Writing Skills Review

An abstract is NOT . . .

A suitable replacement for a full article

What is the definition of a secondary source?

A work that analyzes or interprets a historical event, phenomenon, or original work.

A student is creating a pamphlet for a class project about raising awareness on ground and surface water pollution from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). CAFOs are agricultural operations that raise and feed livestock in confined areas. The student wants to revise his conclusive paragraph by adding two sentences to the end of the paragraph that will articulate the potential implications of failing to take action on reducing CAFO pollution. Read the following excerpt from the student's draft and complete the task that follows it. CAFOs can contaminate ground and surface water through dissolved solids, nutrients, metals and metalloids, pathogens, antibiotics, and natural and synthetic hormones. To prevent and reduce such pollution, agriculturalists should develop and follow site-specific Nutrient Management Plans. These plans are tailored to the specific needs of the land and its surrounding environment and ecosystems. Yet few data exist as to whether these plans are being adequately developed or rigorously followed. In one case study of a swine farm, groundwater was found to be consistently and significantly contaminated by waste products from the CAFO. Swine waste from a leaking lagoon was directly contaminating shallow ground water with high levels of ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate, estrogen hormones, and arsenic. Remediation efforts for reducing ground and surface water pollution are underway. However, the threat of contamination is far from gone. Many similar sites exist across the United States and many of these sites are virtually undetectable. They exist in remote areas without proper certifications and under the guise of small-scale farms. Revise the conclusion by choosing the two sentences that would improve the end of the third paragraph by articulating the potential implications of failing to take action on reducing CAFO pollution. A. Without proper awareness, regulations, inspections, and enforcement, these instances of contamination will continue to increase. B. Investigators have found many sites that are not properly monitoring the waste created by the animals within these areas. C. Further, these sites can go undetected because there are a limited amount of environmental investigators relative to the number of existing sites. D. The increase in the size and number of CAFOs and the lack of proper waste disposal has led to an increase in the pollution of ground and surface water. E. If these remediation efforts are not pursued, the earth's clean sources of ground and surface water, which serve as sources of drinking water for humans and animals, will be significantly depleted.

A. Without proper awareness, regulations, inspections, and enforcement, these instances of contamination will continue to increase. E. If these remediation efforts are not pursued, the earth's clean sources of ground and surface water, which serve as sources of drinking water for humans and animals, will be significantly depleted.

A student is writing instructions on how to grow potatoes. The student wants to revise the draft to provide an analogy to explain the topic. Read a paragraph from the draft of the instructions and complete the task that follows. Growing potatoes can be enjoyable and easy—even for the most novice gardener. First, purchase a couple of Yukon Gold potatoes from the grocery store. Leave them out on your counter for a few days so that the "eyes" of the potatoes begin to form sprouts. The sprouts will grow outward more than one inch and may curl. Then, cut each potato into two- to three-inch segments so that each wedge of potato has one or two eyes. Next, let these segments sit out for two or three days so that a film or skin forms on the exposed part of the potato. After a few more days, plant the potato portions in an area that will get plentiful sunlight. Since potatoes are crops, be sure to water the soil at least once a day. If you can follow these few simple steps, you should have sprouting potatoes in just a few weeks. Revise this sentence "The sprouts will grow outward more than one inch and may curl." by selecting a sentence that best uses an analogy to explain the topic. A. Sprouts will grow very long and outward from the core of the potato. B. Keep the potatoes exposed until the sprouts start to look like the green, twisted tentacles of an octopus. C. The sprouts stemming from the eyes will begin to appear like rays of sunshine from the potato. D. The potatoes should remain on the counter until the sprouts coming from the eyes beg to be cut and planted.

