baptize its leader, though he had been the first missionary to depart Macau, one year after the British arrived nearby. When Yang Xiuqing, its minister of state, threatened to usurp the leader's title, he was killed by General Wei Changgui, who was then himself assassinated. It was put down by Tsing Kuofan, who took Nanking after Frederick Townsend Ward, Charles Gordon, and the Ever-Victorious Army had kept its adherents out of Shanghai. FTP, name this "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace," an uprising against the Qing dynasty led by Hong Xiuquan.
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It appeared and disappeared from territorial maps often, and changed possession quite a few times, mainly between France and Great Britain until 1821, from which time it was either an individual territory or a part of the British West African Federation until 1970, when it declared independence. It is fully surrounded by another African nation and its capital lies on an island in the river of the same name which is the major feature of, FTP, what nation with capital Banjul?
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It began after one side sent the other a telegram that demanded they be allowed to search for a deserter on the premises. When they were denied entry and a shot rang out, the 117th Battalion sprang into action. The escalation at the namesake site was facilitated by the establishment of the East Hebei Autonomous Council, which gave Colonel Matsui's forces nearby support. The KMT army fought to defend the city of Wan Ping, but they were eventually driven back. FTP, identify this July 7, 1937, occurrence which prompted the Chinese and the Japanese to enter the Second Sino-Japanese War, an incident which takes its name from a structure dedicated to an Italian explorer.
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It began and drew much of its support from the Hakka, who made up most of its leaders, and among the things it sought to prohibit were adultery, gambling, and the use of tobacco. Its initial successes were tarnished by the murders of its minister of state, Yang Hsiu-ching, as well as the general Wei Chang-hui, who had killed Yang. It was further weakened by the desertion of Shih Ta-k'ai, and in 1860, it failed to take Shanghai, which was defended by a force commanded by Frederick Ward. Growing out of the God Worshippers' Society, it was finally defeated by the Ever-Victorious Army under the command of Charles Gordon. Taking its name from the Chinese for "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace," FTP, name this anti-Manchu rebellion whose leader, Hung His-chuan, believed he was the younger brother of Jesus.
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It began following the Kemmu Restoration and would be formally established when its namesake turned on Go-Daigo, resulting in a 56-year civil war between the Northern and Southern courts. Takauji emerged victorious and peace remained until the 10-year Onin War more than a century later. Its greatest shogun, Yohsimitsu, built the Palace of Flowers and the Golden Pavilion. FTP, name this period that ended when Yoshiaka was driven out by Oda Nobunaga in 1573, a shogunate sometimes referred to as the Muromachi and succeeded by the Tokugawa.
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It began in Meerut [rhymes with Beirut] and quickly spread, helped by the discontent of both the more well educated and rumors about the introduction of the new Enfield rifle. The titular head was Bahadue Shah II, and was finally suppressed by Sir Colin Campbell and Sir Hugh Rose in late 1858. FTP, name this revolt, known for the ferocity of fighting around Kanpur, Lucknow, and Delhi.
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It began with the capture of Hangzhou, and ended with the rebellion of Zhu Yuanzhang. During it, a second capital at Khanbalik was established and the project of extending the Great Canal connecting the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers to that capital was begun. Its first capital had been at Karakorum and this dynasty's name was taken when it's rulers looked outside their own language, taking the Chinese name for "first." Succeeding the Sung Dynasty and lasting from 1279 to 1368, FTP, identify this period of Mongol rule in China.
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It contains sections like "From Egalitarianism to Kleptocracy," "Yali's People," and "Blueprints and Borrowed Letters." In this work the author suggests that the history of Polynesia serves as a microcosm for the overall phenomenon of conquest and expansion of nations. Along with the domestication of livestock, this book emphasizes food production as the major factor in the sustenance and development of civilizations. For ten points, name this 1997 work that explains how the Europeans were able to conquer the New World due to the titular entities, a work by Jared Diamond.
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It divided the annual payment into an unconditional part of approximately one-third of the sum, and a postponable part comprised of the other two-thirds, with annuities to be raised through a transportation tax and from the budget. Total reparations were set at $26.35 billion to be paid over a period of 58.5 years, though a moratorium was called for during the fiscal year of 1931-32. The rise of Hitler caused a defaulting on the unpaid reparations, which did not resume until 1953. FTP, identify this financial plan implemented to pay for Germany's war reparations that superseded the Dawes Plan.
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It emerged from three small villages, Osu, James Town, and Ussher Town, and first rose to prominence when the colonial capital was moved from Cape Coast to it in 1877. The Odaw and Densu rivers supply the city's water, and the disease kwashiorkor was named at its Korle Bu hospital in 1933. FTP, identify this city, whose role as a major port has been supplanted by Tema, and whose name comes from an Akan word for black ants, the largest city in, and capital of, Ghana.
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It featured Ni Zan and Huang Gongweng, who were masters of the wenrenhua style and are known as two of its "Four Masters." During it, a kind of white porcelain coated with a blue glaze known as "shu fu" was first made. The great dramatist Kuan Han-ch'ing wrote The Injustice Suffered by Tou-o during it, though this period is best known in literature for some works attributed to Lo Kuan-chung, such as The Subjugation of the Evil Phantoms and The Water Margin. A visit to its court by Oderic of Pordenone resulted in sorghum being introduced to China. A law code known as the Yassa was instituted by this dynasty, which ruled from a capital at Dadu. After a succession of 10 rulers over 98 years, the dynasty fell in the wake of the revolt of the Red Turbans and was supplanted by the future Hongwu emperor and his Ming dynasty. FTP, name this dynasty of China that was founded by Kublai Khan.
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It featured the last gun duel between battle ships, and was the occasion for the signal "Where is third fleet? The world wonders." Warships sunk during the battle included the U.S.S. Princeton and the super-battleship Musashi. At one point Japanese battleships were forty miles from a virtually unprotected landing force when they inexplicably withdrew. FTP, name this battle, the last major engagement during World War II between the Americans and the Japanese, that was fought in October 1944 when the Japanese contested the American landing on an island in the Philippines.
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It first started in response to dissatisfaction with the Prince of Korchin and spread after the Triads joined in. Its leader had studied under American Isaachar Roberts, who later called him "a coolie king . . . crazy and unfit to rule." The last major offensive during it was put down by Frederick Townsend and the Ever-Victorious Army, which was later commanded by Charles George Gordon. Protestant missionaries converted the movement's leader to Christianity but did not predict that he would claim to be the brother of Jesus. Fought in support of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, FTP, name this Chinese religious uprising that lasted from 1850 to 1864.
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It had its foundations in the 9th-century Zaghawa tribe and its rulers include Umar ibn Idris, who relocated it to its second capital in the 14th century. Another figure, Ali Gaji, would retake its original capital after defeating the Bulala, the people who had displaced them to the other side of Lake Chad. It first converted to Islam under a man who claimed descent from the Yemeni hero Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan. That man, Hummay, founded the Sefuwa dynasty and moved this empire to its first major capital, Njimi. It reached its zenith in the 16th century under Idris Alooma, and much of what is known about it comes from Heinrich Barth's discovery of the Diwan in 1851. FTP, identify this African empire named after the two regions it inhabited.
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It was adopted by the London Conference and was accepted in the nation in question largely due to the efforts of Wilhelm Marx. Among its stipulations was the introduction of new excise, transportation, and custom taxes. Named for the chair of the committee which proposed it, who would become the 30th U.S. Vice President, it also called for the evacuation of Belgian and French troops from the Ruhr, provided for massive U.S. loans, and arranged that payments would begin at one billion marks per year and increase over four years to 2.5 billion marks per annum. FTP, identify this 1924 plan for German war-reparations eventually replaced by the Young Plan.
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It was called in response to paragraph four of the Moscow Declaration of the previous year. Two sessions had to be convened because the Soviets did not want appear together with the Chinese representatives, although the Chinese are said to have contributed little. Although the general structure of an organization was decided upon, the Soviet delegation, led by Gromyko, insisted that any nation in the Security Council be allowed to veto matters that concerned it, a demand that the Americans, represented by Ralph Bunche and Alger Hiss, opposed. FTP, name this 1944 conference that concerned the creation of the eventual United Nations, named for the Washington DC estate where it was held.
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It was described in some detail by the Muslim geographer al-Bakri, while the first known references to it occur in Arabic writings that date from the 5th century. Its major trade centers included Awdaghost and Walata, and its ruling dynasty belonged to the Soninke people. It was revived for a brief time after being overrun by the Almoravids in 1076, though it finally succumbed to the Susu tribe in 1203 when they captured its capital, Kumbi Saleh. FTP, identify this ancient kingdom that gives its name to a modern African country formerly known as the Gold Coast and whose capital is Accra.
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It was discovered in 1516 by Juan Diaz de Solis, though Sebastian Cabot was the one to give it its current name. Magellan stopped there on his world tour, and though he didn't traverse its 300 kilometers, he probably stopped at the site of the best natural harbor on it, Montevideo. Covering about 13,500 square miles it is formed by the Parana, Paraguay, and Uruguay Rivers. FTP, name this estuary that translates to "River of Silver" and on which Buenos Aires sits
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It was exacerbated by the death of a Mrs. Sherwood and was preceded by Miles Irving arresting two vocal nationalists, Drs. Kitchloo and Satyapal. Partly caused by the reshuffling of domestic politics after the end of the war codified by the Black or Rowlatt Acts, it only took about fifteen minutes but was more deadly since there were no easy avenues to escape. Taking place in the Garden or Jallianwallah Bagh, it saw the death of more than four hundred Hindus. FTP, identify this event that saw the British General Dyer fire into an unarmed crowd in 1919 in the namesake capital of the Sikhs.
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It was excavated by Leonard Woolley and a more famous individual, who partly described this experience in his The Wilderness of Zin. Biblical references to it include Second Chronicles, Chapter 35 and Jeremiah, Chapter 46. It was the culmination of a campaign that began with the Cyaxares and Nabopolossar destroying Nineveh and forcing the Assyrians to seek aid. They turned to Pharaoh Necho, who was subsequently crushed at this site by Nabopolossar's son. FTP, name this city at which, in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II defeated the Egyptians.
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It was faciliated by such gifts as four copies of Audubon's Birds of America, several cases of cherry cordial, two telegraphs, a telescope, and a full size locomotive with rails. Initially, one of the chief participants was incapacitated by an episode of arthritis which forced him to leave the early negotiations to a man named Henry Adams. Four years after it was written, the free exercise of religion was allowed while the opium trade was outlawed in a document signed by Townsend Harris. It specified that shipwrecked men from a certain nation would be allowed to go anywhere within seven miles of two designated cities. After it was signed aboard the USS Powhatan, the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate were made available to American shipping. FTP, name this treaty signed by Matthew Perry which ended 200 years of seclusion by the Japanese.
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It was founded as a result of mining activities overseen by Gonzalo Pizarro, who was interested in exploring the highland east region of the Andean Cordillera. Located on the Rio Cachimayo, this city's main attractions are el Museo de la Recoleta, el Palacio de la Glorieta, la Casa de la Libertad, and la Universidad Mayor de San Francisco Xavier. Founded by Pedro de Anzúres, it was originally named La Plata, and has also been called Charcas and Ciudad Blanca until its name was permanently changed on August 11, 1825 to honor a Venezuelan freedom fighter. For 10 points, name this legal capital of Bolivia.
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It was interrupted by a weekend visit to New York City which was objected to by Leo Pasvolsky, who feared that the trip would be seen as frivolous. The proposals it set forth represented an advance on the Four-Nation Declaration which had been signed the previous October in Moscow. Great Britain was represented by Sir Alexander Cadogan, while Andrei Gromyko represented the Soviet Union. It also included representatives from China, and saw spirited debate over whether France should have a seat on the Security Council. FTP, name this conference which was held in 1944 at a mansion in Washington, D.C., at which the groundwork for the United Nations was laid out.
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It was named for the German statesman chosen By Wilhelm II to replace Bismarck as imperial chancellor in 1890. It was British territory until 1893, and was then ceded to Germany so that Southwest Africa could have access to the Indian Ocean via the Zambezi River. FTP, name this 280 mile long by 65 mile wide "strip" of northeast Namibia.
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It was necessitated by the successful strategy of German advisor Hans Van Seeckt during the Fifth "Annihilation" Campaign as well as the growing ire towards the Land Investigation Movement. Midway through it Otto Braun was replaced as commander. Famous engagements occurred at the Luding Bridge, Xiang River, and Loushan Pass. It began when about 80,000 people left Jiangxi in 1934 and ended when less than 20,000 reached Shaanxi Province in 1935. FTP identify this military movement in which the Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong fled the Kuomintang.
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Its first significant action was the assasination of Wash Tel, and several months later it took responsibility for the bombing of a Dutch gas plant. One year after its most famous action, its members took hostages at the Saudi embassy in Sudan and killed George Moore, the American ambassador there. Its name was inspired by the PFLP's hijacking of three airliners in Jordan, after which King Hussein moved against the fedayeen, resulting in a civil war. It was founded by Salah Khalaf, also known as Abu Iyad, and its most famous action, supposedly masteminded by Abu Daoud, resulted in the ordering of Operation Wrath of God by Golda Meir. FTP, name this terrorist group best known for this killings of 11 Israeli athletes during the 1972 Munich Olympics, which took its name from a month in autumn.
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Its first two provisions stated that the countries involved sought no territorial changes that did not accord with the wishes of the people concerned. The eighth and final point stated a shared belief in disarmament of aggressor nations, while the sixth point stated that after the "destruction of the Nazi tyranny," both nations hoped for a peace that allowed people in all lands to live "in freedom from fear and want." Issued on August 14, 1941, it was the result of a meeting on a warship anchored off Newfoundland. FTP, name this statement of common principles issued by Roosevelt and Churchill and named for the ocean where they met.
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Its fourth leader commanded a battle between it and a fleet under Thomas Dale and was killed during a siege by Mataram. Twelve crewmen were killed at Sidayu on one of its initial voyages, and its decline began with a 1741 defeat by Raja Marthanda Varma at the Battle of Colachel. It dissolved by 1800. The "Amboyna Massacre" saw ten Englishmen and ten Japanese arrested and executed for conspiring against it. Under Coen it expanded and changed its headquarters to Batavia. For 10 points, name this first multinational corporation in the world, also the first to issue stock, founded by chambers from Delft, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and other cities for trading with Asia.
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Its hegemony began when its first great king seized control of Allada and the coastal town of Wydah. Its last king, Behanzin, tried to reestablish dominance, but following the defeat of the Tukolors, the French destroyed this empire and exiled its royalty to Martinique. King Gezo had revived it earlier when it had been eclipsed briefly by the Oyo, but it was Agaja and his fearful Amazons that first brought it prominence. FTP, identify this dominant slave trading empire of 19th-century West Africa, which took its name from its capital of Abomey.
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Its hegemony was destroyed around the 10th-century by Yodit and the subsequent ascension of the Zagwe dynasty. The language Ge'ez marks this kingdom's South Arabian cultural roots, that during the reign of emperors like Kaleb, saw the port city of Adulis and its namesake capital dominate the ivory trade with Sudan. Yet it is most famed for Ezana's decision to follow Frumentius' advice and convert to Christianity. FTP, name this kingdom that warred with Meroe, dominated Ethiopia for six centuries, and is supposedly the resting place for the Ark of the Covenant.
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Its initial leaders included Nicholas Bayley and John Blaxland, and it involved a dispute over whether a judge, Richard Atkins, should be replaced in favor of a more capable man. Major George Johnston supported the case of one of its leaders, the man who introduced sheep-grazing to his country. That man was described as "Arch-Fiend" John Macarthur in a letter sent to Viscount Castlereagh. The affair was finally squashed with the arrival of Lachlan Macquarie, about two years after the Government House was stormed on the historic night of January 26 by the New South Wales Corps. FTP, name this 1808 insurrection against governor William Bligh in Australia, which was ostensibly sparked by the prohibition of a tasty alcoholic beverage as currency.
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Its leader became upset after Kido Koin, Okubo Toshimichi, and other officials refused his proposal to seize Korea. Although that man had helped the government come to power eleven years earlier, he became disenchanted with the direction it was taking, prompting him to return to Kyushu and enlist 40,000 members of the namesake clan. Its first offensive was at Kagoshima and was followed by a six-week engagement at Kumamoto, though by then less than 500 fighters remained. It ended with the Battle of Shiroyama, where its leader, Saigo Takamori, preferred to die ritually rather than from a bullet. Driven by the loss of status of a particular social class, this is, FTP, what short-lived 1877 Japanese insurrection that marked the end of the samurai?
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Its leader is still revered in the tradition of the Hakka, the migratory people from which he came. Its latter stages were initially suppressed by Frederick Ward, who was succeeded by a more famous individual. After stalling as a result of imperial resistance organized by the scholar Guofan, it came to an end at the hands of the "Ever-Victorious Army" and Charles Gordon. It was led by Hong Xiuquan, who was inspired by Protestant missionary tracts and proclaimed a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace." FTP, name this religious rebellion that began in 1852 in China.
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Its natives, of Malay-Polynesian descent, once called it Pakan, but these "Hakka" are dominated by the 15% of the population from the mainland. Its modern history goes back to the day when Jan van Linschoten exclaimed "what a beautiful island!" Now, its relations with the US are maintained through TECRO. In 2000, it underwent a peaceful transfer of power to the Democratic Progressive Party. The Pescadores islands aren't part of its province of Fujian, but Quemoy and Matsu are. FTP, name this island nation "temporarily occupied on behalf of the Allied forces" after World War two, which lost its UN seat to China in 1971, and whose capital is Taipei.
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Its official beginning was the attempted murder and subsequent suicide committed by Mangel Pande, whose unit was disbanded by General Hearshey as a result. Three weeks later, the 3rd Light Cavalry openly refused orders, and fighting soon spread from Meerut, with the greatest violence coming at Cawnpore and the siege of Lucknow. The arrival of reinforcements under Colin Campbell led to its eventual end in 1859. Catalyzed by the use of beef and pork fat in Enfield rifle cartridges, FTP, name this 19th-century rebellion against the British in northern India.
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Its only surviving fragment was made into a chair for the Great Hall of Buckland Abbey in Devon. Its official mission was to "find out places meet to have traffic;" in pursuit of that goal, it led a fleet including the Swan, Marigold, and Benedict. After negotiating with the Sultan of Termate, it took on six tons of cloves. Earlier, it spent one winter at San Francisco, where its crew founded the colony of New Albion, and looked for the Northwest Passage to the west of Vancouver. An alleged mutiny against its captain by Thomas Doughty led to Doughty's execution before it reached Brazil in 1578, and it soon encountered the Cacafuego at Valparaiso and took eighty pounds of gold. While it sat moored in Deptford, Elizabeth boarded this ship and knighted its captain. FTP, name this flagship of the exploration and piracy campaign of Francis Drake.
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Its participants initially denied complicity in incidents like the Lari Massacre and the murder of loyalist Chief Waruhu. In response, the local government launched Operation Anvil, imprisoning almost a third of the male population of the offending clan. Its power was weakened after the arrest of Dedan Kimathi and the Hola Massacre, but it eventually succeeded with increased Kikuyu representation in the colonial legislature. FTP, name this rebellion against European settlers by a secret society in Kenya from 1952-1956.
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Its penultimate ruler took a name meaning "the cultivated field is difficult to move," while its last ruler was known as the "shark who made the ocean waters tremble." That penultimate ruler, Glélé, was defeated by the Abeokuta, as was his predecessor Gezu. A puppet named Goutchilli was installed as its ruler after the overthrow of its last ruler, Behanzin, who was defeated in an 1892 battle by the army of Alfred-Amédée Dodds. Originally part of Allada, it was made independent by Wegbaja in the 17th century. A major player in the slave trade, its power depended upon a permanent army which included a group of the king's wives known to Europeans as the "Amazons." FTP, name this African state of the Fon people, which occupied modern-day Benin.
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Its population consisted of Soninke clans of Mande-speaking people who acted as intermediaries between the Arab and Berber traders of salt to the north and the producers of gold and ivory to the south. Called Wagadu by its rulers, it derived its more familiar name from the king's title of warlord. It had become rich and powerful by 800, but in 1240 its capital was occupied by Sundiata, who incorporated it into his new and greater empire of Mali. FTP, name this first of the great medieval trading empires of West Africa, which flourished during between the 9th and 13th centuries and whose name survives today in the modern country whose capital is Accra.
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Its power was quickly consolidated by organizing troops into the Army of the Green Standard to maintain peace. Its founders, members of the Jurchen tribe, formed a solid military state and soon set up an unofficial capital at Mukden. This dynasty took one of its names from the second ruler, Abahai, who used the local word for "pure," but its true power had been established by Abahai's father, Nurhachi. Ending in 1911 when emperor Henry Pu-Yi abdicated , FTP, name this successor to the Ming Dynasty, thus the last imperial dynasty of China.
