World Humanities MidTerm

Hebrew and Babylonian law instilled social obligations that were unique in some ways and similar in others. Match the distinguishing concept or legal clause with either Babylonian law or Hebrew law:

-In Babylonian Law, as reflected in Hammurabi's Code, women were liable to harsh punishments for misdeeds; for example, they were subject to capital punishment, as were men, for adultery. It also states that individuals were not regarded as equals. Human worth was defined in terms of a person's wealth and status in society. Accordingly, violence committed upon a lower-class individual drew considerably lighter punishment than a similar crime between equals -In contrast, the Hebrew code focuses more extensively on moral codes requiring honesty, rather than a narrower focus on legalistic matters. A person's social class or wealth had no bearing on the application of the Commandments. For instance, the Commandment, "You shall not steal" applies to everyone, rich and poor alike

Different phases of government united the inhabitants of Mesopotamia between approximately 3200 and 330 B.C.E. Place each item into sequential order:

-Sumer, the first of Mesopotamia's many civilizations, arose some time around 3500 B.C.E. Sumer gave rise to humankind's first cities (Uruk, Ur, Kish, Nippur, and Lagash) and consisted of small groups of self-ruling city-states. - Around 2350 B.C.E., an Akkadian warlord named Sargon I conquered Sumer and united the city-states under his command, reigning as the empire's monarch. - Shortly after 2000 B.C.E., rulers of the city-state of Babylon unified the neighboring territories of Sumer to establish the First Babylonian Empire. - During the Iron Age, tribal nomads, called the Hittites, built an empire using iron technology. Their empire lasted until around 1200 B.C.E. - Towards the end of the Hittite empire—around 1500 B.C.E.— numerous small states came to flower as a result of increased agricultural production. These states included the Phoencician, Lydian, and Hebrew cultures. - As iron weaponry became more advanced, cultures used it to gain dominance. Several empires followed one another in succession: the Assyrians (ca. 750-600 B.C.E.), Chaldeans (ca. 600-540 B.C.E.), and Persians (ca. 550-330 B.C.E.).

The beginnings of the Hebrew history is personified by which of the following?

Abraham

Egypt was conquered in 332 B.C.E. by which of the following invaders?

Alexander the Great

During the Hellenistic period, which of the following replaced Athens as the cultural center of the Western world?

Alexandria

Place the following scientific and philosophical ideas into chronological order

Archeological remains indicate there were Neolithic villages in China as early as 3500 B.C.E. The first dynasty described in historical records is the Xia dynasty, originating ca. 2200 B.C.E. The Shang dynasty lasted from around 1766-1027 B.C.E. The Western Zhou dynasty existed from 1027-771 B.C.E

The cities of Nimrud and Nineveh are famous for the palaces of the:

Assyrians

Which of the following was the vital North African port captured by Rome at the end of the Punic Wars?

Carthage

Categorize each characteristic under the appropriate dynasty

Detailed knowledge of the Neolithic cultures in China is scant, but evidence indicates that they were already producing silk as early as 3500 B.C.E. Once the Chinese began keeping historical records (during the Xia dynasty), we know a bit more. Excavations of Xia dynasty cities gives credibility to the legend that King Yu reduced the flooding of the Yellow River by authorizing the construction of canals along its tributaries. The Shang dynasty reveals much of ancient Chinese life. As in Mesopotamia and Egypt, China's royal tombs were filled with treasures. Centuries in the making, by 1750 B.C.E. there was a developed pictographic writing system. During the early Western Zhou Era, the principles of the Mandate of Heaven were cemented when the rebel Zhou clan justified their assault on the Shang by claiming that Shang kings had failed to rule virtuously; hence, Heaven had withdrawn its mandate. The Zhou dynasty developed a governmental system whereby individuals were selected for government service on the basis of merit and education. Written examinations tested the competence and skill of those who sought government office.

Done

Done

Which one of the following is NOT true of ancient Greek life?

Each polis had its own language and religion

The ________ held that happiness depended on avoiding all forms of physical excess; they valued plain living and the perfect union of body and mind

Epicureans

Urban planning, chariot racing, the toga, and the architectural arch were ideas used by the Romans, but handed down from the:

Etruscans

Which of the following peoples settled the northwest portion of the Italian peninsula?

Etruscans

Determine whether each characteristic is part of the naturalist or humanist philosophy.

