World History Ch.21 lesson 2
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
How Ideas spread
An important aspect of the growth of publishing and reading in the eighteenth century was the development of magazines and newspapers for the general public. The first daily newspaper was printed in London in 1702. Newspapers were relatively cheap and were even provided free in many coffeehouses. Coffeehouses also served as gathering places for the exchange of ideas. Enlightenment ideas were also spread through the salon. Salons were the elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class's great urban houses. Invited guests gathered in these salons and took part in conversations that were often centered on the new ideas of the philosophes. The salons brought writers and artists together with aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people. The women who hosted the salons were in a position to sway political opinion and helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.
who was a famous architect at the time?
Balthasar Neumann
Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, was a French noble. His famous work The Spirit of the Laws (1748) was a study of governments. In it, tried to find the natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings.
Who wrote the Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades?
Diderot
What are examples of social sciences?
Geography, politics, economics
John Wesley
In England, the most famous new religious and evangelical movement— Methodism—was the work of ________, an Anglican minister. _______ had a mystical experience in which "the gift of God's grace" assured him of salvation. _______ often preached two or three times a day. ____ sermons often caused people to have conversion experiences. Many converts then joined Methodist societies to do good works. One notable reform they influenced was the abolition of the slave trade in the early 1800s. After ______'s death, Methodism became a separate Protestant group.
Who wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What two 17th century thinkers influenced the philosophes of the Enlightenment? How did they influence them?
John Locke. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke argued that every person was born with a tabula rasa, or blank mind. Locke's ideas suggested that people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world. Enlightenment thinkers began to believe that if environments were changed and people were exposed to the right influences, then they could be changed to create a new, and better, society. Isaac Newton. The ideas of Isaac Newton also influenced eighteenth-century intellectuals. Newton believed that the physical world and everything in it was like a giant "world machine," operating according to natural laws that could be uncovered through systematic investigation. The Enlightenment thinkers reasoned that if Newton was able to discover the natural laws that governed the physical world, then by applying his scientific methods, they would be able to discover the natural laws that governed human society. If all institutions would then follow these natural laws, the result would be an ideal society.
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Who wrote The Spirit of Laws?
Montesquieu
Who wrote the Social Contract?
Rousseau
what are haydn's great works? what are mozart's great works?
The Creation and The Seasons- h The Marriage of Figaro and The Magic Flute-m
Who are the founders of the modern social sciences?
The Physiocrats and Scottish philosopher Adam Smith have been viewed as the founders of the modern social science of economics.
Physiocrats
The Physiocrats, a French group, were interested in identifying the natural economic laws that governed human society.
Adam Smith
The best statement of laissez-faire was made in 1776 by ____ in ____ famous work, The Wealth of Nations. believed that the state should not interfere in economic matters. Indeed, gave to the government only three basic roles. First, it should protect society from invasion (the function of the army). Second, the government should defend citizens from injustice (the function of the police). And finally, it should keep up certain public works that private individuals alone could not afford—roads and canals, for example—but which are necessary for social interaction and trade.
Despite many philosophes being non- Christian, the majority of the Europeans...
Were Christian but many were becoming Protestant
Diderot
_____ most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades, a 28-volume collection of knowledge that he edited. Published between 1751 and 1772, the purpose of the Encyclopedia, according to _____, was to "change the general way of thinking." The Encyclopedia became a weapon against the old French society. Many of its articles attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration. Others called for social, legal, and political reforms. Sold to doctors, clergymen, teachers, and lawyers, the Encyclopedia spread Enlightenment ideas.
Wollstonecraft
an English writer, advanced the strongest statement for the rights of women. Many see her as the founder of the modern European and American movements for women's rights. In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, identified two problems with the views of many Enlightenment thinkers. Women, ______ declared, should have equal rights in education, as well as in economic and political life. She also denied male supremacy as an early feminist.
rococo
characterized by graceful curves & delicate signs pleasure, happiness and love were themes expressed grace, charm, and gentle action
Laissez- faire doctrine
if individuals were free to pursue their own economic self-interest, all society would benefit. The state, then, should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces by imposing regulations on the economy. Instead, the state should leave the economy alone. This doctrine became known by its French name, laissez-faire, meaning "to let (people) do (what they want).
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
most famous philosophe of the later Enlightenment. In ____ Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, argued that people had adopted laws and government in order to preserve their private property. In the process, they had become enslaved by government and needed to regain their freedom. In ____ major work The Social Contract, published in 1762, presented ____ concept of the social contract. Through a social contract, an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will. Individuals who wish instead to follow their own self-interests must be forced to abide by the general will. Thus, liberty is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for "the general will" because the general will represents what is best for the entire community. Unlike many Enlightenment thinkers, _________ believed that emotions, as well as reason, were important to human development. sought a balance between heart and mind, between emotions and reason.
who were two musical geniuses at the time?
mozart and haydn
roccoco was popular on?
music and architecture
why did versailles have such a big impact on europe?
other rulers decided they wanted something that grand too
What did Montesquieu believe?
stated that England's government had three branches: the executive (the monarch), the legislative (Parliament), and the judicial (the courts of law). The government functioned through a separation of powers. In this separation, the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the government limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances.
What was the Enlightenment?
was an eighteenth-century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. One of the favorite words of these intellectuals was reason. By this, they meant the application of the scientific method to an understanding of all life. They hoped that by using the scientific method, they could make progress toward a better society than the one they had inherited.
Volitarie
was well known for his criticism of Christianity. had a strong belief in religious toleration, fighting against religious intolerance in France. championed deism, an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law and built on the idea of the Newtonian world machine. In the Deists' view, a mechanic (God) had created the universe.