B. Keep the potatoes exposed until the sprouts start to look like the green, twisted tentacles of an octopus.

A student is writing an online newspaper article for his school newspaper about the importance of taking naps. The student wants to revise the draft to provide better evidence. Read a paragraph from the draft of the online newspaper article and complete the task that follows. Whether or not you are a business person, a stay-at-home parent, a college student, or professional athlete, taking naps is a crucial part of maintaining a healthy metabolism, focused brain, and productive lifestyle. In today's world, everyone has something scheduled for practically every minute of the day. It may seem as if there is no time to fit a nap into a demanding day; however, it is precisely because we are all so busy that naps should be absolutely included in each person's daily routine. A 20 minute nap can help reenergize, revitalize, and improve productivity. People should not rely on caffeine or sugar to get all of their tasks done in a day. These substances only provide short-term energy bursts and then cause a dramatic drop in liveliness and productivity. In consideration of the hectic lifestyles that everyone seems to have today, the better alternative is a nap that will result in sustained focus and increased efficiency. Choose the sentence that provides the best fact to support the main idea of the paper. A. According to the National Medical Association, only 35% of all Americans take a daily nap. B. Taking naps is an excellent practice that all people should take part in, no matter how busy they may be. C. A recent study published in National Sleep Study magazine showed that 77% of those who took a daily nap had healthier hearts and suffered from less chronic disease than those who did not nap at all. D. Even though some may refute the benefits of taking naps, my great-grandfather takes a nap every day, and he is still alive at the age of 103.

C. A recent study published in National Sleep Study magazine showed that 77% of those who took a daily nap had healthier hearts and suffered from less chronic disease than those who did not nap at all.

What are three features unique to scholarly journals when compared to popular magazines?

Scholarly journal articles are generally serious in tone, subject to peer review processes, and utilize more complex styles of writing and academic vocabulary.

What are Highlights Magazine's primary and secondary audiences?

primary - young children, secondary - parents

primary audience

the person or group of people who receive the communication/text directly, and usually are the author's intended audience

A student is writing about procedures at a city council meeting for the school newspaper. Read the following paragraph from the student's editorial. At last week's city council meeting, student representatives from our school signed up to speak about an issue important to local youth. With a lot of cool people brought along for support, we were excited about arguing the problem and joining a government event. We were dismayed that, when the council members became aware of our formidable presence, our sponsor was pulled aside and told that he was the only one who would be allowed to speak. It is for this reason that we protest the council's disregard for proper procedures during the public forum. Which of the following is the best replacement for this sentence, "With a lot of cool people brought along for support, we were excited about arguing the problem and joining a government event." ? A. A lot of really important people came with us, and they were really angry that we were not allowed to speak. B. Along with community supporters, we looked forward to participating in a democratic process that encouraged open debate. C. All of us, including our outraged supporters, were upset at the council's trampling of our basic rights. D. We had many adults who took issue with the fact that we could not speak while three people spoke about unfair parking tickets.

B. Along with community supporters, we looked forward to participating in a democratic process that encouraged open debate.

A student is creating an information packet for a science project on the environmental concerns of crop production. The student wants to revise his draft by adding a transitional word and/or phrase to the beginning of the second underlined sentence. Read the following excerpt from the student's draft and complete the task that follows it. Crop production includes a number of environmental concerns. First, agriculturalists must be concerned with erosion control. Erosion control helps to prevent runoff and soil erosion caused by this runoff. Further, good drainage enables crops to properly absorb nutrients and protective chemicals. In order to establish good drainage, agriculturalists should use one or a combination of drainage and erosion control structures. These structures are built according to the characteristics of the land. An agriculturalist may need a different type of structure if his crops are growing on a slope rather than a flat land area. However, agriculturalists must also consider the type of crops they are growing and the climate of the region when they are deciding on the type of structure to build. These structures may include grassed waterways, water basins, buffers, terraces, and drainage tiles. Revise the transition between the two "These structures are built according to the characteristics of the land. An agriculturalist may need a different type of structure if his crops are growing on a slope rather than a flat land area." by choosing two words and/or phrases that would improve the connections by indicating that what is to come builds upon the information just presented. Choose two options below. A. However, B. Therefore, C. Thereafter, D. For example, E. Alternatively, F. By a similar demonstration, G. Presenting this information,