Generally speaking, the naturalist philosophers were concerned with describing physical reality in terms of the unity that lay behind the chaos of human perceptions. For example, mathematics (proportion and equations), atomic theory, and Hippocrates's investigations into health and illness are all considered part of naturalist philosophy. The humanist philosophers followed and pursued a different course: they turned their attention to the realm of the mind, to moral concerns, and the cultivation of wisdom. They reasoned there was a limit to human knowledge, a concept that Plato outlined in his Theory of Forms.

Which of the following peoples finally conquered the Greeks in 338 B.C.E.?

Macedonians

The authority to rule, according to ancient Chinese texts, was given to the ruler by:

Heaven

The Greek physician remembered as the father of medicine was

Hippocrates

Match each Egyptian god or goddess to the correct description

Horus (sky god) - falcon; Hapi (god of the Nile) - bull; Amon (sun god) - sun rays; Isis (fertility goddess) - female; Osiris (god of the underworld) - mummified king; Aten (god of the solar disk) - solar disk.

Place the following labels onto the image to show how the plan of the temple mirrors features of the Egyptian cosmos

In temples from the New Kingdom, the basic layout mirrored the central features of the Egyptian cosmos. The pylon gate symbolized the mountains that rimmed the edge of the world (they were constructed as pyramids), while the progress from the open courtyard through the hypostyle hall into the dark inner sanctuary housing the cult statue represented a voyage from light to darkness (and back) symbolic of the sun's cyclical journey. Obelisks (large, commemorative stone pillars) would often adorn the entrances

The architectural order that uses relatively slender columns with capitals of paired scrolls is called:

Ionic

Why did the Hebrews not go immediately to the promised land after leaving Egypt?

It was occupied by strong local tribes

The Iliad is a work that describes events related to the:

Mycenaean attack on the coastal city of Troy

Identify features and symbols in the Palette of King Narmer:

On both the back and the front of the palette, we can see the image of Hathor, the sky goddess, at the top. The bull, at the bottom of the front face, symbolizes royal power. On the back face, we see the triumphant Narmer seizing a fallen enemy by the hair. To his left, a slave (represented smaller in size than Narmer) dutifully carries his master's sandals. At the upper right is the victorious falcon, symbol of the god Horus, who now holds the subdued lands of Lower Egypt by a leash. At the bottom are images of Narmer's defeated enemies

The ancient capital of the Persian Empire was:

Persepolis

The Greek Golden Age followed on the heels of the:

Persian War

The most ancient American urban areas were located in which of the following modern countries?

Peru

Regarding Roman sculpture, which is NOT true?

Portraits of men and women were usually idealized

Which of the following writers is NOT a famous Roman poet?

Sappho

The occupants of the "dragon throne" who represented China's earliest kings were the ________ dynasty

Shang

The ________ agreed with the Sophists that absolute truth was unknowable

Skeptics

Match each landmark to its place of origin

The Palace of Minos was the center of Minoan civilization. It is located at Knossos on the island of Crete. The Lion Gate, part of the citadel at Mycenae, is a remnant from the Mycenaean civilization. As Greek drama grew in scope and popularity, theaters were built such as Polycleitus the Younger's, at Epidaurus. The Parthenon is one of the jewels of Athens

Identify the key sculptural and architectural details on the Parthenon

The Parthenon is made from Doric columns (columns that swell near the center to counter the optical effect of thinning). A frieze is a decorative band along the top of a wall, consisting of segmented spaces called metopes. The upper flat surface on the roof contains the pediment. The cornices were overhangs. The columns terminate at the top in capital, which vary from plain to highly stylized

Place the following events on the early Roman history and republic into chronological order.

The history of the Roman Empire begins at the beginning of the first millennium B.C.E., when Iron Age tribes called Latins founded the city of Rome in the lower valley of the Tiber River. Surrounding populations of Etruscans influenced the Latins, including a mythological founding by which the twin sons of Mars, Romulus and Remus, established the city of Rome in 753 B.C.E. Eventually, in 509 B.C.E., the Latins overthrew the Etruscans. Over the next 200 years, monarchy slowly gave way to a government "of the people" (res publica). Later, as the Romans spread outwards geographically, they would engage in a 50-year period of intermittent violence—the Punic Wars—that ended with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C.E. After countless victories, the Roman army developed a fearsome reputation. The Jewish historian Josephus, who witnessed the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., described the superiority of the Roman military machine

Identify the geographic areas surrounding the Nile River

The orientation of Eyptian geography was based on the flow of the Nile River. Since the river flowed northwards out into the Mediterranean Sea, areas upstream (away from the sea) were considered "upper." Therefore, Upper Egypt is further south than Lower Egypt. Upper Nubia is further south than Lower Nubia.