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Its pretext was the rise to power of an extreme Syrian government, presenting a challenge to Gamal Nasser's hegemony among Arab leaders, while Jordan was also threatened if they were to fail to support the Palestinian guerrilla forces. The Egyptians and Jordanians therefore began to unite for an attack on Israel, who subsequently repelled the Jordanians and destroyed the Egyptians in the Sinai desert. FTP, name the 1967 war in which Israel won frontiers on the Jordan River, Golan Heights, and Suez Canal.
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Its second ruler was given a posthumous name referring to a census he instituted which listed the names of 300,000 men who could fight in his army. That ruler, Oun Hueun, succeeded his father Fa Ngum in 1373 as ruler of a state which was known as the "Kingdom of a Million Elephants." Its notable rulers included Setthathirath and Souligna Vongsa, though after the latter's death it was split into the three kingdoms of Champassak, Luang Prabang, and Vien Chan. In the 20th century, it was ruled by a People's Revolutionary Party after 1975, and has been led by men like Kaysone Phomvihan and Khamtai Siphandon. FTP, name this Asian nation which was home to a communist group with the word "Pathet" in its name, and which is ruled from Vientiane.
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Its single most enduring image was arguably the self-immolation of Jan Palach. Its leader tried to defend it in the conference at Cierna by making minor compromises. Facilitated by the resignation of Antonin Novotny as first secretary, it officially came to an end with the appointment of Gustav Hasak although it had practically been ended the previous August by an invasion of Warsaw Pact members. FTP, identify this period of liberal communist reform in 1969 initiated by Aleksandr Dubcek in Czechoslovakia during the namesake season.
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Key reconnaissance for this battle was done by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Redvers Buller. Prior to this battle, Evelyn Wood's forces were renamed the Flying Column. Garnet Wolseley was supposed to replace the leader of the British in this battle, and it was started to delay that turnover. Shortly before this battle, the son of Napoleon III, Louis, was killed by the eventual losers, angering Lieutenant General Lord Chelmsford. The winners in this thirty-minute battle approached its site through the White Mfonzi valley, and they pursued the ruler of the losing side after destroying his royal Kraals, partially out of revenge for losses suffered at Isandlwana. For 10 points, name this 1879 battle that resulted in the capture and exile to England of Cetshwayo, the decisive battle of the Anglo-Zulu War.
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Landings on Tulagi and Tanambogo preceded the main invasion in this campaign, during which the transport George Elliot was sunk and the escort fleet defeated at Savo Island. One side set up the “Cactus Air Force†and another used the “Tokyo Express†route to bring supplies to its troops. Naval skirmishes during this battle off Cape Esperance and the Santa Cruz islands were indecisive. Henderson Airfield came under attack from two battleships during this battle. It saw heavy fighting along the Matanikau River before Operation Ke resulted in the final withdrawal of all Japanese forces. For 10 points, name this battle fought over the course of six months from August 1942 to February 1943, a major American victory fought on a namesake island in the Solomon Islands.
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Late in his life, he was exonerated for supporting Bonnie Prince Charlie while his early career saw him serve as aide-de-camp to Prince Eugene of Savoy. He helped defeat the Ottomans at Belgrade but, during the War of Jenkin's Ear, he tried to capture St. Augustine and was repulsed. His most influential friends included the former gentleman Robert Castell and the Yamacraw chief Tomochichi. After the former died, he began his crusade to reform prisons in England, while the latter convinced him to settle near the Altamaha River. FTP, identify this man who received his royal state charter in 1732 and who hoped to create a home for oppressed Protestants and falsely imprisoned debtors in the New World near what is now Savannah.
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Like a recent event in St. Petersburg, a protest against the government of this man by suburban women was called the "March of Empty Pots." His economic plan was named for his minister Pedro Vuskovic and he recruited a cybrernetics expert Stafford Beer to run Project Cybersyn, designed to create a central computing system. He was nearly deposed by an event known as "El Tancazo" or the Tank Putsch. He arose to power after agreeing to sign the "Statute of Constitutional Guarantees," defeating his opponent Jorge Alessandri to succeed Eduardo Frei Montalva, after the general René Schneider was assassinated in a failed kidnapping attempt. After ruling for three years, he fled his palace La Moneda as the result of a military coup. FTP, name this socialist president from 1970 to 1973, who was succeeded by Augusto Pinochet after a CIA-sponsored coup in Chile.
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Local governors within this entity were called Basqaqs by contemporary historians, and Algirdas' victory at the Battle of Blue Waters resulted in the loss of its westernmost lands. This polity's defeat at the Battle of Kulikovo under its ruler Mamai weakened it, and helped Tokhtamysh become its ruler. Sarai served as the capital of this polity, and its two largest subordinate entities were founded by Orda and Batu, the eldest sons of Jochi, who was himself the eldest son of Genghis Khan. For 10 points, name this Mongol entity in Russia which also included the Blue and White Hordes.
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Miguel Lopez de Legazpi founded it at the mouth of the Pasig River in 1571. It attracted a British fleet that captured it at the end of the Seven Years War, but it was returned to the previous owners by the Peace of Paris. The British had attempted to interdict the commercial traffic between Acapulco and this port, consisting of namesake "galleons" often wrecked on the coast of California. Legazpi's original fotress compound, Intramuros, was leveled by the Japanese defenders of this city in 1945. During the rebuilding process, the government spent thirty years in suburban Quezon City. FTP, name this city in whose bay Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet, the capital of the Philippines.
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Montreal and Chevaliers castles were built to defend these, and several of them signed a commercial agreement with the Aydin dynasty. Balian of Ibelin's surrender ended the existence of one, whose throne was earlier disputed by Hugh of Cyprus and Charles of Anjou. Those which spoke Latin were grouped together as the Outremer; that group included one which ruled by Queen Sibyl and King Baldwin, and another which was eventually reduced to a rump consisting of Belvoir and Tyre. FTP, name this group of principalities including Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch, and the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, established at the turn of the twelfth century by Christian knights warring in the Holy Land.
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Much of this man's discontent stemmed from his excommunication by Manuel Abad y Queipo, and his closest advisors included Jose Jimenez and Juan Aldama. The Alhondiga de Granaditas was the focus for this man's forces' attack on Guanajuato, and although outnumbered more than twelve to one, Felix Maria Calleja was able to defeat his forces at the Battle of Calderon Bridge. This man was aided by general Ignacio Allende, and this man's revolt began with the Grito de Dolores. Jose Morelos led the insurgency after the execution of, for 10 points, which priest who began Mexico's War of Independence in 1810.
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NOTE: The Name is the Same-The first was a Congregationalist missionary who along with his wife Sybil Moseley moved to Hawaii where he published a textbook on the native language. The second moved to the Ellice Islands with his wife Clarissa Brewster and translated the bible into the native tongue. The third became an educator and statesman but still liked to travel. After serving as an aviator during WWI, he served as governor of Connecticut and published such works as The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth and Elihu Yale-The American Nabob of Queen Square, and Journal of a Expedition. But it was for works like Across South America and In the Wonderland of Peru for which he is best known. FTP identify these men who became world famous in 1911 when the last one went to search for Vilcabamba and found Machu Picchu.
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Nathaniel Isaacs wrote an account of this ruler, who established his capital at Bulawayo. This ruler invented the Iklwa, a shorter version of the assegai, and he defeated Zwide at the Battle of Gqokli Hill by using his “buffalo horns†formation. This man ordered the milk in his empire to be drained away after the death of his mother Nandi; after Nandi's death, this ruler massacred over 7,000 of his own subjects which led his brother Dingane to assassinate him. Earlier he had united the Mthethwa and Ndwandwe peoples after succeeding Dingiswayo. For 10 points, name this brilliant tactician who united his people and founded the Zulu Kingdom in the early nineteenth century.
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Navassa Island, claimed by this country but occupied by the U.S., lies 40 miles to its west. Another possession, Tortuga Island, is a former pirate haven; and Gonave Island lies between its two peninsulas. The upper peninsula is bordered on the west and northwest by the Windward Passage and contains Limbe, one of the larger cities. Its first peaceful transfer of power from one democratically elected president to another only occurred in 1996 when Rene Preval assumed power, even though it gained its independence nearly 200 years ago. FTP, name this country previously led by Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a country that occupies the western part of Hispaniola.
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Nicknamed "Le petit gars de Shawinigan," he spoke almost no English when he first joined his county's Liberal party-a deficiency that did not prevent him from eventually spending twenty-seven years in Parliament. In his career he appointed the first woman to sit on the Supreme Court, helped add a Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the Constitution, and headed the Berger Commission. FTP, name this current Canadian Prime Minister.
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Nine years after it was quashed, affiliates of its fomenters captured Hua during the Eight Trigrams Uprising. Several years before it, Wang Lun led a precursor to this revolt. Internal strife during it stemmed from the massive corruption of the Qianlong Emperor's favorite, Heshen, whose ouster at the hands of the Jiaqing Emperor helped put this rebellion down. The agitators of this uprising believed in the coming of the Maitreya and led a secret organization. It was centered in mountains between Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan provinces. For 10 points, name this uprising against the Qing Dynasty, a rebellion that occurred from 1796 to 1804 and is named for a Buddhist society.
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Notable setbacks in this long-term movement were defeats at Alarcos and Rueda. Its beginning is dated to the Battle of Cavadonga, a victory of Pelayo, a Visigothic ruler in 718 and its acceleration was helped by the collapsing of the Umayyad rulers. Its climactic event was the 1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and it ended with the expulsion of Boabdil as ruler of Granada. FTP what is this process in which Christian kingdoms pushed Muslim states out of Iberia?
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Noted for its expansionistic aims, by 750 it controlled Kabul and Kashmir, but its expansion was halted with defeat the next year at the Talas River. Founded amidst civil unrest in 618, T'ai Tsung served as a general in the rebellion and after deposing his father became the dynasty's second ruler. On the death of T'ai, a former court concubine took power and consolidated the dynasty's power which reached its peak just prior to the unsuccessful An Lu Shan uprising. Renowned at its height for cultural achievements, FTP, name this ruling dynasty of China which preceded the Sui and followed the Sung.
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On the day he was to debate the veracity of his greatest discovery he shot himself in a hunting accident. He negotiated with local chiefs like the Bagandan leader Mutesa to insure the safety of his men, and often worked with others such as Florence von Sass, James Baker, and James Grant, during his travels. He began his career in the Punjab, but came to Africa to survey Somaliland. Although he was injured during that expedition he eventually sighted Lake Tanganyika and went on to identify Ripon Falls as the exit point for another body of water after splitting up from Richard Burton. FTP, name this British explorer, the first European to sight Lake Victoria and identify it as the source of the Nile.
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One "ruler" by this name saw regencies under Count Ernest John Biron and Baron A.I. Ostermann, before being arrested by his aunt in 1741. Another ruler of this name passed the "iarlyk" that he inherited from his father to his son Dmitri Donskoi, while his father and namesake, known as "Moneybag", earned the iarlyk for helping the Golden Horde. The reported death of another ruler with this name at the hands of his sister Sophia prompted a riot which saw the streltsy take the Kremlin, murdering many members of the Naryshkin clan, and resulting in a diarchy between him and Peter I. These rulers all shared, FTP, what name, also held by a "great" Grand Prince of Moscow, who overthrew Mongol rule in Russia?
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One belligerent in this war set up the Agranat Commission to investigate the failure of its intelligence services prior to the war. In this war, troops commanded by Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, and Israel Tal faced off against armies led by Saad El Shazly, Hosni Mubarak, and Abu Zikry, among others. The first two days of this war saw 8,000 Egyptian troops overwhelm fortifications in the Negev Desert by crossing the Suez Canal in rubber assault rafts. After losing territory in this war to both Syria and Egypt, the Israeli Defense Forces recaptured much of it, making gains in the Golan Heights and capturing a small piece of territory to the west of the Suez Canal. FTP, name this 1973 war launched on an important Jewish holiday.
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One collection written by these people that contains a number of astrological calculations is named the Dresden Codex. The culture and language of this civilization was studied by the bishop Diego de Landa, who was also responsible for burning most of this civilization's idols and books. One site built by these people contains a pyramid devoted to Kukulcan and a court for playing pok-ta-pok, a ritual ball game. This civilization had over 800 characters in their hieroglyphic language. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican civilization that was on a decline before the arrival of the Spanish, and which built Chichén Itzá and used an advanced kind of calendar.
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One colonial ruler of this country used Green Canister gas shells to put down a 1930 uprising led by Mona Rudo. Another colonial power lost control of this country following the Siege of Fort Zeelandia. The 1943 Cairo Bulletin transferred control of it and Manchuria to its previous owner, while the first member of the DPP party in this country issued the policy of Four Wants and One Without. Its Council of Indigenous Peoples is currently headed by a member of its native Amis peoples. The so-called Vaclav Havel of this country wrote a history titled "The 2-28 You Don't Know", in reference to a 1947 riot against its ruling KMT party. Formerly known as Formosa, for 10 points, name this island country where Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist forces took refuge after fleeing from mainland China.
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One dynasty in this territory made use of the kolp'um system, which included classes known as songgol and chingol in its bone rank. Another dynasty in this nation was forced to sign the Treaty of Kanghwa and earlier created a phonetic alphabet under Sejong. This territory was the site of a war that was ended by a truce at Panmunjom. That war in this location saw a push to the Yalu River by UN forces that had made an amphibious landing at Inchon under Douglas MacArthur. For 10 points, name this peninsula once ruled by the Silla and Choson dynasties, which is split into two countries by a demilitarized zone at the 38th parallel.
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One emperor of this dynasty, who spent most of his rule traveling the country in disguise and learned Tibetan, ordered the execution of minister Liu Chin after piles of stolen gold and jewels were found in that man's house. During this time, the "literati painting" of the Wu School became prominent, and war against the Oyrat under Esen was lead by emperor Zhengtong's minister Wang Chen. The Yongle emperor coined the name Beijing during this period, and that city was occupied by Li Zicheng's peasant rebellion in the same year that this dynasty fell to the Jurchen. That same emperor dispatched the expedition of the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He during this dynasty which was established by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, who overthrew the Mongols. FTP, name this Chinese dynasty which ruled from 1368 to 1644.
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One historical figure with this last name was a founder of the Japan Evangelistic Band who led a Christian mission to Japan in 1903. Another man with this surname was the leader of the United States Exploring Expedition, which identified Antarctica as a separate continent and sailed throughout the Pacific beginning in 1838. He was also the commander of the San Jacinto who ordered his crew to take James Mason and John Slidell into custody, sparking the Trent Affair. Another man by this name suppressed the Gordon Riots by ordering shots fired, but was better known as the founder of the North Briton who criticized the Earl of Bute and a speech by George III. After being jailed for seditious libel, he was widely hailed as a defender of liberty. FTP,give this name shared by naval explorer Charles and radical British journalist John, which was also the middle name of a famous assassin.
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One important figure in this conflict later led an expedition to drive Yaqub Beg out of Xinjiang. The lijin tax was instituted during this conflict. A massacre during it occurred when minister of state Yang Xiuqing attempted to seize power. Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang were among those to lead local armies during it. This rebellion began among the Hakka people, and it at first advocated the segregation of men and women and the abolishment of private property. The Hunan Army was raised to put down this rebellion and was led by Zeng Guofan. It originated with the God Worshippers' Society, and this rebellion's leader, Hong Xiuquan, claimed to be the brother of Jesus. For 10 points, name this mid-nineteenth century Chinese rebellion that attempted to establish a “Heavenly Kingdom.â€
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One of the central causes of this battle was the growing influence of the French in the region under Governor-General Joseph Francois Dupleix. Another army led by Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the losing side's territory one year prior to this battle, while the Treaty of Alingar was signed earlier that year. The chief officer of Major Kilpatrick deputized William Watts to negotiate with those under Siraj ud Daulah, and, eventually, Mir Jafar defected to the victors at this battle, which was caused by the Black Hole of Calcutta. For 10 points, name this short 1757 battle that ended in victory for the British East India Company as they gained control over all of Bengal thanks to Robert Clive.
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One of this dynasty's most important figures was its great naval commander Sarkhel Angre. This polity won the War of 27 Years after the death of its founder. Its childless ruler Pratapsinh was succeeded by his widow Tarabai, who won a key military victory at the Narmada River. Based in Satara, this empire obtained its apex under Baji Rao I, before splintering into a pentarchy including the Bhonsles in Nagpur and the Peshwas in Pune. This empire is the namesake of three wars with Britain, and was eventually absorbed by the East India Company. For 10 points, identify this empire founded by Shivaji which rose to great heights after the subjugation of the Mughals.
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One of this thinker's works claims that "the evil of men is that they like to be teachers of others" and that the people come before the "spirits of the land and grain," which comes before the sovereign. That work includes the story of soldiers who have fled fifty steps laughing at those who have fled one hundred steps. This philosopher argued that the populace has the right to topple a government that does not live up to its de, and used the example of a child falling down a well to demonstrate his idea of the Four Beginnings. His view that "human nature is good" was opposed by Xun Zi. For 10 points, name this Chinese philosopher of the Warring States period who defended the teachings of Confucius.
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One part of this period was known as Bloomsbury's War, while another part of this peiod was instigated at the request of a Theosophist who was searching for a mythical kingdom. One participant in this periodseized Merb, known as the Panjedh incident, and the Treaties of Gulistan and Turkmanchi were important gains for one side of this. The Fortress of Orenburg was constructed in order to control the Kazakhs as part of this period, which also saw extended maneuvering over the rights to Sinkiang. This period was begun with a treaty between one participant and Persia, while it ended with the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. For 10 points, name this nineteenth-century era of conflict between the British and Russian empires for control in Central Asia.
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One party in this conflict was led for part of it by the namesake of a battleship famous in a later conflict, the Duke of Caxias. This clash was precipitated by the ouster of Atanásio Aguirre. Victory at Curupayty forestalled defeat for the eventual losers, whose fate was practically sealed after the naval Battle of Riachuelo. This war's namesake treaty was the brainchild of Bartolomé Mitre, who favored the Colorado Party over the Blanco Party in Uruguay. FTP, name this conflict in which Paraguay under Francisco Solano López was eventually defeated by the namesake entity, consisting of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.
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One polity involved in this conflict was led for a brief period by the Duke of Caxias, who helped the eventual winners gain control of Humaita, and it also saw battles fought at Tuyuti while its final battle took place at Cerro Cora. The turning point of this conflict occurred at the Battle of Riachuelo, a victory for Admiral Barosso in which the navy of the landlocked aggressor nation, led by the dictator Francisco Solano Lopez, was decimated. For 10 points, name this South American conflict in which a large portion of the Paraguayan male population was killed in defeat against the namesake group of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.
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One president of this country was scandalized when he allowed the warship Esmerelda to fly its flag. That leader was succeeded by a man known as the "Old Battler," Eloy Alfaro, who led the liberal revolution here in opposition to Gabriel Garcia Moreno; both of those leaders were assassinated and journalist Juan Montalvo bragged that his pen killed the latter. The populist Jose Velasco Ibarra served as its president five times in the 20th century. Its independence came with the defeat of the general Melchor Aymerich by Sucre in 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha, after which it briefly became the southern district of Gran Colombia. More recently, its leaders have resolved border disputes with neighboring president Alberto Fujimori. FTP, name this South American country home to Cotopaxi, Guayaquil, and Quito.
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One queen during this dynasty inspired a fad for the Tzitzakion, a Turkish robe worn by that queen's Khazar ancestors. Early events during this dynasty included the defense of the capital against Maslamah ibn ?Abd al-Malik and a victory at Akroïnos against another Arab army. This dynasty was founded when the commander of the Theme of Anatolikon revolted in the name of the deposed Anastasius II against the usurper Theodosius III. The second ruler of this dynasty was nicknamed Copronymus after defecating in his baptismal font. The first ruler of this dynasty issued the law code known as the Ecloga and feuded with Patriarch Germanus over the veneration of religious images. For 10 points, identify this Byzantine dynasty which included Constantine V, the empress Irene, and its namesake founder, the iconoclast Leo III.
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One reform proclamation in this polity was the “Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber,†and a period of reform here was known as the Tulip Period. This polity employed local governors called Armatoles. Karayazici led bandits here in the Jelali revolts. This nation used land grants called Timar, and it employed the devsirme system. Treaties governing the rights of foreigners here were known as Capitulations. This nation undertook the Tanzimat reforms, and its government was referred to as the Sublime Porte. Local rebellions against this polity were led by Alexander Ypsilanti and by Muhammad Ali. The dissolution of this empire was accomplished by the treaties of Lausanne and Sèvres. For 10 points, name this “sick man of Europe,†an empire lasting until 1922 in Istanbul.