B. Therefore, D. For example,

A student is writing instructions on how to start a club at school. The student wants to revise the draft to include better transitions. Read the draft of the instructions and complete the task that follows. Even though there are quite a few steps that have to be followed to start a club on campus, many students will appreciate and benefit from your efforts. First, you need to make sure that there are enough students on campus that are interested in your club. You will have to eventually elect officers, and if there are not enough members, this will be impossible to do. You need to find a teacher on campus who is willing to be your advisor. Ideally, this teacher would be actually interested in what your club is doing, but this is not absolutely necessary. Next, you will write a petition to the ASB class expressing your desire to start this new club and what it is all about. They will vote on it and decide if it is worthy of being a club on campus. If they approve it, you officially have your club established. However, the work is not done. At one of the first meetings, you will need to submit your club constitution, budget for the year, and vote on your officers. All of this important information needs to be submitted to the ASB in a prompt manner. Revise the transition strategies by choosing two phrases that would improve the connections between these two sentences, You will have to eventually elect officers, and if there are not enough members, this will be impossible to do. You need to find a teacher on campus who is willing to be your advisor." by indicating that what is to come builds upon the information just presented. A. After you have student support, B. However, starting a club can be difficult; C. Once you are sure you will have enough students to fulfill all of the officer roles, D. With the intention of starting the club, E. Since forming this club will be advantageous to many students,

A. After you have student support, C. Once you are sure you will have enough students to fulfill all of the officer roles,

A student is writing an article on a 1948 Supreme Court case decision for a class project on religious freedom in the United States. The student wants to revise the introductory paragraph to improve the introduction of religious freedom in the context of American history and the American court system. Read the following excerpt from the student's draft and complete the task that follows it. Source: United States Supreme Court, http://www.supremecourt.gov/ McCollum v. Board of Education District 71, 333 U.S. 203 (1948) Washington, D.C.—March 8, 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision in a case, the subject of which has seen much debate throughout the history of the American people. The case of McCollum v. Board of Education District 71 (1948), seemed to be a standard question of freedom of religion. Yet the decision in this case uncovered layers of conflicting beliefs that fueled passionate debates as to what the term "religious freedom" actually means. Revise the paragraph by adding two sentences between "The case of McCollum v. Board of Education District 71 (1948), seemed to be a standard question of freedom of religion. Yet the decision in this case uncovered layers of conflicting beliefs that fueled passionate debates as to what the term "religious freedom" actually means." that will improve the introduction of religious freedom in the context of American history and the American court system. Select two sentences that would improve the introduction of this topic. A. America was founded over the pursuit of religious freedom. B. Historically, the Puritans have symbolized religious freedom in America. C. Accordingly, many subsequent court cases have sought to protect this freedom. D. Many people believe that religious freedom is the right to take any action that one desires, but that is not the case. E. American citizens have the right to bring suit in a Federal Court, including the Supreme Court, when the legal issue is within the Federal Court's jurisdiction as expressly mentioned in the Constitution.

A. America was founded over the pursuit of religious freedom. C. Accordingly, many subsequent court cases have sought to protect this freedom.

A student is creating a pamphlet for a science project to raise awareness on global warming. The student wants to revise the introductory paragraph to improve the subtopic - the purpose of greenhouse gases. Read the following excerpt from the student's draft and complete the task that follows it. Over the past century, the earth's temperature has risen approximately 1.4°F. This change may sound insignificant; however, these small changes can result in major, and potentially dangerous, shifts in the earth's climate and weather patterns. These small changes in temperature are largely the result of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Not all atmospheric gases are greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases support human life. However, human activities have greatly increased the amount of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. Revise this sentence "Not all atmospheric gases are greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases support human life." to improve the introduction of the subtopic - the purpose of greenhouse gases. Choose two sentences from the choices below. A. Atmospheric gases become greenhouse gases when they serve to trap heat inside the earth. B. Climate change produced by greenhouse gases is largely the result of a lack of concern for the environment. C. Greenhouse gas emissions can be produced from several activities, including electricity production, vehicle and equipment emissions, burning fossil fuels for energy production, and deforestation. D. Because they are vital to life on earth, greenhouse gases should be regulated by strict laws. E. These gases support human life on the planet by functioning as a blanket to insulate and protect the earth. F. Therefore, the earth's climate is dependent on humans to actively respect and care for its atmosphere and the greenhouse gases within this atmosphere.