Chart the evolution of the Classical style by placing each era or event into sequential order

The quest for harmonious proportion during the Classical style was marked by several significant eras. In order, these were: the Geometric period (ca. 1200-700 B.C.E.); the Archaic period (ca. 700-480 B.C.E.); after the Persian Wars (ca. 480-400 B.C.E.), the Classical period (480-323 B.C.E.) flourished; Alexander (356-323 B.C.E.) assumes the Macedonian throne in 336 and his far-reaching influence brought about the Hellenistic Age (323-30 B.C.E.)

Match each Greek god or goddess to the correct description

The relevant Greek gods and what they signify: Apollo (solar light); Hades (the underworld); Zeus (the sky, king of the gods); Athena (war, wisdom); Nike (victory); Hestia (domestic life, the hearth)

Place each group of individuals into the appropriate ancient Egyptian social class to see how women's social status compares

The social order of ancient Egypt was well defined, but also allowed for some social mobility. Generally, the pharaoh's bureaucracy, which included viziers, stood at the top of the social order, along with landowners and priests. In the middle class were merchants, traders, builders, and scribes. At the bottom of the social pyramid, were peasants and slaves.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Greek drama?

The tragedians avoided using stories that were familiar to the audience

Which of the following is NOT true of the pyramids?

They were built almost entirely of marble

The first five books of the Hebrew Bible are collectively called the:

Torah

The most powerful deity of the Greek pantheon was:

Zeus

Which prophet taught that life was a battlefield on which the dual forces of light and darkness contended for supremacy, and whose teachings would later influence Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?

Zoroaster

The Egyptian rule of proportion when creating artistic representations of the human form was the width of:

a clenched fist

The Book of Job questions unjustified suffering in a universe governed by:

a merciful God

A direct democracy is one in which:

all citizens take part in making laws

The Code of Hammurabi reflects the fact that in ancient Babylon:

all people were not considered equal

The Romans invented:

concrete

The main source of our information regarding Greek painting during the Golden Age has come down from:

decorated vases

The Great Temple at Karnak was:

dedicated to the sun god

The Greek and Roman civilizations differed significantly in:

geographic size

The figurative voyage from light to dark as one entered the Egyptian temple was represented by a room of:

hypostyles

The poetry of Sappho is remarkable for its:

inventiveness, optimism, economy of expression, all of the above

NOT associated with Aten in the "The Hymn to the Aten" is his role as:

law-giver

Place the following scientific and philosophical ideas into chronological order.

water formed the primary matter of the universe 1 physical reality consisted of atoms 2 "Man is the measure of all things" 3 to know good is to do good 4 all sensory objects are imitations of the Forms

Most surviving Greek sculptures are made of:

marble

The joining of Atman (self) and Brahman results in which of the following?

nirvana

The earliest civilizations in India were located in

northwest India

Citizens of Athens included which of the following?

only landowning males over the age of eighteen

Both in poetry and in the visual arts, one detects ancient Egypt's:

optimistic sense of order

In India, religion is grounded in ________, the belief in an all-pervading divine spirit

pantheism

Plato's Theory of Forms conveys the idea that:

reality lies in a realm beyond sense perception

Socrates refused to escape from an Athenian jail because he

refused to dishonor the laws of the polis

In the realm of literature, the most original Roman device was:

satire

Apart from the Ten Commandments, the Hebrew laws recorded in Exodus:

strongly parallel Hammurabi's code

Hindus identify the word "Brahman" with:

the Cosmic Spirit

The pre-Socratic philosophers were searching for:

the basic "stuff" of nature

The Roman Forum was:

the center of Rome's political, economic, and religious life

Which of the following is a major characteristic of China's early literature?

the veneration of ancestors

The word "Dao" can best be defined in English as:

the way of nature

A ruler whose authority is both political and spiritual is described as:

theocratic

In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the gift of life that makes "old men young again" is represented as a:

thorny plant

Multiple arches used architecturally in any sequence form a(n):

vault

In the ancient world, slaves were usually:

victims of military conquest

At the top of the Egyptian power hierarchy serving the pharaoh was the:

vizier