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One result of this event was the brief popular declaration for Nicholas Canabus, and Fulk of Neuilly aroused popular support for it. Thiabut of Champagne organized it before his death, charging Geoffrey of Villehardouin, whose memoirs are a valuable primary source for it, with arranging transport with Enrico Dandolo. Boniface of Montserrat, Thiabut's successor, made an agreement with Alexius Angelus which earned it further ire from Innocent III, who earlier excommunicated the Venetians, embroiling it in Byzantine dynastic disputes. FTP, name this crusade, which, instead of fighting Muslims, saw Baldwin of Flanders made the "Latin Emperor" in Constantinople.
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One ruler of this dynasty avoided a prophecy of his death by abdicating in favor of the puppet Yusufi for four days during his persecution of Nuqtavis. This dynasty was defeated at Gulnabad by the Ghilzai leader Mahmud. Its founder was victorious at Merv over the Uzbeks and had earlier overthrown the “White Sheep†dynasty. This dynasty was eventually supplanted by Karim Khan and the Zand dynasty, and its final rulers were puppets of Nadir Shah. Tahmasp I was a ruler of this dynasty, which was defeated at Chaldiran by Selim the Grim. Under Abbas I, this dynasty established a capital at Isfahan, and it was founded with the help of the Qizilbash by Ismail I. For 10 points, name this Shi'ite dynasty that ruled Persia from 1501 to 1736.
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One ruler of this dynasty negotiated the Peace of Amasya with a western neigbhor. A later leader hired Sir Robert Sherley, who restructured the army into the divisions of ghulams, tofongchis, and topchis. This dynasty came to power by defeating the Ak Koyunlu, or White Sheep, and, after it won the Battle of Merv, this dynasty's founder used Shaibani's skull as a goblet. Shortly before its fall, this dynasty's capital was seized by Mahmud Khan, the leader of the Ghilzai; earlier, Selim the Grim had captured another of this dynasty's capitals by winning the Battle of Chaldiran. Its court at Esfahan was established by Shah Abbas I, while its founder ruled from Tabriz as Ismail I and came to power with the backing of the Qizilbash. For 10 points, name this dynasty which made Iran a Shia state and was ultimately overthrown in 1736 by Nadir Shah and the Afsharids.
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One ruler of this empire conquered a city by tricking a chief into celebrating peace out in the sea, leaving the city of Guarco undefended. This people made use of extended familial units called ayllus that were led by men known as curacas. This civilization had a system of runners known as chasquis that were able to run messages between cities. Members of this people were part of the forced labor system called mita. Records were kept by this empire on knotted and colored cords called quipu. For 10 points, name this empire that fell during a civil war between Huascar and Atahualpa that occurred at the same time as the arrival of Francisco Pizarro.
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One ruler of this empire had a retinue of ministers known as his “Nine Jewels,†including the wise tutor Bairam Khan. Another ruler of this empire fought constant battles with Shivaji, the founder of the rival Marantha Confederation. Nadir Shah stole this empire's Peacock Throne. It was founded after the defeat of the Lodis at the First Battle of Panipat. One ruler of this empire built the Taj Mahal, and its rulers included Shah Jahan, Akbar, and Babur. For 10 points, name this Muslim empire that ruled India from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century.
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One ruler of this kingdom was born to a hunchbacked woman and refused to walk for the first seven years of his life despite prophesies that he would be a great warrior. This empire referred to its territories as the Twelve Tinkurus, or Twelve Doors. The first ruler of this kingdom was driven to exile in the Mena kingdom, according to a history that was often recounted by griots. That first ruler of this kingdom returned to win a devastating victory over the Sosso ruler Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina. At the height of this empire, its ruler took such a lavish pilgrimage to Mecca that he devalued gold all along his route. For 10 points, name this West African empire whose great leaders included Mansa Musa and the legendary Sundiata, centered on Timbuktu.
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One ruler of this place, Kpengla, is thought to have constructed its "Royal Road" and was succeeded by Agonglo, who was reportedly poisoned by Dogan. Adonon and Hwanjile were two people who held its rather unique office of kpojito, which translates roughly as "wives of the leopard." One of its rulers captured Ouidah, the capital of the Savi kingdom, and was forced to pay tribute to the Oyo kingdom; that king Agaja later expanded its territory by conquering Allada. It has been referred to as "Black Sparta" for its use of female troops known as its namesake Amazons. A man known as "King Shark," Behanzin, was the eleventh of its twelve kings and led its resistance against the French. FTP, name this Fon kingdom which lasted from about 1650 to 1894 in modern-day Benin.
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One section of this battle focused on trying a small ride called the Dead Man. One side was supplied by what came to be known as the Sacred Road. The original commander for one side in this battle, Emile Driant, was killed in the initial stages, and his replacement, Fernand de Langle de Cary, was removed after abandoning the Woevre plain. Near the end of this battle, Charles Mangin recaptured the forts Douaumont and Vaux. Robert Nivelle took control of one side during this battle after the promotion of another man, the latter of whom is often credited with Nivelle's quote of “They shall not pass.†This battle occurring on the Meuse rive in France made the name of Philippe Pétain. For 10 points, name this extremely bloody battle of World War I.
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One settlement in this modern-day nation was founded by Captain Francis Light. The Briggs Plan instituted here forcibly created new ethnically-mixed villages as a response to an emergency period. The National Development Policy was announced to replace the New Economic Policy in this country, which was first proclaimed in 1971 and aimed at a more fair distribution of wealth and improved standing for bumiputeras. James Birch was killed here in 1875 as a result of the Perak War, named for an area in this country replete with valuable tin mines. The Merdeka Mission, aimed at independence, was led by its first prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, who presided over the uniting of its federated and unfederated portions in 1963 to form the nation. FTP, name this country which includes Sabah and Sarawak, with its seat of government at Kuala Lumpur.
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One side agreed to an alliance at a secret meeting in Sevres, and the massacre of Kafr Kassim occurred after opposing forces got word that Jordan might attempt to intervene on the other side. It stemmed partly from the revocation of a $56 million grant because a nation had purchased tanks from Czechoslovakia and established diplomatic relations with China. European forces launched Operation Musketeer to occupy the area, and though supported by Operation Kadesh, an appeal to the General Assembly resulted in a cease-fire. Lester Pearson negotiated the installment of a UN Emergency Force on the Sinai Peninsula. FTP, name this crisis that resulted from Gamal Nasser's nationalization of a waterway connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
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One statement of principles issued by the leaders of this event promised an end to "evil customs of the past" and stated that "all classes shall be permitted to fulfill their just aspirations." It was guided by an informal group known as the "principal elders" and used the slogan "wealthy country and strong arms." The Charter Oath and the Constitution of 1889 were important documents from this movement, which was named for the imperial title of Mutsuhito. FTP, identify this event involving the overthrow of the Tokugawa and the modernization of Japan.
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Operation Ten-Ichi-Go was launched by the Japanese in response to this battle, and that would result in the destruction of the Yamamoto, the largest ship left in the Japanese fleet. The plan for the invading force in this battle was called Operation Iceberg and the invading forces took locations such as Wana Ridge and Shuri Castle. Notable figures that died in this battle include Ernie Pyle and the Japanese commanders Isamu Cho and Mitsuru Ishajima, both of whom committed suicide. This battle was intended to establish a base for an invasion of mainland Japan, but that plan was made obsolete by the bombing of Hiroshima shortly after the end of this battle. For ten points name this 1945 battle, in which American forces led by General Simon Bolivar Buckner took the namesake Japanese island.
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Orde Wingate helped him organize an army of liberation, after which he was guarded around the clock by lions and cheetahs. Establishing himself as a progressive reformer as governor of Sidamo and Harer provinces, he soon overthrew his rival Lij Yasu, and was crowned emperor of his country after the death of the Empress Zauditu in 1930. Forced out of power by Marxist elements in 1974, he had earlier been forced into exile with the invasion by Italy in 1936. FTP, who was this emperor of Ethiopia?
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Originally a freemason, he joined The League and gained his first political appointment after the passage of the Maura statute. After seizing power from his predecessor at the Tejeros Convention he and his 34 followers bargained for an escape. His followers killed potential rival General Antonio Luna to insure that he would lead them into such battles as the one at Tirad Pass. Accompanied by his right hand man Apolinario Mabini he presented a new Constitution in the town of Malolos in 1898, but soon ran afoul of American forces and was captured by Frederick Funston. FTP, name this Filipino revolutionary leader.
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Originally an army stenographer this leader twice ruled his native country, though these reigns differed vastly in approach. After Manuel de Cespedes toppled Machado de Morales, this man led his own coup known as the 'sergeant's revolt' in 1933. Though he would not be elected president until 7 years later, he ostensibly ruled the island from that point on. He would retire from office in 1944, living for a while in Florida, but returned in 1952 as a brutal dictator. FTP identify this man deposed in 1959 through the efforts of the 26th of July movement and the country's new leader Fidel Castro.
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Originally formed under Hasan i-Sabbah, they sprang from a sect called the Ishamelis. Their final years saw the killing of their last leader, Khurshah, and the destruction of their last fortress, Alamut, by Hulagu Khan. Their members were likely motivated by being drugged to sleep and taken to a harem, which their Master would claim was a glimpse of Paradise. Known for killing Egyptian and Arab caliphs, FTP, what was this Islamic sect whose name has come to denote one who kills a person of political importance?
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Participants at this meeting decided to attack Generals Alfredo and Guzzoni next, and it occurred after the Battle of Bizerte. This event's namesake communique stated that naval operations in the Atlantic were given top priority in order to secure shipping routes, and the Trident Conference would occur after this meeting. The non-stop air bombing of Germany was planned here, and Sicily was named as the next target for Allied invasion at this conference that followed Operation Torch. In order to placate one of the absent leaders, one participant also issued the doctrine of unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy, and Japan in, for 10 points, which 1943 meeting between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt without Joseph Stalin located in a seaside city on the North African coast?
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Peter Sedgwick criticized the British left for failing to aid residents of this nation, an attack which prompted an anti-starvation project directed by John Hunt. Phillip Effiong served as its first vice-president, and a former leader ran for the presidency of another nation on the All Progressive Grand Alliance ticket in 2003. Ralph Uwazuruike leads an organization named for this nation. Its war for independence led to the founding of Doctors Without Borders and featured an invasion of its Owerri region by the FMG. Later incorporated into the East Central State after Odemegwu Ojukwu surrendered its presidency, for 10 points, name this Ibo-dominated state that is again a part of Nigeria after its brief independence from 1968 to 1970.
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Prior to this battle, the losing side attempted to ally with Christian forces who were forbidden to participate by Pope Alexander IV. Following the execution of envoys in Cairo, the winning forces marched on the losers' position in Galilee. They met at a site that was supposedly the location of David's legendary victory and is known as the Spring of Goliath. The winning side, under Qutuz, used a feint to lure the forces of Kitbuga into a trap, which was sprung by the leading general on the victor's side, Baybars. FTP, identify this battle fought in 1260 between the remnants of Hulagu's Mongol forces and the Mamelukes and which ended the westward expansion of the Mongol empire.
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Prior to this engagement, one force marched south from Fort Peaje, while the opposing force formed a line stretching west from the garrison known as "the Brickhouse." The defenders' advantage included a fortified road at the crest of a ridge defended by General Berriozabal. The attackers, fresh from a victory at Amozoc, formed three columns, one of which was sent to attack a nearby city and was repulsed by the Zappadores of Francisco Lamadrid. Another column failed to drive Arriata's Morelia battalion from Forts Loreto and Guadalupe. The repulsion of the final advance led to a cavalry charge by Felix Diaz, after which General Laurencez retreated to Orizaba. FTP, name this May 5, 1862 battle that temporarily prevented Napoleon III's annexation of Mexico.
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Queen Rehendi Kilege compelled him to marry into the royal family, and he spent several months at her court in the Maldives before being forced to leave for plotting a coup against the government. After being shipwrecked while sailing along the Coromandel Coast, he met up with his brother-in-law Ghiyath al-Din, but after the latter died of the plague at Pattan he went to China. He befriended Bayalun, the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus who had been married to Khan Ozbeg of the Golden Horde, and accompanied her to Constantinople. While living in Fez, his stories so entertained Sultan Abu'Inan that the court poet Ibn Juzayy was assigned to transcribe them, which he did in the book A Gift to Those who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities, which is better known as the Rihla or Travels. FTP, name this native of Tangier, a 14th century judge who is known as the "Arab Marco Polo."
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Roger II of Sicily conquered much of their western empire. Adid the last of their rulers was a puppet figure anyway, and his death saw the death of this dynasty. Moizz was its first ruler to have substantial outside recognition and power greatly grew by the time of Al-hakim, the third caliphs, who destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Their founding is linked with the rise of the Mahdi in 909 and their ending with the rise of the Ayubbid dynasty of Saladin in 1171. FTP, name this Muslim dynasty of North Africa that claimed descent from a daughter of Muhammad.
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Some histories suggest that this leader was raised by peacock tamers, while others say his mother Mura reared him. His forces captured and killed Dhana Nanda, and he consolidated his rule by creating a strong bureaucracy and taking the provinces of Kabul, Herat, and Baluchistan on the advice of his minister, Kautilya. His son Bindusara continued the expansion of his kingdom, which was made secure by his defeat of Seleucus Nicator. FTP, name this founder of the Mauryan Empire.
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Some of its highest posts were held under foreigners known as Phanariots. The local governors, or hospodars, were notoriously corrupt and engaged in widespread bribery, particularly at the Sublime Porte, the capital court. The royal advisers for a long time came from the highly regarded Koprulu family, but they could not prevent the decline that included the treaties of Jassy and Bucharest and a revolt by one of the provincial governors, Muhammad Ali. Its greatest victories, at sites like Nikopol came under great leaders like Murad I and Suleiman the Magnificent. FTP, name this empire founded in the 13th-century in modern day Turkey.
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Some of the treasure to be used to pay for this event was seized by Emperor Isaac Dukas Comnenus. One result of it was the Peace of Ramla, a three-year truce in which one side retained a strip along the Mediterranean coast from Tyre to Jaffa. It was preceded two years by the defeat of Guy of Lusignan and Raymond III at the Battle of Hattin. During this event, initially preached by Pope Gregory VIII, the city of Acre was seized, and Byzantine emperor Isaac II hindered the progress of a red bearded leader, who drowned in a river after taking up the Cross. FTP, name this late twelfth century crusade, in which European forces led by Philip Augustus, Richard the Lionheart, and Frederick Barbarossa attempted to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin.
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Some of this man's missteps include the construction of the Inga Dam and deploying the Kamanyola Brigade to a conflict in a neighboring nation. Near the end of this man's reign, he lived in the "Versailles of the Jungle" near the village of Gbadolite. This participant in the Brussels Round Table Conference oppressed the opposition Union for Democracy and Social Progress and a group led by Etienne Tshisekedi with his own Popular Movement of the Revolution. Much like his left-wing predecessor, this man was an antagonist to the Conakat Party leader and Katanga secessionist Moise Tshombe. He died in Morocco four months after his 1997 exile, following a coup by rebel forces under Laurent Kabila, which took place thirty-two years after he replaced Patrice Lumumba. For 10 points, name this former President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo known for his leopard-print hat and policy of "Zaireinization."
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Stephen was a French shepherd who claimed to have received a message from Jesus; Nicholas was a German peasant who saw a cross of light in the sky. Stephen led the French contingent to Marseille where the Mediterranean failed to part as he promised, but unscrupulous merchants were willing to put his followers on ships, two of which promptly sank, while the rest reached Egypt, rather than Palestine, and were prompted sold into slavery and forced to convert to Islam. Pretty much the same thing happened to the German boys and girls, although lots of them froze to death in the Alps first. FTP, name this event, an attempt to restore the purity of the church and recover the Holy Land in 1212.
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Taking exception to an assertion in the pages of the June 3, 1925 issue of The Nation that he had been detained in a country club-type prison, he wrote in a Letter to the Editor, "I was in prison at Sandberg thirteen months in all. A special decree on April 1, 1924, deprived me of all previous privileges. All privileges theretofore granted the prisoner wereeither abridged or wiped out. Count Arco was still benefited by these alleviations." During that time, though, he did have a chance to write his autobiography and political testament. For 10 points, who was this man who ironically wrote in that work, "The broad mass of a nation will more easily fall victim to a big lie than to a small one"?
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Talat was one of the leaders of this movement which sought to reestablish their country's liberal constitution of 1876. Reformers who wished to modernize and westernize their country, they ousted Abd ul-Hamid II in 1908. Led in part by Jamal and Enver Pasha, FTP, what was this revolutionary group of the Ottoman Empire whose name indicates their upstart nature?
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Ten months after this battle, Elie-Frederic Forey used reinforcements to successfully besiege the namesake city, taking it for the French. The battle occurred when, seeing their path to the capital blocked, the French general Charles Laurencez recklessly ordered a frontal assault up the steep Cerro de Guadalupe, only to be repulsed by the forces of Ignacio Zaragoza. FTP, what was this 1862 battle delaying the establishment of a French puppet state in Mexico, now commemorated during Cinco de Mayo?
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The "Everlasting Remorse" addresses an episode during this event, a mutiny at Ma-wei that resulted in the death of Yang Kuei-fei. That favorite of T'ai-tsung had a somewhat inappropriate relationship with this upheaval's central figure, allegedly having compelled him to wear a large diaper at one point. Precipitated by the death of Li Lin-fu and subsequent grab at power by Yang Kuo-chung, this event was finally ended with the defeat of Shih Ch'ao-i. Its leader, eventually assassinated at the behest of Ch'ing-hsü, proclaimed the Yen dynasty shortly after taking Lo-yang in 756. FTP, name this eigth-century rebellion against the T'ang dynasty, led by a namesake Turkic general.
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The 1875 Andrassy Note demanded religious freedom and an end to absentee tax farming in what is now this country. A "crisis" named for this place was exacerbated by the Russian diplomat Izvolsky's flip flopping and sparked by Count von Aehrenthal's ultimately succesful attempt to annex this territory to Austria in the wake of the Young Turks accession in 1908. Later, its governor, Osakar Potiorek, instituted harsh rule in this province, which was followed by a disastrous visit from the heir apparent to the throne. FTP, name this country where Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Ferdinand in Sarejevo, and which became the site of anti-Muslim atrocities by Serbs in the 1990s.
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The Bachwezi, the successors of the Batembuzi, are considered the founders of the Kitara Empire which was centered in this present day country. Luganda is spoken in the urban areas; Swahili is the second official language of the nation despite complaints from the Bantu-speaking south. Gaining independence from the UK in 1962, its current president is Yoweri Museveni, who faces opposition from the Lord's Resistance Army and took over after the final overthrow of Milton Obote. For 10 points, name this country where Obote was also once overthrown by a guy who disliked Asians, respected King George V, boxed, and ate people, Idi Amin.
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The British tutor Reginald Johnston heavily influenced this man who renamed his first wife, Wan Jung, Elizabeth. He died in 1967, eight years after Mao Zedong granted him amnesty and released him from Shenyang prison. In 1945, he was captured by the Russians and testified at the Tokyo war trials that he had merely been a tool of the Japanese while he was leader of Manchukuo between 1934 and 1945. His various names included K'ang Te and Hsuan T'ung, and he grew up in the Forbidden City of Beijing. Crowned at the age of two, for ten points, name this last emperor of China.
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The Imo incident occurred in response to modernization during this period, and the "Strife of the Princes" was an early struggle for power during it. Cultural developments included the painters known as the 'Three Wons', and the Gabo reform changed the long-standing division into eight provinces. Arising due to the rebellion of one of King U's generals, it quickly moved the capital to Hanyang. It won the Injin war thanks to Admiral Yi Sun-sin, and was forced to sign the Treaty of Ganghwa. Also known as the Yi dynasty because of its founder, King Taejo, and its turtle ships emerged victorious at the Battle of Noryang Point against Toyotomi Hideyoshi. For 10 points, name this last Korean dynasty which lasted from 1392 until 1910.
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The King-Crane Commission conducted a survey of 36 major cities in this country, whose soldiers were defeated by Mariano Goybet in the Battle of Maysalun. This nation lost the city of Iskenderon to a neighbor, and the plan for a withdrawal of this country's soldiers from another of its neighbors was outlined in the Taif Agreement. One party in this country took 87 of 173 seats in its People's Council, a move endorsed by its former Minister of Defense Hafiz al-Asad. Its army bombarded the small town of Hama in its larger efforts to contain the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood, and it had earlier silenced Communist activity by forming the United Arab Republic with Egypt. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Damascus.