A. Atmospheric gases become greenhouse gases when they serve to trap heat inside the earth. E. These gases support human life on the planet by functioning as a blanket to insulate and protect the earth.

Read the following paragraph. The two great composers Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart differ in significant ways. For example, they did not live at the same time; indeed, Mozart was born in 1756, six years after Bach's death. Bach lived to be 65 years old; whereas, Mozart died at age 35. While Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios, Mozart primarily created secular music such as operas and sonatas. Bach wrote in the structured, rather predictable style of the Baroque era, but Mozart represents the freedom and dynamism of the Classical period. Finally, Bach's music relies heavily on a small string orchestra accompanying the harpsichord and clavichord, the keyboards available during his time. By Mozart's time, the pianoforte was in use, and he preferred it along with a large orchestra. Select three options that revise this sentence, "While Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios, Mozart primarily created secular music such as operas and sonatas." with language that fits with the rest of the paragraph. A. Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios; whereas, Mozart primarily wrote secular music such as operas and sonatas. B. Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios; likewise, Mozart primarily wrote secular music such as operas and sonatas. C. Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios; on the other hand, Mozart primarily wrote secular music such as operas and sonatas. D. Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios, but Mozart primarily wrote secular music such as operas and sonatas. E. Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios; moreover, Mozart primarily wrote secular music such as operas and sonatas.

A. Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios; whereas, Mozart primarily wrote secular music such as operas and sonatas. C. Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios; on the other hand, Mozart primarily wrote secular music such as operas and sonatas. D. Bach almost exclusively wrote church music like hymns and oratorios, but Mozart primarily wrote secular music such as operas and sonatas.

Read the following informational paragraph. Planning meals for a family of five is a difficult task that requires concentration and creativity. It can be hard for big families, small families, and extended families. There are many things to consider when planning a week's meals. First, you must take into consideration any family members' food allergies or aversions and eliminate these foods from the list of possible meals. Next, you must think about budget. You must stick to a specific budget when planning, so that may limit the types of ingredients that you can purchase. Some items are very expensive, and some are inexpensive. Once items have been eliminated by necessity, you can start to plan out the actual meals. A truly organized meal planner will have varied meals but will overlap ingredients to save money. For example, a skilled meal planner may cook a rotisserie chicken on Monday night and use the leftovers to make chicken noodle soup on Wednesday night. No matter what the meal, though, no family likes to eat the same meals night after night, week after week. Variety is key, so a good meal planner will employ the help of cookbooks, web sites, and friends to find delicious recipes. Meal planning takes practice, but you too can someday be a skilled, creative meal planner. Which of the following sentences should be eliminated from the paragraph in order to maintain focus on its central point? Select two that apply. A. It can be hard for big families, small families, and extended families. B. Some items are very expensive, and some are inexpensive. C. Once items have been eliminated by necessity, you can start to plan out the actual meals. D. A truly organized meal planner will have varied meals but will overlap ingredients to save money. E. Variety is key, so a good meal planner will employ the help of cookbooks, web sites, and friends to find delicious recipes. F. Meal planning takes practice, but you too can someday be a skilled, creative meal planner.

A. It can be hard for big families, small families, and extended families. B. Some items are very expensive, and some are inexpensive.