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The Marquis de Sable and the Count d'Avaux were the real agents of France at the negotiation, though the Duke of Longueville was the puppet leader. The most important delegates were Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff and John Oxenstierna. The Spanish-Dutch portion of it was signed ten months before the major settlement, and it was primarily negotiated in the towns of Munster and Osnabruck. It confirmed the Peace of Augsburg and allowed for toleration of Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists in the Holy Roman Empire. FTP, identify this 1648 treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War.
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The Supersemar order led to the massacre of thousands of Communist in this nation, which was directed by the future leader of the Golkar Party. That occurred after the 30 September movement, which indirectly caused the rise of the man who was later succeeded by Jusuf Habibie. Although neither the Linggarjati Agreement nor the Renville Agreement could bring peace in this nation, it ultimately secured its independence at the Hague Round-Table Conference. The five principles of Pancasila and the abbreviation NASAKOM were concepts related to the leader of the non-aligned movement from this nation, and the Bandung Conference occurred here. For 10 points, name this Asian country whose leaders included Megawati, Suharto, and Sukarno, the most populous Muslim nation.
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The Vietnamese version of it was spearheaded by the editor of Giai Pham Mua Xuan, Phan Khoi. The better-known version featured a symposium at which an engineer complained about 600,000 plows which were unusable in damp soil. It was inspired by a speech "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People," though its leader later modified that speech and proclaimed that the intelligentsia had gone too far, sparking the Anti-Rightist campaign. With a name taken from a slogan which includes a phrase about letting "schools of thought contend," FTP, name this campaign which granted non-Party members freedom of speech and the right to criticize Mao's government in 1956.
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The agreements that resulted from it were based on Resolutions 242 and 338 of the U.N. Security Council. These agreements included the deconstruction of airbases near Yamit and along the Gulf of Aqaba, as well as rights of passage through the Strait of Tiran and the Suez Canal. Provisions for military withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula were made, but the status of the Gaza Strip was left undecided. FTP, name this series of negotiations between Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin overseen by Jimmy Carter.
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The aristocratic Fourteen Families survived the crash of this country's indigo industry by slavedriving their way into coffee-producing wealth, while its natoional tradition venerates the Pipil warriors who repelled Pedro de Alvorado. Occult enthusiast Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez responded to Farabundo Marti's 1932 peasant uprising in this country by initiating a brutally systematic mass murder of its citizens known as "the slaughter, or la matanza. Roberto D'Aubuisson, the founder of this country's ARENA party, was revealed to be incurably genocidal and implicated in the deaths of Rutilio Grande and Archbishop Oscar Romero. Tensions over the border near the Gulf of Fonseca were ignited by a 1970 FIFA qualifying match, leading this country and Honduras to fight the soccer war. For 10 points, name this Central American country with capital at San Salvador.
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The capture of this nation's ship Marquês of Olinda led to a war in which its forces were commanded by the Duke of Caxias. This state achieved independence with the "Fico" speech of its first ruler, who was deposed in favor of his son nine years later. That son promulgated the Lei Áurea or Golden Law which freed this country's slaves, but one year later, Dom Pedro II abdicated. This country joined Argentina and Uruguay in the Triple Alliance and has been run in more recent times by Itamar Franco, Fernando Cardoso, Getúlio Vargas, and Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. FTP, name this South American country claimed by Pedro Cabral for Portugal.
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The central party joined at this party's creation had itself been created by a merger that included elements of a political orientation that would later become its main opponent, an inclusion necessary to defeat the MAPAI faction. Another founding member, the Laam faction, had just absorbed a faction now known as Moledet to further its own gains. In its first appearance it garnered 30.2% of the vote, earning it 39 seats in the Knesset by proposing that territories occupied since 1967 should be joined with Israel. FTP, name this party formed when three other conservative parties merged with GAHAL, first led by Menachem Begin.
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The city square named for this movement now contains a red spiral sculpture called "The Wind". Leaders of this movement include the editor of the revolutionary magazine La Jeunesse, and the author of "Storm in a Teacup" who began to write in the vernacular baihua style. One major grievance of this movement, a result of the Twenty-One Demands, was resolved at the Washington Naval Conference. This movement also saw the intelligentsia of their country embrace the philosophy of pragmatism and begin to doubt the historical accuracy of the Records of the Grand Historian, ideas promulgated by the "national scholar" Hu Shi. Politically, its major goal was the restoration of the Shandong province from Japan after World War I. For 10 points, name this student-led cultural movement that led to the birth of both the Nationalist and Communist parties in China, and began on a certain date in 1919.
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The commander of the losing army's right wing betrayed his commander by advising him to abandon the field, after which he told the opposing army's commander to attack at once. The winning army took shelter in an orchard on the banks of the river Baggiruttee, which proved helpful when a sudden rainstorm soaked the cannon of their opponents. It took place a year after the death of the beloved Alivardi Khan, whose nephew was killed by the son of the perfidious Mir Jafar following it. Though the winning army only numbered about 3,000 men, it defeated a force of over 50,000 men led by Surajah Dowlah, who had made the battle inevitable by killing a number of prisoners in a small room in Calcutta. FTP, name this engagement of 1757, in which an army under Robert Clive established British dominance over Bengal.
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The conical tower of its Great Enclosure has been interpreted as a phallic symbol, but was probably used for the storage of grain. Other less impressive structures, now ruined, were built out of daga, or mud brick, below the hill complex once known as the Acropolis. Like the site as a whole, the soapstone bird carvings found in the ruins have been used as a nationalist emblem. Its nineteenth century discoverers tried to link it with the gold mines of Ophir and the voyages of the Phoenicians, but scholars now agree that it was the indigenous predecessor of the Torwa state, built by the ancestors of the present-day Shona. FTP, name these "houses of stone" between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, whose name now belongs to a modern African nation.
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The culture and religion of its early society revolved around a talisman called the Mune. The seeds of its greatness were laid at the Siege of Manan, after which the Banu Duku people supplanted the Zaghawa. Its cultural nadir came with the reforms of Dibalami II, but its time of troubles caused by uprisings of the Sao and Kotoko was only brought to an end by Ali Gaji. Its later years saw wars with Bagirmi and Ouaddai after its power peaked with victories at Murzuk and Kano, which gave it control of all the land between the Hausa States and the Fezzan following one of its rulers' return from a 1580 hajj armed with Ottoman muskets. FTP, name this kingdom whose land area climaxed under Idris Alawma, and whose two nuclear states were ruled by the Seyf dynasty.
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The defeat of one country in this set of conflicts led one of its citizens to publish the Illustrated Gazetteer of Maritime Countries advocating military upgrades. In between them the losing country was forced to the ban the Spanish dollar and switch to the Mexican dollar before finally issuing paper currency. The final one was marked by the collaboration of forces under James Bruce and Baron Gros, such as in the capture of the Taku forts. They were marked by the so-called period of "Unequal Treaties," referring to such agreements as the treaties of Whampoa and Bogue. One included an early blockade of the Pearl River and the other was set off by the storming of the HMS Arrow. For 10 points, name these conflicts concluded by the treaties of Tientsin and Nanking, which were fought over the namesake substance between France and Britain and China.
later on, it saw Charles Monro appointed as a replacement after the failure of the August Offensive. This event included minor skirmishes at Lone Pine and the Battle of Gully Ravine, and was the debut of a force commanded by the author of The Man-Eaters of Tsavo, John Henry Patterson; that Jewish regiment was called the Zion Mule Corps. Initially, this event saw General Otto Liman van Sanders oppose the force of Ian Hamilton, which was bolstered by a corps of ANZAC troops. Leading to the demotion of Winston Churchill, for 10 points, name this ill-fated British and French invasion of a Turkish peninsula during World War One.
The early stages of this event saw Sackville Carden replaced as general by John de Robeck
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The eighth ruler of this name was awarded the status of the ninefold umbrella by his successor. Another ruler with this name was opposed by a group that called themselves the Promoters. The third ruler of this name ruled during the signing of the Burney Treaty with Britain. The first king of this name ascended to the position after executing his predecessor, King Taksin, while the fourth ruler of this name died of malaria after watching a solar eclipse he had predicted. The first ruler of this name moved his capital across the Chao Praya River, while the fourth ruler of this name hired Anna Leonowens to teach his children and was also known as Mongkut. For ten points, give this name shared by rulers of the Chakri dynasty in Thailand.
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The elite during this dynasty were referred to as the "yangban" and were eligible for high government posts. Its founder was a military figure who, with the support of Neo-Confucian scholar officials, overthrew the Goryo Dynasty. It saw the establishment of the Hall of Worthies, a royal research institute, and the use of "turtle ships" to repel the Hideyoshi invasions of the late 1500's. FTP, name this dynasty that ruled from 1392 to 1910 as the dominant force in Korea.
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The end of this empire came when the forces of Issihak II were defeated at Tondibi by the Moroccans. Its golden age began when Sonni Ali defeated the Mossi, Dogon, and Fulani during the 1460s, and took control of Jenne and Timbuktu. Despite internal strife which led to a successful coup against Sonni Baru led by Muhammed I Askia, this empire dominated northwest African trade for over a century. FTP, identify this empire centered around the middle reaches of the Niger River, with capital at Gao.
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The first ended with one side suing for peace after a humiliating defeat at Majuba Hill. The second included the famous "black week," in the first year of fighting and saw decisive action on all three fronts, particularly at Colenso and Stormberg. That second was blamed on the ambition of Alfred Milner and Joseph Chamberlain and saw notable sieges at Kimberley and Mafeking. FTP, name these two wars, the latter of which ended in 1902 at Vereeniging and began with British attacks on the Transvaal.
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The first man by this name gained power after his brother was allegedly poisoned by priests permitted into his stronghold of Vilcabamba. He would be beheaded along with five of his generals after he was captured by Francisco de Toledo. The second man with this name saw success against Tiburcio Landa at the Sangarara, which came nine days after he and his followers executed Corregidor Antonio Arriaga on charges of excessive cruelty. That man was born Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, but traced his origins back to the aforementioned predecessor. He was captured in Cuzco and executed in 1781. FTP, give this name shared by the leader of an indigenous uprising in Peru and the final Inca emperor.
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The first naval battle in this war was fought at Riachuelo, near the city of Corrientes, while ironclads were later used to destroy the fortress at Humaita and bombard the suffering capital of the losing party. Bartolome Mitre was replaced as commander-in-chief by the Duke of Caxias, who was forced to enroll slaves to increase the size of his armies. Land cessions in the Mato Grosso and Gran Chaco resulted from this war, which was sparked by Brazilian intervention in the Uruguayan factional struggle of the Blancos and Colorados. FTP, identify this disastrous war fought by Francisco Solano Lopez, which decimated the male population of Paraguay.
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The first rigged election during his rule coincided with a hurricane, and he is alleged to have thrown political prisoners out to sea with the storm victims. After his rule ended, his son's attempt to succeed him was cut short by American intervention, and that son was replaced by Joachim Balaguer. This man got his start during an American occupation. and became head of the national police after overthrowing Horacio Vásquez. His regime began to unravel shortly before his death, when his attempt to assassinate Rómulo Betancourt led to OAS sanctions. Less than a year later, in 1961, J.T. Díaz engineered his assassination, carried out via machine gun fire on his motorcade. FTP, name this dictator who renamed Santo Domingo after himself during his 31 years as ruler of the Dominican Republic.
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The first said that any disputes would be settled under the provisions of Article 33 of the U.N. Charter and established Resolutions 242 and 338 as the basis for negotiations. The second had more specific provisions, including orders that a highway be built near Eilat, airfields near al-Arish, Rafah, Ras en-Naqb, and Sharm el-Sheikh be used for civilian purposes only, and Israeli armed forces be withdrawn from the Sinai Pensinsula. FTP, identify these agreements which were the product of a 1978 series of meetings between Menacham Begin, Anwar Sadat, and Jimmy Carter.
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The first time he granted free elections, Suleiman an-Nabulsi, an opponent of this man's regime, formed a coalition government. After an-Nabulsi continually disobeyed him the next year, he dismissed the an-Nabulsi government and imposed martial law. In 1970 after Arab commandos hijacked three commercial British aircraft, full-scale warfare broke out between them and this man's army. He succeeded his father Talal, who was deposed because of mental illness, and has carried on the royal dynasty until his death in 1999. FTP, name this former king of Jordan.
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The forests in this province were used to train Japanese troops for jungle warfare during World War II. During the 1980's, tax incentives to attract foreign investments were put in place here, making it the largest of its country's Special Economic Zones. The country which rules it claims that the Paracel Islands are part of this province. Just to the southeast of this province is Monkey Island, and it contains two large inland bodies of water, the Songtoo and Niululing reservoirs. In 1950, Communist landings here, launched from the nearby Leizhou Peninsula, deprived the Nationalists of one of their last possessions outside Taiwan. For 10 points, name this province, an island on the Gulf of Tonkin, the southernmost in China.
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The group responsible for the chief example of these was founded by the Teacher of Righteousness and called itself The Union. They include The Rule of the Community, The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness, and The Song of the Sage, while the "Copper" volume indicates the hiding-places of certain relics. First publicized by Athanasius Samuel, they are responsible for moving the accepted date of standardization of the Old Testament to around 70 CE. The oldest were found at the site of a massacre of Samarians under Alexander, and the first were found at the Qumran caves. FTP, name this collection of nearly two thousand fragmentary documents written by Essene Jews hiding from the Romans.
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The inhabitants of Balanjar attempted to resist this group's rule by circling three thousand wagons around a key fortress. Its first branch was the Sufyanids and it reached its largest territorial extent under Walid I. It lost over 8,000 men fighting a force of 72 at the Battle of Karbala. Its last ruler was Marwan II, who lost at the Battle of the Zab. Its European conquests were halted at the Battle of Tours by Charles Martel. This dynasty had its capital at Damascus. FTP, name this Islamic caliphate that ruled from 661-750; the very first Islamic dynasty.
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The initial naval bombardment of howitzer positions went well until three battleships were sunk by mines laid by the Nusret. The collier River Clyde tried to land the Royal Munster Fusiliers on V Beach, while a Lancashire regiment won "six VCs before breakfast" landing at W Beach. The Suvla Bay landings in the north were also stalled by the forces of General Liman von Sanders and Mustafa Kemal, who had no difficulty containing the "eastern strategy" implemented by Ian Hamilton and Winston Churchill. FTP, name this attempt to force the Dardanelles in the First World War, a disaster for French, British, and Australian troops portrayed in a 1981 movie starring Mel Gibson.
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The introducer of heavy bamboo as a punishment at court, mentioning his humble origins was a hanging offense. His small but swift barges defeated Ch'en Yu-liang's huge fleet of war junks at the three-day battle of Po-yang Lake. When his prime minister Hu Wei-yung was implicated in a plot to overthrow him, he had him executed along with 30,000 conspirators. A member of Kuo Tzuhsing's rebel forces, he eventually became Kuo's second-in-command and married his adopted daughter, the princess Ma. FTP, name this Chinese emperor, who ruled from 1368-98, the founder of the Ming dynasty.
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The last king of this nation's longest-ruling house, Erekle II, died in 1798 following the disastrous battle of Krtsanisi [ter-sah-NEE-see]. In the 11th century, this nation was united under the Bagratid dynasty, which produced the rulers David the Builder and Queen Tamar. It was ruled from Telavi in the 18th century, when its eastern kingdom was joined with Kartl-Kakheti [kahr-till kah-KEH-tee]. A short-lived democratic republic here was governed by Noe Zhordania before being absorbed by the Soviet Union in 1921. More recently, Mikhail Saakashvili became its president in 2004 after helping to topple Eduard Shevardnadze in the Rose Revolution. FTP, name this Eastern European country, the birthplace of Stalin, whose capital is Tblisi.
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The last ruler of this dynasty died an opium addict while in exile, but only after having had the decapitated heads of his sons tossed onto his lap by his victorious enemies. One important historical source about this dynasty is The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe, written by England's first ambassador to it. The second of this dynasty's rulers sought refuge with the Safavid Shah Tahmasp after having been driven from his empire by the Afghan Sher Shah Suri. The third of its rulers founded a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri and was advised by Birbal and Bairam Khan, the victor of the second battle of Panipat. For 10 points, name this dynasty, ended by the British after Bahadur Shah II's support of the great Indian mutiny, whose other rulers include Babar and Akbar.
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The last two of its 20,000 defenders under General Kuribayashi Tadamichi finally surrendered in 1949. Unclaimed by any nation until 1891, it was administered as part of Tokyo due to its strategic importance during World War II, and then by the United States until 1968. Located between Saipan and Japan, it was valuable as a base for fighter escorts and a haven for crippled bombers. With a name meaning "sulfur island", FTP, identify this largest of the Volcano Islands, home to Mt. Suribachi and the scene of bloody fighting in February and March 1945.
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The legendary founder of this empire's precursor state killed a river demon with a spear, set up shop on Kukiya Island and was known as al-Yaman Za. A later ruler of this empire was allegedly taught magic by Madogo and attempted to build a canal from Lake Faguibine to Walata to defeat Akil. That ruler successfully besieged a city that had withstood 99 previous assaults, Djenné. Another ruler of this polity allied with the Tuaregs to take Air and Agadez, and, like Mali's Mansa Musa, went on an extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca in 1497, but a hundred years later this empire disintegrated after losing to a Moroccan army at the Battle of Tondibi. 10 points, name this empire centered at Gao, whose leaders included Ishaq II, Askia Muhammad and Sunni Ali.
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The losers at this battle were organized into units called "flags" with the largest being the "Dark Green Flag" led by the son of the losing commander. Prior to this battle the victors had won the battle of Atbara and encamped in the village of Egeiga, and two months after this battle the losing commander would be killed at Umm Diwaykarat. Famous actions in this battle include the deflection of the Green Flag's flanking maneuver by the commander of the 1st Brigade, Hector MacDonald, and the failed charge of the 21st Lancers on the hill of Jebel Surgham. The losing side in this battle is chronicled by I.H. Zulfo's book Karari, though much better known is Churchill's account, The River War. For 10 points, name this battle where the Khalifa Abdullah al-Taashi was defeated by Lord Kitchener in 1898, therbey re-establishing British colonial rule in the Sudan.
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The most famous political cartoon about this event depicts a man being pulled from under a bed by two men in red coats. One person associated with this event had court-martialed Joseph Short following the seizure of his ship, the Porpoise. Others associated with this event included John Blaxland and Richard Atkins, and it saw resistance along the Hawkesbury River after the storming of the Government House. Following this event, Lachlan Macquarie was placed in charge, and this event was led by George Johnson and John Macarthur. Resulting in the disbanding of the New South Wales Corps, for 10 points, identify this event in which William Bligh was deposed as governor in Australia in 1808, which takes its name from the regulation of an alcoholic beverage.
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The pretext for this conflict was a so-called Farmer's Rebellion which was inspired by a religious movement known as the Eastern Learning. That rebellion took off following a meeting at Boeun, where the Donghaks gathered to protest oppression. Six months after it ended, the last empress of a nation neighboring one of the powers involved in this war was assassinated at the behest of Miura Goro. The end of this conflict also signaled the end of the Self-Strengthening Movement in the defeated country, and the peace concluding it required the defeated party to open four additional ports to international commerce. The indemnity required by the victors consumed almost 80% of the loser's annual tax collection of 250 million Taels, while territorial losses included the Pescadores Islands. FTP, name this Asian war concluded by the Treaty of Shimoneseki in 1895.
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The resolution of one of the conflicts by this name involved a promise to end human sacrifice and a fine paid in gold dust. After another one of these events, the royal family was deported to the Seychelles. Another one of these was prompted by a ten-year buildup which included provocations such as the seizure of Elmina and the movement of troops under Kwaku Dua. Garnet Wolsely's sack of Kumasi ended one of them, and the last one erupted when Frederich Hodgson sought to use a certain piece of furniture as his gubernatorial seat, provoking the final conflict of this nature, also called the War of the Golden Stool. For 10 points, identify this series of wars fought in the second half of the nineteenth century between British colonizers and a West African people.
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The second featured a famous speech by Lloyd George at the Mansion House and resulted chiefly in Germany getting a small piece of the Congo, and Italy's managing to sneak into Tripoli when everyone's back was turned. The first saw a showdown between Chancellor Bülow and foreign minister Delcassé. The latter resigned, but Italy failed to back Germany, and after the Algeciras Conference France and Britain were even closer and the British were ready to ally with Russia. World War I failed pathetically to break out because of -- for 10 points -- what two incidents in which Germany interfered with French control of an African monarchy whose cities include Rabat and Casablanca?
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The second of Ephemeris Time is adopted as the universal unit of time. The Highway Act is signed, strating the Interstate Highway System. Yul Brynner wins the Best Actor Oscar for The King and I and stars opposite Best Actress Ingrid Bergman in Anastasia. Bardeen, Brittain, and Shockley share the Nobel Prize for Physics. Don Larsen throws the only perfect game in World Series History. And the Soviets crush a rebellion in Hungary. FTP name the year.
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The second one, known as the "Felon of Tushino," set up a shadow court in that village near Moscow after he was unable to capture the city itself. His failure to take the Monastery of Saint Sergius and the arrival of six thousand Swedish troops ensured his defeat, causing his supporters to solicit assistance from the Polish king Sigismund. The first one was deposed by the boyars in 1606, one year after he had succeeded Boris Godunov. FTP, give the shared title of these men, pretenders to the Russian throne who claimed to be the dead son of Ivan the Terrible.
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The second took place following the Varna Crusade when one group sought to eliminate the threat posed by Skanderbeg. Janos Hunyadi came to the aid of Skanderbeg, but was defeated on the same ground where Milosh Obilic had stabbed Murad I with a poisoned dagger. However, Murad's son, Bayezid I, took command of the Ottoman forces and smashed the army of Prince Lazar on the famed Field of Blackbirds. FTP, give the common name of these two battles, fought in 1448 and 1389 in what is today a secessionist Albanian province of Serbia.
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The site for this battle was chosen after the general Arimnestus had a dream in which Zeus told him that the Greeks had misinterpreted the Delphic Oracle, and that there was a plain of Eleusinian Demeter nearby on which they could fight. After an eleven day faceoff on the banks of the Asopus River, Alexander of Macedon warned the Greeks of the upcoming attack, which ended with the Tegeans and Spartans pursuing the Persians onto Theban land. FTP, identify this battle, which took place on the same day as the battle of Mycale in 479 B.C., in which a force led by Pausanias defeated an army led by Mardonius.
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Their reign is typically divided into two periods, the earlier Bahri and the later Burji. The latter period is also known as the Circassian, and their first leader of that period was Barquq, who made advancement in the state dependent on race rather than skill. Under Barsbay they conquered Cyprus, but in 1516 and 1517 they lost their independence, though they were able to infiltrate the Ottoman ruling class when the rule against warriors' sons becoming warriors was repealed. Following the death of Salih Ayyub, they revolted and secured their empire when Qutuz won a decisive victory in 1260 at the Spring of Goliath. Most famously led by Baybars, FTP, identify this group which took its name from the Arabic for "slave," and which ruled Egypt until their last remnants were massacred at the Al-Azab gate in 1811.
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Their rule ended after the Gampei War, during which time the Minamoto family rose to power. They reached their height under the 32-year reign of Michinaga, which ended in 1027, over 200 years after the capital had been moved to Kyoto and this noble family began its rule as regents to the emperor. FTP, identify this dynasty, which ruled Japan from 794 until 1192, when Yoritomo established the Kamakura shogunate.
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Their supposed task, "to sweep away the cow devils and snake spirits, overthrow the Rightists in the Party and the state," found its first expression when its leaders denounced the play Hai Jui Dismissed from Office. Though they thought they controlled the police through their ally Hua Guofeng, they were arrested on Hua's orders and prosecuted before a special 35 judge court. Wang Hongwen was sentenced to life imprisonment, and Yao Wenyuan to a twenty-year jail term, for their opposition to the moderates led by Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. FTP, suspended death sentences were given to the other members of this group, including Jiang Qing, the wife of Mao Zedong, who were blamed after Mao's death for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution.
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These historical peoples fought a war whose second phase was prompted by the cult of the Talking Cross, and which ended after a skirmish at Dzula. One of their key centers was plunged into a "dark age" of warfare after the death of king Stormy Sky, who had a son reportedly named Six Sky. Another of their city-states was led by Chan Bahlum II and Pacal the Great before it fell to another one of their city-states, Kalakmul. They were led by such men as Cecilio Chi during the Caste War, fought over territory that later became the state of Quintana Roo. Several of their cities are characterized by Puuc architecture, as exemplified in structures like the Pyramid of the Magician. FTP, name these Mesoamerican peoples who built the cities of Uxmal and Chichén Itzá in the Yucatán.
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These people once lost their independence following a loss at the Battle of Chernomen. Among the laws attributed to their greatest king is one forbidding the exhumation and staking of the deceased. The successors to the state of Raska, these people were ruled by the Nemanjic Dynasty and such kings as Dusan the Mighty, who promulgated the laws known as the Zakonik. An important defeat for this group involved the killing of Sultan Murad I and the death of their leader Lazar in 1389, at the Field of Blackbirds. For 10 points, name this group of people whose namesake state is no longer in federation with Montenegro and is in danger of losing Kosovo as well.
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These people were defeated at the battle of Third Battle of Homs, after winning the first two battles of that same name. Tamerlane became hostile to Barkuk, the founder of one branch of this dynasty. Tuman Bey, the last sultan of this dynasty, suffered a stunning defeat at the battle of Ridyana. Earlier, they ended the expansion at the Ilkhanate when Kitquba was defeated at the Battle of Ayn Jalut by Baybars. In 1811, Muhammad Ali invited a few hundred of them to his court for a celebration but ambushed and slaughtered them on the way to his palace. They overthrew their Ayuubid masters after Aybak was killed and Qutuz took power, establishing the Bahri dynasty. For ten points, name this military caste of Islamic slaves who ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1517.
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They became prominent after intervening in Andrew II's war with the Cumans, but they were later decimated by Algirdas at the Battle of Rudava. They were also defeated at the Battle of Puck by Casimir IV, leading to their surrender of eastern territories in the Treaty of Torun and the end of the Thirteen Years War. András II of Hungary expelled them from Transylvania, and this group eventually became a harmless charitable organization based in Vienna when its last leader Albert turned their base into a hereditary dukedom and converted to Lutheranism. Founded as a hospice brotherhood during the siege of Acre, they quickly became militarized and absorbed both the Order of Dobryzn and the Livonian Order in the mid-thirteenth century. Their invasion of Russia was put down by Alexander Nevsky at the Massacre on Ice. FTP, name this crusading order which controlled Prussia and made war in the Baltic.
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They controlled the collection of customs duties at Jiddah, and one of them, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, named himself sultan of India in 1206. Weakening politically when they began to base their civil service hierarchy on racial policies that rewarded Circassian descent, this group's dynasty was founded thanks to the machinations of Saif ad-Din Qutuz and the invasion of the Seventh Crusade, and is divided into Bahri and Burji periods. They rebelled against their Ayyubid masters and reigned from 1250 to 1517. Famously headed by Baybars, FTP, name this military caste that ruled Egypt for three centuries, and whose name reflects their origin as slave soldiers.
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They developed in the Middle Ages when elected representatives of free municipalities took part in the deliberations of the Curia Regis. Composed of three estates: lawyers, nobles and clergy; they were called by the king. First arising in Leon and Castile, the first modern one met at Cadiz in 1812 while the second one met at Lisbon in 1820, where they became the Spanish and Portuguese parliaments respectively. FTP, give this term that also identifies the surname of the conquistador who overthrew Montezuma and conquered Mexico for Spain.
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They fully exploited such indigenous sources of food and energy as the Huarango Tree, but were ultimately conquered by the Wari. They produced a distinctive polychrome pottery and their settlements, which were located in the Chincha and Acari regions, were centered around underground irrigation systems called puquios. First studied by Max Uhle at a place now called Ocucaje, their civilization practiced human sacrifice as evidenced by a series of extant preserved heads on ropes, as well as the altars found at the Great pyramid at their capital, Cahuachi. Their greatest creations still exist and most can now be found in the Ingenio Valley. For 10 points, identify these ancient people of Peru that preceded the Inca and are known for their namesake "lines" that are visible from the air.
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They responded to the teachings of Abdallah ibn Yasin against Shiite and Kharijite thought and drew their name from the island fortress to which ibn Yasin had retreated in religious ecstasy. Abu Bakr al-Lamtuni was among their leaders who opposed the Zanata. Yusuf ibn Tashufin, who paid homage to the caliph of Baghdad, defeated Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon at al-Zallaqah near Badajoz, temporarily securing an empire that united all of Muslim Spain except Valencia with North Africa, which they ruled from their capital at Marrakech. FTP name this eleventh century dynasty of Islamic nomads, eventually driven out of Spain by Castile and succeeded in North Africa by the Unitarian Almohads.
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This agreement was immediately preceded by one side's resolutions passed in the Kaiserbagh building and it grew out of a memorandum written two months earlier by 19 members of the Imperial Legislative Council. It built upon the Minto-Morley reforms of seven years earlier, specifically in terms of expansion of the numbers in both the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils. Due to unhappiness with its results, the leader of one side would go on to announce his "fourteen points" though by then it had already been weakened by the growing Khilafat movement. It was marked by cooperation between the moderates of Gokhale [go-kuh-lay] and the extremists of Tilak as well as the INC and its counterpart. For 10 points, name this agreement chiefly orchestrated by Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1916 to improve Hindu-Muslim affairs and which was reached in the namesake Indian city.
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This author's plays include one written in collaboration with Charles Maude about Hortensia Bavvel, the Mistress of Briony, while another is set in the castle at Tzern of Prince Dmitri of Kedaria. In addition to The Watched Pot and The Death-Trap, he wrote three novels, including The Westminster Alice, but is better known for the short stories collected in such volumes as The Toys of Peace and The Square Egg. He wrote about "The Jesting of Arlington Stringham," "The Secret Sin of Septimus Brope," and "Tobermory" in a collection of "chronicles" of one of his best known characters. FTP, name this author of The Unbearable Bassington and The Chronicles of Clovis.
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This battle featured the deployment of numerous specialized units, including an elite halbedier unit,that served as a body guard to one of the generals, Miller's English mercenaries, and three battalions of Montoneros. The night before fighting took place, one side sent its band out to play music and harass the other. As it began General Canterac stacked his forces on the slopes of the Condorqanqui Mountain,that borders the north side of the namesake plain, but a valiant charge by General Cordoba overcame the royalist advantage and sent them scattering. Preceded by a cavalry encounter five months earlier at Junin, FTP, identify this 1824 confrontation that pitted De La Serna against Sucre and marked the end of Spanish rule in South America.
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This battle was preceded by a diplomatic incident involving a British fishing fleet off of Dogger Bank. One fleet had steamed around Africa and touched port in Indochina, only to be pounced upon when trailing hospital ships were spotted. The Suvarov, the Oslyabya, the Alexander III, and the Borodino were lost after Togo was able to to "cross the T" twice, and the opposing Admiral, Rozhdestvenski, received a shell fragment in his skull. in, FTP, what battle fought in waters near Korea in May of 1905---the decisive sea battle of the Russo-Japanese war.
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This battle was precipitated by an attack on Sihayo's farmstead. The attackers marched to the Ngwebeni stream from Ulundi and struck after being discovered by Colonel Durnford's patrol. The defenders, left to guard the camp by Lord Chelmsford, and running low on ammunition, broke when their commander, Henry Pulliene, ordered a retreat to a tighter formation. Disaster was completed when the enemy "chest and horns" formation closed, cutting off the road to Rorke's Drift. FTP, name this 1879 battle, the worst British defeat in the Zulu War.
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This campaign was initially proposed at the Council of Ferentino and then renewed at San Germano. The army set sail in the midst of a malaria epidemic, and the Langrave of Thuringia fell ill soon after departure from Brindisi. It resulted in the signing of a flimsy ten year truce with Melek el-Kamel in return for aid against al-Nasir, after the marriage of the main participant to Yolande, the daughter of John of Brienne. This chain of events was quickly repudiated by Pope Gregory IX, a long time enemy of this campaign's leader who declared himself regent King of Jerusalem. FTP, name this crusade officially begun in 1228 CE after many years of delay by Frederick II.
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This conflict saw a heroic raid by Ruben James, who was badly injured, and key action by Richard Somers. Initial forces arrived under the command of Edward Preble and Richard Dale and a peace settlement was eventually negotiated by Tobias Lear, who had come to replace William Eaton. Preston O'Bannon was presented with the Mameluke sword for his heroism in storming the fortress of Derna, supposedly on behalf of the viceroy Hamet Karamanli. William Bainbridge and Stephen Decatur were dispatched when conflict broke out a second time in 1815. For 10 points, give the name applied to two wars fought by the U.S. navy against pirate states of North Africa.
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This conflict saw the formation of a group known as the Seven-Party Alliance in opposition to the ruling power. It was prompted by the Saur Revolution, which brought to power Taraki as the leader of the "People's faction," a party often in conflict with the "banner faction" Parcham. Operation Cyclone was an effort to fund one side in this conflict through the operation of the ISI, and was heavily promoted by men like Gust Avrakotos. Diego Cordovez conducted many of the "proximity talks" intended to bring an end to it, as divisions in the PDPA party began to threaten the installed government of Barbrak Kamal. The mujahideen were heavily funded and the Summer Olympics were boycotted in 1980 by the U.S. as a result of, FTP, this Cold War conflict resulting from invasion of a certain country.
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This conflict was almost widened to include neutral Britain after the so-called Dogger Bank incident and featured heavy nationalistic activity on one side by the Black Dragon Society. Its climactic land battle was at Mukden and occurred after the fall of Port Arthur. By then the losing side had already seen its fleet destroyed in the Tsushima Strait. Its peace acknowledged the surrender of southern Sakhalin Island and was concluded at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. FTP, identify this 1904-05 war fought in East Asia between the two namesakes.
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This country and its southern neighbor entered into the Ogdensburg Agreement. Freight rates were lowered in this country following the Crow's Nest Pass Agreement. The speedy arrival of a force under Frederick Middleton led to the relatively quick end of a rebellion in this country. After the death of Premier Duplessis, the desire to be "masters of our own house" led to the Quiet Revolution in this country. The passage of Bill 178 led to great opposition to the "distinct society" clause of the Meech Lake Accord, which was an attempt to amend this country's constitution. Hugh Allan was given the contract to build this country's namesake Pacific Railway, which led to the resignation of John Macdonald. For 10 points, name this country whose PMs have included Kim Campbell and Pierre Trudeau.
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This country began one conflict with a northern neighbor by advancing to Dhola, and it lost one of the largest tank battles in history at Chawinda. This state recaptured land in the Kargil War in a case prominently cited as disproving the Democratic Peace Theory. One war in this country began with the Treaty of Surbat, while another ended only with the intervention of the Holkars. Another series of conflicts in this nation began with the intrigues of Joseph Duplieux and ended with a decisive defeat for one side at the Battle of Wandiwash. Conflicts here have included the Carnatic wars, Mysore wars, and Maratha wars. For 10 points, identify this country which saw a victory for Robert Clive at the Battle of Plassey, as well as three battles of Panipat.
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This country is divided in four administrative zones called dzongdey, which are in turn divided into twenty distinct districts known as dzongkhag, the largest ones being Gasa and Wangdue Phodrang. Jakar is seen as the point where Buddhism was first introduced to this country. This country includes the city of Punakha, this nation's capital until 1955, and the Taktshang Monastery, also known as the Tiger's Nest. In 2008 Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck was crowned this country's Fifth Dragon King, making him at the age of 28 the youngest world monarch. This country is located at the east end of the Himalayas and indigenously called Druk Yul. For ten poins, identify this landlocked South Asian country whose capital and largest city is Thimphu.
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This country saw an easing of government monopolies under Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera, whose successor, Jose Hilario Lopez, contributed to ending slavery in this nation. In 1899, the drop in coffee prices ignited the War of a Thousand Days in this country, and in the 1970s, the electoral loss of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla in this country led to the formation of the 19th of April movement. The 1950s in this nation saw the regime of Laureano Gomez as well as a civil war known as La Violencia. Treaties signed between it and the United States include the Hay-Herran treaty, signed after Panama seceded from it. For ten points, identify this country home FARC, which is currently headed by Alvaro Uribe.
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This country signed the Security Treaty with the U.S. in 1951, an agreement that was strengthened in the 1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, and the Treaty of San Francisco allowed the U.S. to occupy it. It knew American sailing vessels as Black Ships, and a contingent of Americans anchored in Uraga harbor signed a convention with this country in 1854. The U.S. exchanged six diplomatic notes with it in 1907 that limited passports issued by this country, an accord known as the Gentleman's Agreement. FTP, name this country which, on August 6 and August 9, 1945, saw its cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki devastated by atomic bombs.
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This country was the home to a 1975 coup that killed its first president and his entire family. Yahya Khan was the prime minister of the country that this nation seceded from at this time of this new nation's independence. This country's independence war was preempted by Operation Chengiz Khan. The current prime minister of this country is Hasina Wazed, the daughter of its national hero referred to as Sheikh Mujib. Its namesake Nationals Party was founded by Zia Rahman. It moved for independence by electing members of the Awami League to the legislature of the nation it was then a part of. For 10 points, name this nation that seceded from another country in 1971, prior to which it was known as East Pakistan.
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This dynasty doubled the production of its peasantry with the publication of the manual Straight Talk on Agricultural Matters, and later built a network of Ever Normal Granaries to prevent famines. In its later years it repulsed a French invasion by Pierre Roze and the expedition of Ernst Oppert, who tried to pillage its royal tombs. It attempted to curb the power of its scholar officials in four "literati purges," and eventually its ruling intelligentsia devolved into the Sirhak and Tonghak movements. The Kabo Reforms deified its rulers, but the collapse of its Yangban elite had weakened its structure, and the Treaty of Kanghwa ended its isolation. FTP, name this house founded by King Taejo that ruled from 1392 to 1910, the longest ruling dynasty of Korea.
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This dynasty saw a revolt by black slaves called the Zanj which was checked by al-Muwaffak. They received support from converts to Islam called the mawlas, and one general who served this dynasty formed the rival Tahirid dynasty in Khorasan. One ruler from this dynasty promoted the unpopular Mu'tazilist doctrine, and the Bamarkids rose in prominence during this dynasty. It came to power after a victory over Marwan II at the Battle of the Zab, and it shifted its capital from Damascus to Baghdad in 762. For 10 points, identify this Caliphate that saw its end during Hulagu Khan's conquest of 1258, and which succeeded the Umayyad dynasty.
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This dynasty was defeated by the Byzantines at the Battle of Akroinon while under the rule of Hisham. Hisham's brother and predecessor as ruler, Yazid II, issued an edict for the destruction of Christian imagery during this dynasty. This dynasty ended after the Battle of the Zab when Marwan II was defeated. This dynasty founded by Muawiyah saw the defeat of its military forces under Abd ar-Rahman in 732 by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours. Following the Rashidun and with a capital at Damascus, for 10 points, name this second caliphate of the Islamic Empire that preceded the Abbasid.
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This emperor rebuilt the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, and erected a wordless monument at Qianling Mausoleum. According to legend, during this emperor's rule, Zhou Xing told Lai Chun-ch'en that the best way to get a prisoner to admit a crime is to put him on a hot iron vat, after which Lai ordered Zhou to sit on one. In response to accusations of witchcraft, this future emperor accused Shangguan Yi and Li Zhong of treason, resulting in their deaths. Li Ching-yeh led a rebellion against this emperor, whose rule was supported by the Zhang brothers. This ruler gave orders behind a curtain in the name of Emperor Zhongzhong and Emperor Ruizhong before founding the Second Zhou dynasty in 690. For 10 points, name this Tang dynasty ruler who led China during the second half of the seventh century, a female empress.
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This empire had its paper currency devalued seventy-fold within sixty years of its founding, so it turned to copper coins, which were quickly counterfeited. This faulty policy was in part due to the peasant man who founded it, the Hongwu emperor. In its early years the eunuch admiral Cheng Ho began a series of seven naval expeditions, but a gradual decline over the next 250 years, spurred on by ever increasing Manchu raids, stunted this empire's growth. FTP, name this Chinese dynasty in power from AD 1368 to 1644, which is now famed for its porcelain.
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This empire was the site of a heretical movement that legalized polygamy and opposed the use of crucifixes, Antonianism, led by native prophet Donna Beatrice. It declined following a loss at the Battle of Mbwila. A long civil war in this empire was ended by an agreement to alternate the kingship between the Kimpanzu and Kinlaza. Other problems befell it in 1568, when this empire was occupied by the Jagas, and its ruler Álvaro I had to seek foreign help to reconquer its territory. Its capital was at a city renamed São Salvador under colonization, which has since reverted to its original name of Mbanzaa. Founded by its first "mani," Lukeni lua Nimi, this land was Christianized in 1491 but was ultimately absorbed into the Portuguese colonial empire following a souring of relations with Angola. For 10 points, name this empire which existed from 1390 to 1914 in southwest Africa and shares its name with two modern-day countries.