A student is writing a report about the protection of marine mammals for her science class. The student wants to revise the draft to provide more details or examples. Read the draft of the report and complete the task that follows. Marine mammals are some of the most beloved creatures on earth. Whales, dolphins, sea lions, and polar bears are members of this special group of animals. These mammals spend most of their lives in or near the sea and have adapted well to an aquatic environment. The variety, appearance, and behavior of these mammals have drawn the interest of humans for centuries. Because modern man has intruded on marine mammals' territory and resources, protection of these animals has become important. In the early to mid-twentieth century, many people viewed marine mammals as a product, and they were exploited for financial gain. However, scientists and the public became concerned about the decline of significant populations of marine mammals. In 1972, the United States enacted the Marine Mammal Protection Act. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the purpose of the law was to help protect the marine mammal population. It did so by managing its habitat for the mammals' benefit and not for commercial gain. The public has become more aware of threats to marine mammals and its obligation to protect these endangered species. On a national level, people can participate in public hearings and meetings established to involve citizens in the legislative process. Citizens can also use petitions and lawsuits to make sure that laws protecting marine mammals are obeyed. On the local level, people who live near our oceans can help ensure that the marine mammals' habitat is healthy. Efforts to protect marine mammals will help ensure that future generations are able to enjoy these magnificent animals. Choose two sentences to add after this sentence, "On the local level, people who live near our oceans can help ensure that the marine mammals' habitat is healthy." that would add information to the idea developed in the third paragraph. A. Keeping the water and beaches free of trash and other debris is important. B. Commercial fisheries should stay clear of marine mammal habitats. C. It is important to respect the nesting areas of sea turtles, seals, and other marine mammals. D. The federal government can pass further legislation to protect sea mammals. E. Students can learn more about the special subgroups of marine mammals in school.

A. Keeping the water and beaches free of trash and other debris is important. C. It is important to respect the nesting areas of sea turtles, seals, and other marine mammals.

A student is writing a memoir for the high school literary magazine about her work tutoring struggling readers at a local middle school. The student wants to revise the draft to improve its organization. Read the draft of the narrative and complete the task that follows. The last sentence of the narrative is not the most effective ending. Select the sentence that would be the best ending to the text. Because my father was in the military, my family transferred often when I was a young child. By the time I was ten, we had moved four times, and I had attended five diverse schools, each with a different curriculum and culture. Through it all, I was resolute to make the best of our situation, and I found continuity and solace in reading. Although I remained engrossed in my beloved books, I longed for that stimulating discourse one finds when sharing literary explorations with another. That isolated feeling ended in high school when my English teacher encouraged me to be a volunteer with reluctant readers at a local middle school. Although doubtful that sharing stories and poems with younger students would meet my needs, I was surprised to find kindred spirits with whom I could share my love of literature. As graduation approaches and I reflect on my high school years, I have come to realize that spending time mentoring struggling readers brought me profound joy and gratification. After noticing that some of the children were captivated by superheroes, I told the students that I knew the greatest superpower of all. Doubtful at first, the students learned the power of words, and together we read stories that brought tears, outrage, joy, and laughter. Young people who had never enjoyed reading were engaged in the stories of lost love, triumph over adversity, and everyday super heroes.

As graduation approaches and I reflect on my high school years, I have come to realize that spending time mentoring struggling readers brought me profound joy and gratification.

A student is creating a pamphlet for a class project about emergency preparedness for extreme heat conditions. The student wants to revise his conclusive paragraph by revising the underlined sentences to articulate the potential implications of failing to take proper precautions in a heat emergency. Read the following excerpt from the student's draft and complete the task that follows it. Extreme heat can be a serious form of natural disaster, especially if community residents are not prepared. hen extreme heat ensues, residents should always observe state and local regulations on water and energy conservation. Communities that are susceptible to extreme heat, such as urban areas, can install cool or vegetated "green" roofs, plant more trees and vegetation, and switch to cooler paving materials. These natural strategies also serve to prevent power outages associated with extreme heat disasters. Also, residents should drink more fluids and limit outdoor activity. Extreme heat can be particularly dangerous for young children, elderly people, people with mental illnesses, and people who are already physically ill; people in these categories should be monitored closely for signs of heat-related illness. Finally, if a power outage does occur, residents should place generators outside and well away from doors, windows, and vents. If followed properly, these precautions can help a community and its residents successfully plan for and reduce the effects of extreme heat. Revise the conclusion by choosing the two sentences that would improve these sentences "Also, residents should drink more fluids and limit outdoor activity." and "Finally, if a power outage does occur, residents should place generators outside and well away from doors, windows, and vents." by articulating the potential implications of failing to take proper precautions in a heat emergency. A. Also, residents should drink more fluids and limit outdoor activity to comply with their personal physicians' recommendations. B. Also, residents should drink more fluids and limit outdoor activity, as extreme heat conditions can cause heat exhaustion and heat stroke. C. Also, residents should drink more fluids and limit outdoor activity, as healthy muscle growth requires adequate water consumption during intense periods of exercise. D. Finally, if a power outage does occur, residents should place generators outside and well away from doors, windows, and vents in order to prevent voiding the generator's warranty. E. Finally, if a power outage does occur, residents should place generators outside and well away from doors, windows, and vents in order to comply with building code regulations. F. Finally, if a power outage does occur, residents should place generators outside and well away from doors, windows, and vents in order to avoid the inhalation of toxic fumes and to prevent the onset of heat-related illnesses.