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This encounter was preceded by a clash at a garrison in Saati now known as the Dogali Massacre. One side relied on their sinq, a type of campaign ration, and the establishment of gibbir, or feeding posts along the road. The other side, which was supported by a large number of Askari troops, had previously retreated and been besieged for 45 days when it was prompted into action by a telegram from Premier Crispi. However, in searching for the high ground great holes opened in the European lines and waves upon waves of men attacked. Instantiated by a dispute over the 1889 Treaty of Wichale, it ended with Ras Makonnen's men overwhelming Orestes Baratieri's army. For 10 points, identify this 1896 victory for Menelik II's forces that ensured Italian recognition of Ethiopia's independence.
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This encounter was precipitated by a violent raid on Fort Williams a year earlier. One commander, fresh off his victory at Arcot, secretly negotiated with the other commander's uncle, Mir Jaffar, in order to secure an advantage. When an attack on a French settlement near Murshidabad provoked one side to march into battle, the other had already set up his defenses in a mango grove on the Hooghli River. Though badly outmanned, a monsoon rain and the judicious use of a tarp to keep the powder dry turned the charge of Siraj-ud-Dawlah's forces into a rout for the British. FTP identify this battle fought on June 23, 1757, a victory by Robert Clive that secured colonial domination of India.
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This event began when its leader prevented potential surveyors and William McDougall, the appointed Lieutenant Governor, from entering Rupert's Land. The execution of Thomas Scott and continued agitation, however, culminated in an encounter at Fort Garry between Colonel Garnet Wolseley and the rebels. On December 8, 1869, a provisional government was declared and appeared to be successful, but the aforementioned situation enraged the English-speaking Canadians and hampered the efforts of the Metis in negotiating a favorable settlement. For ten points, name this Canadian rebellion led by Louis Riel that momentarily stopped Manitoba from joining the Confederation.
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This event led to the renouncement of the Doctrine of Lapse, which disallowed the adoption of heirs into a line of succession and was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. This event started after an incident on the parade ground at Barrackpore, on which a superior officer was attacked by Mangal Pandey. One reluctant leader in this event was the final Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II. One cause for this event was the introduction of the Enfield rifle, whose cartridges were greased with a mix of cow and pig lard. For 10 points, name this 1857 uprising of the namesake native soldiers in the employ of the British East India Company that took place in India.
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This event occurred following a coup known as the Hundred Days' Reform and included a killing of over forty missionaries during the Taiyuan Massacre. Among its participants were a group of 10,000 Muslim soldiers from Gansu and a multinational force led by Edward Seymour. A group of western powers known as the Eight-Nation Alliance opposed one side in this event, which had the support of the Empress Dowager Cixi. This rebellion was led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. For 10 points, name this rebellion at the turn of the twentieth century that failed in its intended goal of expelling foreigners from China.
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This event occurred primarily in the Sichuan region; about 50 years later, the related Nien arose in Shandong. The funds intended for the suppression of this rebellion were embezzled by Ho-shen, and soon after his removal, the prosecution began in earnest. The organization behind this insurgency originated in the 1200's, and to motivate the populace, they promised the return of the Maitreya Buddha at the conclusion of their rebellion, which began to be crushed around 1799. For 10 points, identify this rebellion against the Qing dynasty, ended in 1804, which was symbolized by the flower used as a symbol by its backing religious sect.
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This event saw the failed Project 571 conspiracy, whose supposed instigator would later die in a mysterious plane crash. This event officially began with the May 16 Notice, although it was the article “Bombard the Headquarters†that inflamed sentiments. Another important event in the lead-up to this was the denunciation of the play “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office.†This period also saw the 1968 “Down to the Countryside Movement,†and notable features of this period include big-character posters and Red Guards. For 10 points, name this chaotic time in China's history which ended with Mao's death in 1976.
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This event was centered in the city of al-Mukhtare, and many of the people involved in this event had been imported for the back-breaking work of clearing out the marshes in the Tigris River basin. The leader of this movement adopted the position of the Kharajites in saying that leadership should be based on abilities and not on heredity, but only after his own claims of descent had been disproved. It allowed the existence of an independent Egypt for its length and originated around the salt mines in the city of Basra, which was besieged for fifteen years by this movement. Its leader claimed descent from Caliph Ali ibn Abu Talib; that leader, Ali ibn Muhammed, had befriended some of the slaves under Caliph al-Muntasir and incited an earlier, short-lived rebellion in Bahrain. For 10 points, name this massive ninth-century revolt of some 500,000 African slaves against the Abbasid Empire.
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This event was prompted when Judge Richard Atkins issued a warrant for arrest on the trumped-up charge that a man had allowed sailors to go ashore without government permission; the defense demanded that Atkins be replaced as a biased judge in the matter. It occurred four years after an uprising at Castle Hill, which was a revolt of Irishmen and saw a battle at Vinegar Hill. George Johnston met up with John Macarthur, the wealthy merchant for whom the warrant had been issued, and together they raised an army to storm the Government House. It was not ended until the arrival of Lachlan Macquarie as governor in 1809, resulting in surrender of the New South Wales Corps. FTP, name this rebellion against William Bligh in Australia, named for the current use as currency of a certain alcoholic beverage.
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This event was supposedly portended by the eruption of the Kuwae volcano, which caused a "magnificent red fire" in the sky. One source is a diary on it written by contemporary Nicolo Barbaro. The German engineer Johannes Grant was called in early, but the construction of the "Cutter of the Throat," or Rumeli Hisan, restricted naval support, and a causeway of greased logs across the Galata ended supply shipments from Genoa. The injury of Giovanni Giustiniani demoralized the defenders holding the Blachernae Wall, as did the use of the Basilic, a 27-foot long cannon which blasted at the Theodosian walls. FTP, identify this 1453 event in which Constantine XI died in battle and Mehmed II took control of the Byzantine capital.
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This explorer established a trading post in Calicut on the Malabar Coast, but it was attacked by a band of Muslims, and he was forced to return and bombard the post. Earlier in that same journey, he had sailed into Porto Seguro and after spotting Mount Pascoal, he dubbed his discovery Vera Cruz, a holy appellation in honor of it being Easter. He returned and was received by Manuel I, but mysteriously never again sailed. Some argue that his major find merely confirmed a discovery of Amerigo Vespucci, but in any case it was quickly renamed for the red dye-producing wood discovered there. FTP, name this Portuguese explorer, known as the discoverer of Brazil.
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This figure was given an albino chicken that he used to gain the title Duke of Anhan, and in the century following his death treasure hunters roamed the countryside seeking the ample rewards for locating various fragments of his corpse. Chunyu Zhang was murdered by Emperor Cheng as a result of this man's actions, and one rebellion against him was led by Wang Kuang and Wang Feng, who were part of the Lulin Mountain group. This man instituted an agricultural approach named for the character it resembled, the well-field system, and made sweeping and violently unpopular changes to geographical names. A sloth tax for unused land prompted the revolt of Mother Lu against this ruler, who served as a regent for the infant Ping and appointed Ruzi as his successor. Seizing power from the Liu family and ousted in the Red Eyebrow revolt, for 10 points, identify this man who established the Xin dynasty after briefly usurping the throne of Han China.
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This figure's sayings are collected in the Nahjul Balagha, which includes his Ma'rifat, or knowledge about God. This man's titles included Amir al-Mu'mineen, and his ultimate death occurred over three days, as he was struck by Muljam al-Muradi at Kufa by a poisoned sword. One group celebrates Eid al-Ghadeer as the day he was named successor as a baby. The series of conflicts following his death include Karbala, which saw the death of his son Hussain by the kin of his initial replacement Abu Bakr. For 10 points, name this son-in-law of Muhammad, considered to be the first Shi'a Imam, though only the fourth Sunni caliph, resulting in the conflict that divided the two branches.
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This first president of the London Zoo was appointed at the age of 23 to assistant secretary of the government of Penang Island. While there, he studied the culture of the Malayan people of the islands, catching the eye of Lord Minto, the governor-general of India, who gave much credit to this man for the subsequent capture of Java from the Dutch and French. For ten points, name this founder of the port of Singapore.
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This group outlined its beliefs in documents known as the "Fundamental Spirit" and the "Iron Discipline." Their members included the female warrior Felipa Culala, while their political branch was spearheaded by Jose Lava. Targeted by the so-called "mailed fist" policies, many members of this group were sent to Iwahig Prison after being pursued by USAFFE groups. They supported the candidacy of Sergio Osmeña in his run against Manuel Roxas, who prosecuted them and their leader Luis Taruc. For 10 points, name this group that led a Marxist rebellion after the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, and took their name from a Tagalog phrase.
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This group was defeated by an army of Buddhist monks, part of the "byeolmuban" organized by Yoon Gwan.Yishiha was sent as an envoy to this group and established the Yongning temple, and a later member of this group issued the Seven Grievances and adopted the Eight Banners system. They gained lands north of the Huai River with the signing of the Treaty of Shaoxing. They defeated the Liao dynasty of the Khitans and later took over Kaifeng, the Northern Song Dynasty capital. One of their leaders, Wanyan Aguda, founded the Jin Dynasty in 1115. For 10 points, name this group that was united by Nurhaci and renamed by Hong Taiji as the Manchus.
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This group's name comes from the Peshto for "seekers". Formed by theological students in the south of their country with the intention of unifying the country, the experienced early setbacks before defeating rival Mujaheddin forces and capturing Herat in September 1995 and the capital a year later, executing former president Najibullah. Currently opposed by UIFSA forces int he northeast, they have instituted a strict Islamic code of law, restricting the role of women and banning television. FTP, what is this group which currently rules Afghanistan?
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This group's victory at the Battle of Lauffen restored Duke Ullrich to power, and a small faction of it defeated Eric II of Calenberg at the Battle of Drakenburg. The successor to a similar group formed at Torgau, it was first supported by Denmark, who then backed out via the Treaty of Speyer. The Treaty of Crepy eliminated French support of it. Their biggest military conflict began with Maurice of Saxony's war on John Frederick I, one of this group's founders along with Philip of Hesse. For 10 points, name this group subjected to the Augsburg Interim after their defeat by the Duke of Alba and Charles V at Mühlberg, a Protestant defense league established in 1531.
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This ideology led to the development of venalon, which was related to the development of the Taean work system, which this ideology also promoted. Under this system , the year 1 is set at 1912 CE. This ideology was first promulgated in a speech given to leadership which emphasized dispensing with "Dogmatism and Formalism," and this ideology gave rise to the industrial Chollima movement, in which workers were so motivated that they increased production dramatically. This ideology advocates personal chajusong, or absolute independence, and absolute submission to the needs of the party. For ten points, identify this official state religion of North Korea, which preaches ultimate self-reliance and veneration of Kim Il Sung and his son.
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This kingdom was ruled by Anshuverma, who fathered the enterprising missionary Bhrikuti and was a member of the Lichavi Dynasty. After being separated into 22 principalities known as Baisi, it became united again under Jayasthitimalla, while its modern incarnation was forced to sign the Treaty of Sugauli with the British in 1816 not long after its reunification under the Gorkha leader Prithvi Narayan Shah. The Kot Massacre in this state brought about the autocratic rule of its most recent dynasty, which was founded by Jang Bahadur. The future of that dynasty would have lain with a man whose wild unpopularity stems from his track record of assaulting police officers and inexplicably numerous hit and run allegations, Paras, after Prince Dipendra brought an M16 to a family dinner. The recently abolished Rana monarchy controlled, for 10 points, what country, whose capital is Kathmandu?
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This kingdom was weakened by monsoons and poor irrigation, and the Ayuthaya kingdom toppled it in 1431. Its center was in the present-day Siemreap province north of the Great Lake of Tonle Sap, to which the people were driven by incursions from the south. Although its founder had ruled since 790, it is the second crowning of Jayavarman II that is considered the founding of the civilization. FTP, identify this kingdom that built the temple at Angkor Wat and whose name survived in a 20th-century Cambodian communist movement.
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This landowner who was assassinated in 1920 called a constitutional convention that in 1917 came up with a radical constitution that authorized land reforms actually carried out by Cardenas in the 1930s. This leader came to power after the Battle of Celaya, in which his Constitutionalist forces under Alvaro Obregon defeated Pancho Villa. He had earlier allied with Villa and Woodrow Wilson in getting rid of Huerta, who in turn had ousted Madero, who had kicked out Diaz. For 10 points -- name this moderate president of Mexico from 1917 to 1920.
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This leader has made frequent attempts to unite his country with other Arab nations, in keeping with the ideas in his tract on Islamic socialism, the Green Book. He revived the practice of cutting off the hands of thieves, outlawed drinking and gambling, and ousted the Italian and Jewish populations of his country after his successful coup against King Idris I in 1969. His attempt to gain better diplomatic relations with the west began when he turned over suspects in the Lockerbie bombing in 1999, but his earlier support of terrorist activities led to a U.S. bombing raid in 1986 that killed several of his children. FTP, who is this leader of Libya?
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This leader seized upon previous legislation passed by the Christian Democrats to expropriate any estates over eighty hectares in size and later established local rationing boards that went by the acronym JAP. His policies were opposed by such groups as Order and Freedom and Fatherland and Liberty, but enabled by the laissez-faire ethos of the "Schneider Doctrine," which allowed his victory over Paper Manufacturer Jorge Alessandri to stand. Disturbances during this man's time in office include the El Teniente Copper strike and the rebellion of a tank regiment near the capital. His eventual successor replaced the loyal Carlos Prats as a member of this man's cabinet in August of 1973, one month before he would lead a coup against this man. For 10 points, identify this leader of the Popular Unity Party, a Socialist president of Chile who was deposed by Augusto Pinochet.
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This leader was responsible for the organization of a large group of children spies called the Monkey Brigade. This politician served as the Minister of Information and Broadcasting under Lal Bahadur Shastri, whose death led to this person's first term as prime minister. As prime minister, this ruler authorized a test at Pokhran of a nuclear device called Smiling Buddha. This leader also ordered Operation Blue Star, which was an attack on the Sikh Golden Temple in Amritsar. For 10 points, name this prime minister of India later assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984 who was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru.
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This leader, whose mausoleum is called Gur-e Amir, began his military career by joining his brother-in-law Amir Husayn to defeat Ilyas Khoja and conquer Transoxania. During the next three decades, he used his mounted archers to subdue Persia, Georgia, the Tatar Empire, Damascus, and Syria, and in 1402 he captured Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara and won Anatolia, thus establishing a vast Asian empire with capital at Samarkand. FTP, name this great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan, the subject of Marlowe's first play, famous for the injuries he sustained in battle.
all Christians - although Louis IX never joined with him. His later career was marked by conflict with Berke and an absence resulting in a loss to Qutuz and Baibars at Ayn Jalut, while his sons Tekuder and Abaqa took control of a kingdom eventually supplanted by the Safavids. Noted for capturing Alamut and smashing the Hashshashin before a 1258 victory over Al-Musta'sim, FTP, identify this brother of Mongke and Kublai, the leader of the Ilkhanate responsible for the rivers of blood that flowed during the sack of Baghdad.
This man appointed the brilliant Shams ad-Din as finance minister. A diplomatic overture through John the Hungarian on the behalf of this ruler is thought to have been inspired by his wife Dokuz Khatun, mother Sorghagtani, and general Kitbuqa
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This polity won a war which saw the defeat of the Retired Emperor Go-Toba and the appointing of jito in the losing side's provinces. That war, the Jokyu War, solidified control of this dynasty by the Hojo clan, It was aided by typhoons in repelling two sea-borne invasions of the Yuan Dynasty, spearheaded by Kublai Khan. Its downfall began with suicides of discontent Samurai after which Ashikaga Takauji assumed the title of shogun. Established after its founder defeated the Taira clan in the Gempei War, for 10 points, name this shogunate established by Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first Shogunate in Japanese history.
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This man arrested and executed Vladmir Rytov for smuggling caviar as part of his anti-corruption campaign. At the death of his former patron, Mikhail Suslov, he took the position of Ideology Secretary and pushed for economic modernization. During his most prominent tenure, an airplane containing Georgian Congressman Larry McDonald was shot down, leading the U.S. to allow GPS for non-military use. This man diplomatically wrote "we want peace" in order to be "growing wheat, building and inventing, writing books and flying into space" in his infamous letter to ten year old Samantha Smith. As part of project PAUK, he attempted to isolate Alexandr Solzhenitsyn from other dissidents as head of the KGB. Succeeded in his most famous position by Konstantin Chernenko, For 10 points, name this leader of Soviet Russia from 1982 to 1984, after Leonid Brezhnev.
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This man asked for 20,000 rubles from Catherine the Great and, though he may have been her lover, he got only 1,000 and some troops. As a general in the French Army of the North, he was tried for losing at Neerwinden. Partly due to his inability to obtain firm support from his friend William Pitt, his first attempted invasion ended in a fiasco near Puerto Cabello; his second invasion at Coro also failed. He was caught violating the Neutrality Act of 1794 when his American crew on board the Leander was detained on a filibustering expedition. After being defeated at the Battle of San Mateo by the forces of Juan Domingo Monteverde, this man, who had been serving as dictator since 1811, was written off as a traitor by Bolivar and sent to die in a prison in Cadiz. FTP, identify this man known as "El Precursor," who fought for the independence of Venezuela.
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This man briefly outlived a general whose epithet referenced a facial scar incurred fighting Heraclius at Yarmouk, while his early career saw him defeat Walid in single combat at Badr. This author of The Peak of Eloquence won a tactical victory at a battle in which his opponent ordered his men to request a peaceful arbitration; the ensuing dissent in this man's ranks led several thousand of his troops to abandon him, giving rise to the Kharijites. This ruler used a promise of tax equality to unite a coalition he guided through the first fitna, or civil war, which saw action at Siffin and the Battle of the Camel. His son lost to Yazid I at Karbala after this father of Hussein was murdered at Kufa and his followers were subjugated by Muawiya's Ummayyad Caliphate. For 10 points, identify this husband of Muhammad's daughter Fatima, the fourth Caliph in Sunni tradition and the first Imam according to Shi'a Islam.
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This man built a massive internal intelligence force under the leadership of Salah Nasr. The rise to the Jordanian presidency of Suleiman al-Nabusi lent support to one of this man's major political endeavors, though Abdel Qasim's defeat of al-Shawaf in Iraq led to further persecution of Communists. Despite the suspicions of Ibrahim Hadi this man helped form a coalition of junior officers under the leadership of Mohammed Naguib known as the Free Officers. An invasion by Israel, England, and France provoked a crisis that resulted from this man's nationalization of the Suez Canal. For 10 points, name this Egyptian president and leader of the United Arab Republic.
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This man claimed to commune with a number of spirits, including his deceased brother Raul and a much more militant spirit named Jose, who pushed this man to commit his most famous act. This man founded the Benito Juarez Democratic Club. Emiliano Zapata broke publically with this man over the issue of land reform, openly denouncing him in the Plan of Ayala, though this man had earlier issued his Plan of San Luis Potosi, calling for a democratic revolution in his country. This man's Vice President was Pino Suarez, and he was overthrown and assassinated in a coup engineered by Victoriano Huerta known as the Ten Tragic Days. For ten points, name this man, the President of Mexico who was responsible for the overthrow of Porfirio Diaz.
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This man dealt with a troublesome guerrilla force in Kwilu by inviting its leader, Pierre Mulele, to a formal negotiation and then pulling off various parts of Mulele over the course of a day. The Popular Movement of the Revolution promulgated this man's doctrine of "nationalism", "revolution", and "authenticity" in the Manifesto of N'Sele. He faced two conflicts centered around the Shaba province, and rose to supreme power after his major rival and predecessor was captured and executed, likely with the aid of nefarious CIA operative Sydney Gottlieb. This predecessor of Laurent-Desire Kabila deposed the government of Joseph Kasavubu, forced Moise Tshombe to flee Katanga, and benefited from the aforementioned murder of Patrice Lumumba. For 10 points, identify this African strongman who weathered the Congo Crisis to become the President of Zaire.
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This man defeated the Golden Horde at the Terek River and the Kondurcha River, where he clashed with his rival, Tokhtamysh. He died during a campaign against the Ming dynasty in China. He ordered the massacre of the inhabitants of Isfahan after they revolted against his rule. His son Shah Rukh helped him to defeat and capture Bayezid I at the battle of Ankara. This brutal conqueror allegedly made pyramids out of his enemy's skulls. For 10 points, name this great-great grandfather of Babur, a crippled Central Asian warlord who ruled from Samarkand.
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This man established the rurales to combat bandits, and Ramon Corral and Jose Limantour were among the cientificos who advised him. This man chose Manuel Gonzalez as his handpicked successor, and he reached his highest office by defeating Sebastian de Lerdo after issuing his Plan of Tuxtepec. His downfall was accompanied by a rebellion organized by Pascual Orozco and the declaration of the Plan of San Luis Potosí by Francisco Madero, who signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juarez with this man, forcing him into exile. For 10 points, name this mestizo Mexican ruler from Oaxaca (wah-HAH-cah), who was president from 1884 until 1911.
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This man first gained fame for winning a land dispute with the plantation El Hospital while representing Anenecuilco. He was opposed politically by the Figueroa brothers. This man employed the writing talents of Antonio DÃaz Soto y Gama and Otilio Montaño, and he supported a return to the ejido system. A meeting with Jesus Guajardo was the backdrop to the assassination of this man, who was based out of the state of Morelos. This man detailed his vision of reform with his Plan of Ayala. He fought Venustiano Carranza as leader of the Liberation Army of the South. For 10 points, name this Mexican agrarian revolutionary who fought for “Land and Freedom,†and who lends his name to a modern guerrilla force in Chiapas.
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This man made an oath of blood-brotherhood known as the anda by exchanging knuckle bones with Jamuka. In his youth, this man allegedly murdered his brother Bekhter after the latter stole a fish that this man had caught, and soon thereafter he was imprisoned by the Tayichi'ut, a captivity which led this man to seek out the patronage of the Kerait leader Toghrul. This man's first son may have been illegitimate, as his wife Borte was kidnapped by the Merkits shortly after their marriage. As a consequence, this man's other children refused to accept Jochi as their ruler, and this man was succeeded by his third son, who himself was succeeded by Guyuk when he died in 1241. FTP, name this father of Chagatai and Ogodei who died in 1227, the founder of the Mongol Empire.
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This man married his secretary, the Austrian-born Emilie Schenkl, and wrote a series of published letters to her. For a time, he went by the name Mohammad Ziauddin as a traveling insurance inspector, and was aided by a passport from Count Orlando Mazzotta. He formed a separate party known as the Forward Bloc and controversy still surrounds his supposed death in a plane crash over Taiwan, since there are reasons to suspect he was in Russia at the time. He set up a provisional government known as the Azad Hind from which this man, also known as Netaji, commanded the Indian National Army. FTP, name this Indian nationalist who opposed the British during World War II and advocated violence, unlike Nehru and Gandhi.
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This man referred to himself as a "black snake" in a document addressed to James Babington. His collaboration with Harry Power caused him to abuse the postal service using cow testicles. His early life featured an apocryphal clash with a pig farmer named Ah Fook, and he instigated the Fitzpatrick incident. This man declared that he is a "widows son" in the Jerilderie Letter, and killed a bunch of policemen at Stringybark Creek. His plate metal armor failed to save him during his last stand at Glenrowan Inn, where his partners Steve Hart and Joe Byrne died. For 10 points, name this legendary outlaw, whose namesake gang criminalized their way through nineteenth century Australia.
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This man saw his downfall delayed when the frigate Archangel ran aground in Bermuda, thus postponing the arrival of the man who would replace him. In the meantime, Major Richard Ingoldsby was sent to make him hand over the former Fort James and surrender his position to Henry Sloughter. The major accomplishment of his two-year-long regime was calling for an attack on Quebec in the first independent congress of the North American colonies. Driving Francis Nicholson out of power by riding a wave of civil unrest that came as a reaction to news of the Glorious Revolution, he was himself deposed and hanged for treason in 1691. FTP, name this German merchant who briefly became governor of New York after leading his eponymous rebellion.
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This man sent Idris Bitlisi to gain the allegiance of Kurdish chiefs, after which Muhammad Han Ustaclu withdrew his army after that man's arrival at Amid. The Dulkadir principality of Elbistan was subdued by this man, who had earlier subdued the Kizilbash in Anatolia. He earned victories at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and Ridaneh, which took place after he defeated his brother Ahmed to take power. He defeated Shah Ismail I and the Safavids at the Battle of Chaldiran, after which he defeated the Mamluks and took Syria and Egypt. Succeeded his father Bayezid I, this is, FTP, which Ottoman emperor who was succeeded by his son Suleiman I and whose nickname came from his cruel nature?
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This man showed that Lie groups could be approximated by finite groups and independently proved the central limit theorem using the Gaussian error function. His namesake “degree†is the level of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers, and this man posited that there is no way to determine whether a given program-input combination will terminate, thus showing the halting problem is undecidable. Computable functions can be computed by constructs like the “busy beaver†in a certain thesis named for Church and this man. For 10 points, name this British computer scientist, the namesake of a test of computer intelligence and a set of machines on which that test can be applied.
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This man was able to complete one of his goals by corrupting Nurud Din, which led to a rival being removed to the fortress of Gwalior. This man enforced his policies through the services of the muhtasib, while parts of his expansion were cut off at Trichipoly. This man continually had problems with raids on the port of Surat, but he was able to conquer Bijâpur and Golconda. This man was unable to defeat Sambhaji and Shivaji, the chiefs of the Marathans, and his reign saw the reinstatement of the Jizya tax on non-Muslims and the destruction of hundreds of Hindu temples, while he also murdered his family, including his brother Murad. For ten points, identify this predecessor to Bahadur Shah I and successor to Shah Jahan, the sixth Mughal Emperor.
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This man was the subject of a 1949 Henry Cowell opera designed as a satire against Dwight Eisenhower. He died in exile after a conservative coup led by his successor, Ramón Freire. When his father became viceroy of Peru, he was sent to London, where he met Francisco de Miranda and joined the independentist Lautaro Lodge. He began his public life as a deputy to the Cabildo from La Laja. His cavalry charge at the battle of Chacabuco allowed him to enter Santiago in triumph along with Jose de San Martin in March 1818. FTP, name this descendant of Irish officers in Spanish service, the first ruler of an independent Chile.
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This man's Chandi di Var is a poetic composition about an aspect of the goddess Durga, and its first stanza forms the first part of the ardaas. He called any who would die for their faith into a tent, after which he emerged holding a sword dripping with blood. The men were not killed and the event formed the basis for the Amrit ceremony, after which adherents are called khalsa, for those "five beloved" men. His father, Teg Bahadur, sacrificed himself up to the current Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, after which this man succeeded him and compiled the Dasam Granth. He declared that the Guru Granth Sahib would be the ultimate and last guru, but, FTP, name this 10th and final human guru of Sikhism.
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This man's aliases included James Brunswill and Adam Smith, during which time his wife was known as Lady Smith. His wrote a noted "Letter from Vidin" while in Bulgaria and, late in life, delineated a plan for a "Danubian Federation" and wrote the book Memories of my Exile. He was succeeded in office by his longtime general Arthur Gorgey, who served as dictator until surrendering to Rudiger at Vilagos, after this man had organized the Honvéd army and served as regent-president. The USS Mississippi was dispatched to rescue him from internment in Turkey by Millard Fillmore after this man had previously been hailed as a celebrity in England, causing a scandal for foreign secretary Lord Palmerston. FTP, name this key participant in the 1848 revolution honored as a national hero in Hungary.
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This man's bizarre death apparently involved him asphyxiating in a bathtub covered by boiling water, discovered when police broke into his locked bathroom. Events during his rule included the passing of Decree 900, aimed at massive land redistribution, and the Alfhem affair, named for a Swedish boat that linked this man's administration to arms from Czechoslovakia. His daughter Arabella infamously had a love affair with the matador Jaime Bravo, and publicly shot herself in front of him. He ascended to defense minister after joining a coup against Jorge Ubico. In the wake of Operation WASHTUB, he was overthrown by Carlos Castillo Armas as part of a plan known as Operation PBSUCCESS. For 10 points, name this reformist leader who was ousted by a 1954 junta orchestrated by United Fruit and the CIA in Guatemala.
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This man's father was known by a Greek word for "destroyer of foes" and was denied in a request for a philospoher that he sent to Antiochus I. The different seats of power for his sons Kunala and Dasharatha suggest that Magadha and Gandhara may have become independent of each other after this man's death. This convener of the Council of Patna sent his son Mihinda as an emissary to King Tissa of Sri Lanka. His attempts to extend the "dhamma" throughout his land led to him to promulgate the Rock Edicts, after he was shocked at the results of his war in Kalinga. For 10 points, name this third ruler of the Mauryan dynasty, who converted to pacifist Buddhism.
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This man's forced publishing of an itemized list of "self-criticisms" influenced his support for works of "Scar Literature", and he established the use of Special Administrative Regions to reconcile the Basic Law governing key regions with his own central leadership, advocating the "one country, two systems" doctrine. He famously derided the need to use a cat of any particular color to catch mice and advocated enlarging rather than removing the bird cage in zoological metaphors defending his economic flexibility, rejecting the extreme rigidity of his major rival, Hua Guofeng. This man presided over the Four Modernizations implemented by Zhou Enlai but was forced to arrest his protégé, Zhao Ziyang, after Tiananmen Square. For 10 points, identify this man who after the death of Lin Biao outmaneuvered the Gang of Four, credited with shifting toward a mixed economy during the 1970s and 80s as the leader of Communist China.
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This man's general Sagmandia was responsible for the capture of another empire's capital city. The architect Es-Saheli was paid by this ruler to build a religious structure in that city, Gao. That architect also built Djingerayber and this man's Madugu in Timbuktu. This leader arrived during the rule of al-Malik al-Nasir, a fellow Muslim ruler, when he journeyed through Egypt. That trip supposedly involved five hundred slaves carrying gold staffs and resulted in the flooding of the Cairo gold market. For 10 points, name this ruler who made an extravagant hajj during his time as mansa of the Mali Empire.
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This man's no-longer extant writings include works entitled On the Preparation of Kyphi, On Festivals, and Digest of Physics which discussed the symbolism of various animals. His writing is often grouped with his contemporary Berossos, as in a recent translation by Verbrugghe and Wickersham. His hometown is well attested as Sebennytos and he bore a name translating as "keeper of the horses." The first external reference to him comes in Josephus' work Against Apion, and he probably served as a priest at the temple of Onuris-Shu in the 3rd-century BC. His best-known work describes the origin of the Hyksos and says that Menes ruled for 62 years before being eaten by a hippo. For 10 points, name this great historian who divided Egyptian pharaohs into 30 dynasties.
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This man's son defecated in the font when he was baptised, which led Germanus to predict that he would be evil in later life. When this man died, his son-in-law Artabasdus seized the throne, but Artabasdus was blinded after this man's son took the throne. After the ruler who made this man the commander of the Anatolikon was overthrown, he pretended to go over to the Arabs and forced Theodosius III from the throne. As emperor, he engaged in correspondence with the Muslim caliph Umar II, published a law code known as the Ecloga, and staved off an Arab siege of Constantinople, although these achievements often go unnoticed because historians like Theophanes hated him so much. FTP, name this emperor of Byzantium who was succeeded by his son Constantine V in 741, a man known as the "Isaurian" who was famous for launching iconoclasm.
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This man's successful efforts to expand railroads in his country resulted in an increase from 400 to 15,000 miles during his time in office. This leader was advised by men like Enrique Creel, Ramon Corral, and Jose Yves Limantour, who were members of his Cientificos. In an interview with James Creelman, this leader claimed he would not run for office again in an upcoming election, but won that election after imprisoning his opponent. For 10 points, name this long-time, dictatorial ruler whose removal from office in 1911 by forces under Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa, and Francisco Madero marked the start of the Mexican Revolution.
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This man's writings include a treatise on "The Eighth Remedy" published with twenty reasons and a tract entitled "Concerning the Only Way of Drawing All Peoples to the True Religion," while he was charged with treason for his confiscated tract Confesionario. Early in his life, he negotiated a purchase of land on the coast of Venezuela to build a utopian colony of farm communities, but that experiment failed. He's more renowned for appearing at the Council of Valladolid where he engaged in a famous debate after encouraging the passage of the New Laws; his opponent in that debate was Juan Gines de Sepulveda. Known as the "Protector of the Indies," he was named bishop of Chiapas in 1544. FTP, name this Spanish Dominican priest who fought against the encomienda system in the New World.
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This mythical figure's name means "magnolia," and was probably based on a real soldier from the Central Plains region during the 5th century. According to a famous ballad, "In the East Market she buys a spirited horse, In the West Market she buys a saddle, In the South Market she buys a bridle, In the North Market she buys a long whip" and goes to battle the Tartars at Mount Yen. FTP name this legendary Hsui dynasty woman who saved her father's life by dressing as a man and joining the Khan's army.
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This name was adopted by Kate Cunningham for a 1922 march on Washington demanding an end to the imprisonment of anti-war activists. Participants in an earlier event known by this name believed that the Mediterranean would dry up, while another mostly dispersed after delivering a letter to Philip Augustus. Led by Stephen the shepherd and Nicholas of Cologne, the two movements under this name ended when Innocent III released participants from their vows, and when most members were sold into slavery from Marseille. FTP, identify this event, often called the inspiration for the Pied Piper of Hamelin legend, which was a thirteenth-century attempt to recapture the Holy Land by young soldiers.
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This nation was at one point dominated by 12 Aymara tribes, and cities founded under colonial rule here include Cochabamba, and Chiquisaca. One president of this country established an alliance with Luis Obregoso but was defeated at the battle of Yungay, Andres de Santa Cruz. This country's important mines included one at Potosi, and they were unable to use the nitrates on the Pacific Coast that they lost in the war of the Pacific. For 10 points, name this country once ruled by Antonio Jose de Sucre, and whose namesake notably won the battles of Boyaca before establishing Gran Colombia.
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This nation was invaded after an incident in which a consul was hit in the head with a fly whisk, because he enraged this nation's leader in discussing an overdue wheat consignment. In the 1990s, hundreds of people were killed in this nation in massacres at Rais and Bentalha, both carried out by the GIA, possibly to punish rural communities who'd voted for the FIS. Earlier in the 20th century, the Secret Army Organization led by Raoul Salan tried to prevent the end of colonial rule, launched on a day known as Toussaint Rouge. Shortly after the resulting independence, this country's first president Ahmed Ben Bella was overthrown by Houari Boumédienne. For 10 points, name this Northern African nation which won independence from France in the 1960s.
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This nation's May Revolution of 1810 came about after the 1806 and 1807 invasions of its capital, and its independence was declared at the Congress of Tucuman. Bartolome Mitre led this nation during the War of the Triple Alliance, although it was ruled for four decades by the caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas. Jorge Videla's government began the Dirty War in this nation, which served as the heart of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata before being liberated from Spain by Jose de San Martin. For 10 points, name this South American country which has been ruled by Eva and Juan Peron.
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This nation's emperors traced their lineage through Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, and included Theodore II, who was deposed by Robert Napier. Mengistu founded a junta in this country known as the Derg. The Christian empire of Axum was based in this modern-day nation, which won the Battle of Adowa over Italy during the rule of its emperor Menelik II. This nation was first colonized in 1936 by Benito Mussolini's Italy. One of its emperors is revered by the Rastafarian faith. For 10 points, name this East African nation that was once ruled by Haile Selassie.
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This period is seen as the apogee of the aristocratic order in Japan, with the capital as the political and cultural center. During it, efforts were made to establish a government dominated by the emperor as in China, but by its end the warrior class prevailed and the Kamakura shogunate was established. It began with the removal of the capital from Nara to this city, for which the era is named. FTP name this Japanese historical period that lasted from 794 to 1185.
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This plight of the 1st Battalion, 24th Foot of this battle was memorialized in a painting, but the more fortunate Henry Pulleine was instructed to guard the camp. One side in this battle was forced to cross a river to attack the opposing force at their camp at Eshowe, but eventually was forced to stop near the Babanango Mountains. Another side in this battle utilized the "horns of the beast" formation. This battle was preceded by an impossible ultimatum delivered by High Commissioner Sir Bartle Frere. Cetshwayo's forces won this battle, which resulted in the route of Chelmsford. For ten points, identify this first major engagement of the First Zulu War, which occurred a day before Roarke's Drift and saw a bunch of British guys with firearms defeated by Zulu with spears.
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This poet describes a tuna as a “bullet / from the ocean depths†in one of his Elemental Odes, which praise common things. This author wrote an anguished poem in which he laments “in you everything sank.†In another poem, he claims “tonight I can write the saddest lines.†This student of Gabriela Mistral wrote another work whose fifteen sections include “The Conquistadors†and “The Heights of Macchu Picchu.†For 10 points, name this Marxist who wrote Canto General and Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, a Nobel-winning Chilean poet.
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This politician ran for office on his “Sixty Days of Decision†promise. His criticism of American foreign policy caused the American president to tell him “you pissed on my rug.†This man signed the Auto-Pact with the United States and unified the Air Force, Army, and Navy into the Canadian Armed Forces. This man led his party in defeating John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservatives and as Prime Minister. He won the Great Flag Debate and introduced universal health care. While serving in the cabinet of St. Laurent, this man helped mediate the Suez crisis, for which he won the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. For 10 points, name this Liberal Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968 who also introduced the Maple Leaf flag.
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This polity conquered Ba and Shu, and subjugated the Rong barbarians thanks to the service of Duke Mu. The borders of this dynasty were maintained with the aid of a key defensive position at Hangu pass, which fell only once during its tenure. It developed a power base by preventing the Hezong, or North-South alliance, in favor of that of Lianheng, or East-West, and the forces of this dynasty slaughtered 450,000 prisoners of war from the state of Zhao in the Battle of Changping. It persisted in its anti-aristocratic reforms despite the graphic execution of their architect, Shang Yang, and was founded by a man who was aided by the minister Li Si, linked together a series of fortifications to create the Great Wall, and adopted Han Feizi's doctrine of Legalism. Though this dynasty united the fractured Warring states, it could not survive the death of its founder, Shi Huangdi. FTP, name this dynasty that gave way to the Han and arose from the ashes of the Zhou.
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This pupil of James Cantlie wrote about one experience in his book Kidnapped in London. This man unsuccessfully worked with He Kai and Sir Henry Blake before forming the Revolutionary Alliance and adopting the alias Nakayama Shou. This man's ideas were influenced by Henry George, and he was a leader of the March 29 revolution. This creator of the United League and co-author of a manifesto with the Soviet diplomat Adolf Joffe favored democracy, nationalism, and the general welfare, which he called the "Three Principles of the People." This man returned to his native country during the Wuhan revolution, and formed an uneasy alliance with Yuan Shi-kai. For 10 points, name this first party chairman of the Kuomintang and first provisional president of China.
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This republic's Ocean Island was an important producer of phosphates until it was mined out in 1981. Under a treaty of friendship, the U.S. has relinquished its claims to this country's Cantor and Christmas Islands. Its nearest neighbors are Nauru to the southwest and Tokelau and Tuvalu to the south. Until 1997, this country surrounded the point at which the International Date Line crosses the equator, and it consists of the Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix groups. FTP, name this group of islands which gained independence from Great Britain in 1972 and whose capital is Tarawa.
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This ruler asserted that he wanted serious opposition in future presidential elections in an interview with James Creelman, which inspired the underground movements that would later unseat him. Nicolás Zúñiga y Miranda was the longtime opponent of this leader, who ruled by the principle of "pan o palo," or "bread or the stick." His advisors included disciples of Gabino Barreda such as finance minister José Limantour and Ramon Corral, and were known as the científicos. He rose to power by winning the Battle of Tecoac and subsequently drafting the Plan of Tuxtepec against Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. This dictator established the rurales, and he fled to Europe after a rebellion led by a man eventually overthrown by Victoriano Huerta, Francisco Madero. For 10 points, name this longtime dictator of Mexico who ruled from 1876 to 1880 and 1884 to 1911.
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This ruler forced the Knights Hospitalier to move from Rhodes to Malta during a naval campaign. He had his son Mustafa strangled at the behest of his wife Roxelana, whom he broke the rules of succession to marry. He elevated his servant Ibrahim to the position of Grand Vizier. This supporter of John Zápolya besieged Belgrade and defeated Hungarian King Louis II at the battle of Mohács. This ruler's inroads into Europe were halted at the 1529 siege of Vienna. For 10 points, name this son of Selim the Grim, a “Magnificent†Ottoman sultan.
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This ruler instituted a namesake legal code which obliged all adult males and females to work, and he created the hilarious royal title Count of Marmalade. He constructed a building often known as the "Blacksmith's Pouch" along with the residential palace Sans Souci. He headed a kingdom in the Northern Province during a partition of his country where he built a citadel overlooking the harbor named La Ferriere, while the southern part of the country was ruled by his rival Alexandre Petion. He shot himself in the heart with a silver bullet in 1820, nine years after he came to power following the overthrow of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and before that he'd been an aide to Toussaint L'Ouverture. FTP, name this ruler of Haiti who proclaimed himself King Henri I.