B. Also, residents should drink more fluids and limit outdoor activity, as extreme heat conditions can cause heat exhaustion and heat stroke. F. Finally, if a power outage does occur, residents should place generators outside and well away from doors, windows, and vents in order to avoid the inhalation of toxic fumes and to prevent the onset of heat-related illnesses.

Read the following paragraph. Training for a five-kilometer race is a challenging, but achievable task for most healthy adults. When training for a race, the most important thing is to be consistent. A person can go from a basically sedentary lifestyle to being a five-kilometer runner in a matter of months as long as he or she consistently sticks to a training regimen. Most beginner runners start with 30-minute walk/runs in which they walk more than they run. For example, a beginner might run five minutes and walk one minute, repeating that circuit until he or she reaches 30 minutes of exercise. Gradually, a runner in training will decrease the walking and increase the running until he or she is running for 30 minutes. Most training regimens will leave about two weeks at the end of the training to simply run entire five-kilometer distances and improve time before the race. Diet is very important when attempting to run races to lose weight as well. Consistency is key, of course, in training, since the point of training is to condition the body for longer distances. Finishing the race is an excellent reward for many weeks of hard training. Which of the following sentences should be deleted from the paragraph because it includes details that are not important to the main focus of the paragraph? A. When training for a race, the most important thing is to be consistent. B. For example, a beginner might run five minutes and walk one minute, repeating that circuit until he or she reaches 30 minutes of exercise. C. Diet is very important when attempting to run races to lose weight as well. D. Finishing the race is an excellent reward for many weeks of hard training.

C. Diet is very important when attempting to run races to lose weight as well.

A student is writing an article on a recent advisory board decision for a class project on civil complaints in a local context. The student wants to revise two paragraphs of his draft to maintain a formal style throughout his article. Read the following excerpt from the student's draft and complete the task that follows it. Select three sentences that do not maintain the writer's style for his audience. The Neighborhood Advisory Board recognized Mr. Warl's rights as a part-time resident. As a part-time resident, Mr. Warl may express his views in formal Neighborhood Advisory Board meetings, as well as to full-time residents of the community. Even if they are different from those of the full-time residents, such as Ms. Alder. However, the Neighborhood Advisory Board reviewed the facts of the case in light of the revelation of Ms. Alder's legal status. In this state, Ms. Alder retains full legal right to the tree she planted on the property line prior to Mr. Warl's purchase of his adjoining property. Given this, the board said Mr. Warl doesn't have a right to file a complaint. Mr. Warl is not legally entitled to prune or modify Ms. Alder's tree unless the tree is impeding some aspect of his property, which it is not. That responsibility lies with Ms. Alder. However, Ms. Alder did not desire to prune her tree because she enjoys the fullness of the foliage. Further, Ms. Alder is resolute in her efforts to ensure the tree does not offend Mr. Warl's property. Consider the matter settled. Because Ms. Alder retains the legal responsibility for maintaining the tree and she has not failed in these responsibilities, the case is dismissed.