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This ruler made a vow of monogamy to his wife, which he only broke by obtaining two concubines after her death. He abstained from meat for a year during a famine in honor of his citizens, and during his time as regent, he foiled an assassination attempt by Yuwen Yun. His advisor Gao Jiong suggested that he withdraw against the state of Emperor Xuan after Xuan's death, and helped lead his later campaign against the Chen. He sent his son Yang Liang to command forces against the Gogoryeo kingdom when it attacked Ying Province. He also suffered an attack by Tardu Khan on his capital. He commissioned the Renshu palace near the end of his reign, and his son, the future Emperor Yang, would continue the Grand Canal project that he began. For 10 points, name this first emperor of the Sui Dynasty.
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This ruler patronized the poet Magolwane, and won the Battle of Gqokli Hill over his rival Zwide. He invented the iklwa, and divided his army into parts coordinated by izindula. This ruler's lieutenant Mzilikazi established the Matabele Kingdom. His subjects nearly died of starvation after the death of his mother Nandi, and he created a corps of elite soldiers called impi. This ruler conquered the area between the Tugela and Pogola Rivers during the mfecane, before being assassinated by his brother Dingane, who used this ruler's "buffalo horns" attack formation at the Battle of Blood River. For 10 points, name this nineteenth century leader who unified the Zulu.
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This ruler required all subjects under his command to tattoo their wrists, classifying them as soldiers of the king, fresh recruits, or provincial officials. He minted royal coins depicting the trident of the god Issawara and his military successes include resisting the rebellion of Maha Da, and launching an invasion in which his army carried the Emerald Buddha back to his capital. This son of a Chinese farmer is best remembered for establishing the Thonburi Kingdom by bringing together rival factions after the fall of Ayutthaya. He remained in power until the ascendancy of the Chakri Dynasty under Rama I in 1782. For 10 points, name this powerful king of Thailand known as "the Great."
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This ruler was victorious at the Battle of Otlukbeli over the Akkoyun empire, also known as the White Sheep Turks. He also won at the Battle of Valea Alba, where he avenged his earlier loss at the Battle of Vaslui against Stephen the Great. He ordered his father to come out of retirement to command troops at the Battle of Varna, which resulted in a brief interregnum in his rule. He was accused of being the lover of Radu the Handsome, which prompted the Night Attack to be launched against him by Vlad the Impaler, seeking to regain his Wallachian throne. This ruler ordered construction of the Topkapi Palace and the Fatih Mosque, which became his tomb when he was succeeded by his son Bayazid II. FTP, name this Ottoman sultan, the son of Murad II who ruled from about 1444 through 1481, and is most famous for conquering Constantinople and ending the Byzantine Empire.
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This ruler's army was victorious at the Battle of Chains, so named because the soldiers of the opposing Persian army supposedly chained themselves together. However, perhaps the most impressive military success of his reign was the Battle of Akraba, where Musailimah the Liar was defeated by his army commanded by Khalid ibn al-Walid. That battle was a part of the Ridda Wars conducted by this ruler to quash apostasy. He notably bought the freedom of slaves like Bilal and Ammar and his epithet of "most Truthful" stemmed from his sincere belief in the Night Journey. Prior to dying at the siege of Damascus, he compiled a version of the Quran and named his successor to be Umar. FTP, name this father-in-law and close companion of Muhammad, the first of the rightly-guided caliphs.
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This ruler's chief justice was Shigi Qutuqu, and he also appointed the minister Yelü Chucai. An account of travels to this ruler's court was published as the Journey to the West of the Taoist monk Kiu Chang Chun. This promulgator of the Yasa law code was served by the general Jebe, who died soon after a victory at the Battle of the Kalka River. A prime source for this ruler's life is a Secret History, and he rose to power by allying with the Kerait ruler Toghrul before fighting a power struggle with Jamuka. This ruler conquered the Khwarezmid Empire and invaded the Tangut kingdom of Western Xia. This man's general Subotai would go on to serve his son and successor, Ogëdëi. For 10 points, name this conqueror, born Temüjin, who united the steppe tribes and founded the Mongol Empire.
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This ruler, who was advised by the author of The Obligations of Princes, al-Maghili, consolidated his power by instituting a unified system of weights and measures. He instituted a class of overseers named fanfa, who would look over his royal estates. This man invited important scholars to the University of Sankore and he separated his kingdom into four regions including Benga and Kurmina. After gaining control of the important trade route to Air he went on to conquer Hausaland. This ruler stood firm against the pagan practices of his subjects and was declared the Caliph of the Western Sudan after taking a notable pilgrimage to Mecca in 1496. He initially gained power by winning the Battle of Anfao and overthrowing Sonni Baru. However, this man who would extend the empire to the salt mines of Taghaza, was deposed by his sons and ultimately buried in Gao. For 10 points, identify this Songhai ruler.
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This state was ruled by a Mandé group known as the Soninke, who suffered an interregnum in the eleventh century when Abdullah ibn Yasin's Sanhajah and other Almoravids invaded. It was occupied by the Susu three years after being conquered in 1200 by Sumanguru, and by 1240 it disintegrated following the sack of its capital, located in modern Mauritania and known as Kumbi Saleh. Located at the southern end of trans-Saharan trade routes, where its gold could be exchanged for Saharan salt, this long-lived empire was the first African trading state. FTP, name this empire which shares its name with a modern country founded by Kwame Nkrumah whose capital is Accra.
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This state's matrilineal succession is believed to have begun with Kaya Maja in the 4th century AD. Our knowledge of its culture comes from the Book of Routes and Kingdoms compiled by the Cordoban noble Abu Ubayd al-Bakri. It captured the market town of Audaghost to seize control of the salt caravans from the Berber Sanhaja movement, but was weakened when the Sanhajas, determined to convert their neighbors, combined into the Almoravid confederation and declared a jihad. The end came when the Soso kingdom of Kaniaga sacked its capital, Kumbi Saleh. While its common name refers to the title of its kings, they and their Soninke followers called it Wagadu. FTP, name this gold-trading kingdom of the western Sahel that gave its name to a modern nation formerly known as the Gold Coast.
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This statesman began as a soldier and rose to become commander-in-chief by 1951. As part of the Colorado party, he deposed Federico Chavez in 1954 and stabilized his country, but had to spend half the national income on the military that kept him in power. The longest serving head of state in twentieth century Latin America, for ten points was what man, until 1989, the president of Paraguay?
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This tome derides Desartes for implying that anything non-mathematical is an illusion and begins by explaining the difference between the true and the certain. The final section of this work labels an ancient author as a "man of the people" who was distinct from the idealized conception of the poet in the "Discovery of the True Homer." It says that pious shame is the origin of the moral stance of literature in "Poetic Wisdom" and opens with a universal history labeled "Establishment of Principles," after showing the feminine personification of metaphysics standing on a globe and looking at a triangle containing God's eye above a statue of a poet. For 10 points, name this work which argues for a staggeringly improving but fundamentally cyclical course of history, written in 1725 by Giambattista Vico.
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This treaty voided a document that was partly intended to counter the plans of Charles de Thierry, and this treaty was violated by Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Dissatisfaction with this treaty led to wars fought by the King Movement, and it was partly inspired by one side being ravaged in the Musket Wars. Instructions for this treaty were issued by Lord Normanby, and it was drafted in four days by James Busby and Lieutenant Governor William Hobson. However, the concepts of governorship, or kawanatanga, and chieftainship, or rangatiratanga, were poorly defined due to translation into the native language. For 10 points, name this treaty first signed on February 6, 1840 by Hono Heke and later by over forty other Maori chieftains, which allowed British annexation of New Zealand.
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This treaty was signed at the home of George Hays while one force waited nearby at Parkzicht. In the discussion leading up to it, delegates expressed fear that a backlash over a recent skirmish at Holkrans would derail peace efforts, but realization that their situation had worsened since the failed Hatherley proposal led to the eventual rejection of the plan of Marthinus Steyn. It was precipitated by an offer of mediation by Abraham Kuyper, which led to the Klerksdorp Conference and to the formal surrender at Melrose House. Drawn up by James Hertzog and Jan Smuts, FTP, name this document that deferred voting rights for people of color, guaranteed right of return for Uitlanders and Dutch language schools in the Orange Free State and Transvaal, and ended the Boer War.
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This was the name of the post-independence Italian political party led by Count Cavour, while an American version helped the centrist credentials of Republicans Jacob Javits and John Lindsay, though it usually endorses Democrats in New York. Another party by this name supported an end to the purchase of military commissions, the legalization of unions, and the introduction of the secret ballot. That party lost the Unionist faction in 1886, and was split by supporters of John Simon and Herbert Samuel in the 1940s. Its name came into use under John Russell's administration, and it merged with the Social Democrats in 1988 to form what is currently the third-largest party in Parliament after a long decline following an earlier factional dispute between Herbert Asquith and David Lloyd George. FTP, give the common name of the party which governed Canada under Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chretien, and the British party led by William Gladstone.
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This work criticizes the refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the city of Coro, and argues that although the federal system is "the most perfect," it is also "the most inimical to our emerging states." This work condemns the ecclesiasticl influence in the violence following the earthquake of May 26, and predicts that "the decline of fortunes on the Peninsula" will bring many immigrants whose exodus will "weaken the strength of Bonaparte," and who will "swamp everything, pulling up the seeds and roots of the tree of freedom of Columbia." The author of this work begins by referring to himself as the "son of unhappy Caracas," and concludes by noting that "the honor of New Grenada absolutely demands that we teach these audacious invaders a lesson," in an attemtp to inspire resistance against the Spanish. For ten points, identify this political manifesto written in 1812 by Simon Bolivar in the titular location.
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Though he is not from the eighteenth century, this man was mocked in periodicals such as The Mosquito and The Meddler. An unsuccessful revolt against Decree 798 and other parts of his attempt to take a national census is sometimes known as the "war of the wasps," and peasants destroyed scales to protest this man's new system of weights and measures in the "Smash the Kilos" revolt. This man's fight over whether bishops could expel freemasons from their churches is known as the "Religious Question," and his son-in-law, the Count d'Eu, was derisively known as "The Frenchman." Abraham Lincoln is said to have remarked that this man was the only one he trusted to arbitrate the U.S. Civil War. He eliminated the practice of kissing the royal hand upon returning from a trip to Europe, during which his daughter Isabel enacted the Law of the Free Womb, which freed children of slaves in his country. For 10 points, name this man who was overthrown by Manuel Deodoro de Fonseca in 1889, thus becoming the last emperor of Brazil.
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Though he was the illegitimate son of the Viceroy of a neighboring nation, he joined a secret Masonic lodge established by Francisco Miranda in order to foster revolution, but after being appointed governor of Concepcion his forces lost at Rancagua in 1814. When he returned three years later with San Martin to rout the Spanish general Rafael Maroto at Chacabuco it insured his acceptance in Santiago and eventual election as head of state. FTP identify this Chilean revolutionary with an Irish last name.
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Though it proposed annexation of the Caledon Valley as early as the 1850s, only the treaty of Thaba Bosiu confirmed victory over its neighbor Moshoeshoe (mo-shwe-shwe). These wars had forced the British government to renounce sovereignty over it, despite Harry Smith's victory at the battle of Boomplats. Although it did not join its northern neighbor in resisting Sir George Pomeroy Colley, twenty years later its guerillas, including C. R. De Wet, fought on after British forces occupied its capital, Bloemfontein. FTP, name this polity that lost its namesake quality at the Peace of Vereeniging, the smaller of nineteenth-century South Africa's two Boer republics.
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Though it was quickly ratified by over one hundred nations, only the UK, US, and USSR retained veto rights over future amendments, while France and the PRC refused to sign. Despite opposition from the scientific community, enforcement provisions such as control posts, on-site inspections, or a supervisory body were excised to smooth differences among the signatories. Violated "peacefully" by India in 1974, it permitted underground explosions, while prohibiting atmospheric, outer space, and underwater detonation were prohibited. In 1994, the Conference on Disarmament began negotiations on a more "comprehensive" version. FTP, name this 1963 treaty, spurred on by the Cuban Missile Fears and fears of radioactive fall-out.
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Though not communist, this country carried out seven Five Year Plans from 1962 to 1996. This nation, formerly led by the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, instituted the “New Village†policy in 1971. Its first president brutally suppressed the Jeju Uprising before being ousted in the April 19 Movement. The battle of Pusan Perimeter was fought during a conflict in this country, which also saw an amphibious landing at Inchon. For 10 points, name this country below the 38th parallel, which was invaded by its northern neighbor in a 1950 to ‘53 conflict.
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To one side in this war, Emily Hobhouse became known as the "Angel of Love" for her work trying to improve conditions for that side's women and children. A series of three losses for the other side in this war became known as the Black Week. One siege in this war lasted 217 days before Robert Baden-Powell's troops were relieved in Mafeking. Concentration camps and a scorched earth policy were used by Lord Kitchener in this war, which was fought against people led by Louis Botha and Paul Kruger. This war was ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging. For 10 points, name this second conflict between the British and the namesake inhabitants of two South African republics.
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To safeguard protections for his people, he organized 1916's Congress League Lucknow Pact. Originally a successful criminal lawyer, he initially worked with the Hindu-Muslim coalition, but soon grew disillusioned with Gandhi's mass demonstrations and call for independence. Leading the Muslim League to an overwhelming victory in the elections of the mid-1940s, his opposition to compromise with the Hindus led to the partitioning of India. FTP, who was this man appointed the first governor-general of Pakistan?
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Twelve days following this event, its principal participants led a massacre at a granary; for the next ten years their skulls were displayed at that site. After capturing Valladolid, where its instigator had been kicked out of school, its instigator decided not to attack the capital with his army of 80,000 men. While its cause was a search of the home of Epigmenio Gonzalez in Queretaro, it is now commemorated in September as a day of independence. Though its exact text is not extant, it called for land redistribution and tribute to the Virgin of Guadalupe. FTP, name this declaration calling for Mexican independence which was enunciated by Father Miguel Hidalgo at a church in the namesake town.
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Two Airborne Divisions botched their initial orders in this mission, but nonetheless captured Saint-Mere-Eglise. To compensate for a lack of armor, one side's engineers here devised a plan to construct a Mulberry harbor by sinking transport ships at Arromanches, and used floating tanks, which the British dubbed "Hobart's Funnies." After this battle, the British advance on the east ground to a halt outside of Caen, while American forces swung west from Utah and Omaha across the Cotentin Peninsula, cutting off the Germans in Cherbourg. For 10 points, name this Allied landing in northern France, which took place on June 6, 1944.
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Typical ones used the kashindan to run their administration, and took policy advice from a council of elders called the karo. Those of the 14th and 15th centuries were known as shugo, and were supplanted by the Sengoku type, which took their name from that period. During the Edo period, they controlled three-fourths of the land not held by the bakufu, and under Tokugawa rule, they came to be known as kinsei, or "early modern." In 1869, the year after the Meiji restoration, they bounded together with the kuge to form a new aristocratic group, the kazoku, and in 1871 their family holdings were abolished and their land was confiscated by the emperor. Literally called "large private land," FTP, name these powerful feudal rulers from the 12th century to the 19th century in Japan.
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Under his leadership persons of European descent were disenfranchised and those of pardo descent were favored. Swept into power after the Parian Market was destroyed during the Acordada riots, his tenure ended after he was kidnapped by an Italian ship captain and executed. At one point this man, who would go on to abolish slavery in his homeland, missed hooking up with the forces of Javier Mina, who would have boosted the army he had been put in charge of when Morelos named him commander of the South. In addition to leading his army to victory at such battles as Huetamo and Santa Fe, this man who helped Iturbide draft the Plan of Iguala took power in 1829, but was deposed under the Plan of Jalapa that saw the rise of the conservatives under Lucas Alaman. For 10 points, identify this revolutionary hero and early president of the Mexican republic.
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Under its rule, women had to acknowledge their husband, son, and father as their "three lords" and often kept a chastity dagger. Catholics living in this empire's borders were often known as "potters" after having turned to pottery following the Chesa controversy and the resultant Catholic pogroms. Under its greatest ruler, its fleet of Turtle ships grew and the establishment of hangul, the national alphabet, took place. In its second half its power waned and it became known as the Hermit Kingdom, during which time its soldiers notably burned a U.S. ship at Keupsa Gate. Reaching its zenith under Sejong, it was founded by Taejo on the remnants of the Goryeo kingdom. For 10 points, name this dynasty in power from 1392 to 1910 on the Korean Peninsula.
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Under the 1889 constitution this body was divided into the House of Peers, modeled after the Prussian Herrenhaus, and the House of Representatives, but the former has been replaced by the House of Councilors. The earlier incarnation of this was dominated by parties like the Association of Friends of Constitutional Government and the Constitutional Association of Friends. Laws passed by this body must be promulgated by the sovereign, who is obligated to do so by article 7 of the Peace Constitution. The Social Democratic Party and People's New Party have only ten seats total in the upper house, but have been quite outspoken in the current coalition, and the New Komeito Party lost all its local seats in the election of August 2009. For 10 points, name this legislative body which recently saw the Liberal Democratic Party lose to the DJP, led by Yukio Hatoyama.
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Under the leadership of Nicholas Geffard, this country signed a treaty allowed missionaries from the Vatican greater freedoms. The Boukman rebellion occurred in this country, and from 1849 to 1859 it was ruled by Emperor Faustin I. Jean Boyer led this nation after the death of Alexander Petion, who clashed with a man who established an independent northern kingdom, Henri Christophe. Another leader of this country came to power after the resignation of Paul Magloire, and that man's advisor Clement Barbot organized the secret police, the Tontons Macoutes. For 10 points, identify this nation which saw a successful slave rebellion led by Toussaint-L'ouverture.
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Upon ascending, this ruler established the Institute for Promotion of Exchange to handle exports. Initially serving under Edelmiro Farrell, he later employed a minister known as "the Wizard," Jose Lopez Rega, and a paramilitary "death squad" called Triple A, first developed during the massacre at Ezeiza. He dubbed his political platform "Justicialismo" or "the Third Way," and reformed the constitution which had been based on the writings of Juan Bautista Alberdi in 1949. Shortly after death, his country would be seized by Jorge Videla. Initially rising to power on the support of the descamisados, FTP, name this longtime president of Argentina whose wife died of cancer and was known as Evita.
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When it lay at anchor in Havana, the passengers were physically restrained from leaving the ship. When it left Havana, Cuban police boats followed in order to pick up those attempting to swim to shore or commit suicide. When it arrived off the coast of Miami in 1939, this passenger carrier with more than 900 people on board was turned away, part of the anti-Semitic efforts of some State Department officals led by Assistant Secratary Breckinridge Long. FTP- what was this ocean liner full of Jewish refugees from Europe that was eventually forced to return to Europe where most of the passengers died in the Holocaust?
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While most of his public opinions were expressed in his journal the Rambler, this intellectual carried on a famous private correspondence with Mary Gladstone. Generally credited with introducing the critical method of von Ranke to Anglo-Saxon academia, this Chair of Modern History at Cambridge never graduated from high school or earned any sort of academic degree. Ironically, as a student he had been barred from Cambridge due to his Catholicism, a fact that probably led to his ambition to write a "History of Liberty." FTP, name this historian probably most noted for articulating that "Absolute power corrupts absolutely."
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While working in Kindu-Port-Empain, he became the leader of the club of evolues. Later, after being released from prison for embezzling from the post office, he founded the MNC, the first nationwide political party in his country. After forming a government, he was immediately forced to deal with the Katangan rebels under Moise Tshombe and later forced to deal with the rebelling army leader, Colonel Joseph Mobutu. However, his biggest rival was President Joseph Kasavubu, whose forces orchestrated his murder in January 1961. FTP, name this African nationalist, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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With this man's help, Alioune Diop founded a noted cultural journal and this author joined the Academie francais in 1983. His wrote that his poems should be accompanied by musical instruments to be complete. Some of his poetry collections include Songs of Naett, Letters in the Season of Hivernage, and Nocturnes. His collection Shadow Songs, written during his rise to political power, contains his best known poem, an homage to Africa entitled "Black Woman." FTP, identify this author of Ethiopiques, the first president of Senegal, who was a part of the Negritude movement.
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seized La Prensa, and he and his men created and advocated the "Third Position." This man served as a member of the United Officers Group, and first held the position of Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare, and in a later position, he was replaced by Alejandro Lanusse. He had earlier become Minister of War and Vice President under President General Edelmiro J. Farrell, and before dying of uterine cancer, one of his wives participated in the the Rainbow Tour across Europe. Supported by the descamisados, for 10 points, name this man, the husband of Eva and Isabel who was elected three times to be President of Argentina.