Even if they are different from those of the full-time residents, such as Ms. Alder. Given this, the board said Mr. Warl doesn't have a right to file a complaint. Consider the matter settled.

A student is writing a report on a science project for his environmental science class about the sources and effects of groundwater pollution. The student wants to revise two paragraphs of his draft to maintain a formal style throughout his report. Read the following excerpt from the student's draft and complete the task that follows it. Select three sentences that do not maintain the writer's style for his audience. Groundwater is the water that exists below the earth's surface . The earth's got some layers of soil and rock underneath its surface. Rain water and surface water become groundwater when it soaks into these layers and penetrates the spaces and cracks found within them. When hazardous substances come into contact with the water within these spaces, the groundwater becomes contaminated. Contamination of groundwater can occur from rain that soaks through contaminated soil, hazardous liquid substances that penetrate the earth's surface, and pooled toxic substances that serve as long-term sources of contamination. Once the groundwater becomes contaminated, plants, animals, and humans can experience many negative effects. The earth's inhabitants can experience negative health effects when they consume or bathe in contaminated drinking water. We can also become ill from consuming other organisms that have already been affected by groundwater contamination. Groundwater pollution can be remedied. We can clean & remove it. The water can be pumped from the soil, treated, cleaned, and pumped back into the ground. This process is often long and arduous. Further, the area of contamination may be contained. This strategy of containment protects other plants and animals from being harmed during the clean-up process. Finally, some contaminants may be reduced to non-toxic levels through natural, biological, physical, and chemical processes.

The earth's got some layers of soil and rock underneath its surface. We can also become ill from consuming other organisms that have already been affected by groundwater contamination. We can clean & remove it.

A student is writing a report for her science class about the importance of pollinators. The student wants to revise the draft to improve the development of the ideas. Read the following selection from the draft and select two sentences that do not maintain a formal style and objective tone. Dependent upon pollinators for their food supply, people are becoming more concerned about the decreasing numbers of bees, butterflies, and other insects. These creatures are an essential part of our ecosystem. Over seventy-five percent of staple crops are dependent upon pollinators. Apples, cherries, peaches, and berries depend on bees to transfer pollen from one plant to another. With these tasty crops, you can bake incredible pies, create smoothies, and even add them to a main dish for a sweet taste. Because of our reliance on bees and other pollinating insects, people bear an important responsibility for their survival. Responsible land management practices in schools, public parks, forests, and agricultural areas can help maintain pollinator friendly environments. The United States Forest Service has detailed guidelines for land management in several areas some of which affect schools and public parks. Although these site managers will not want to create nesting areas for bees, they can provide sheltered areas for hummingbirds and other pollinators. Bees found near schools and children can be relocated, not eradicated. While bees are pretty scary creatures and have a nasty sting, they can be a good food source. Proper, safe pest management that reduces or eliminates the use of herbicides can be beneficial to both pollinators and people.

With these tasty crops, you can bake incredible pies, create smoothies, and even add them to a main dish for a sweet taste. While bees are pretty scary creatures and have a nasty sting, they can be a good food source.

A student is writing a set of instructions on how to correctly roast a chicken for her family and consumer science class. Read the draft of the instructions and complete the task that follows. The student needs to add more concrete detail to her set of instructions. Select three words or phrases that are too general and should be replaced by concrete or specific words or phrases. Roasting a four-pound chicken is simple if you keep calm and have the correct ingredients. First, unwrap the chicken from the packaging, careful not to drip anything on your workspace. If you do, it would be a good idea to clean it up right away with bleach disinfectant. Second, make sure your chicken is breast-side up and slice it down the middle with a sharp knife. Be careful that you slice only the skin and not the meat underneath . Third, insert herbs under the skin. Adding flavoring to the outside and inside of the skin flavors the meat without overpowering it. Fourth, rub butter around the outside of the skin so that the skin crisps while in the oven and the meat stays moist. Next, sprinkle spices over the chicken. Finally, bake the chicken in a 425 degree oven for 90 minutes or until a meat thermometer signals that it is cooked through to 180 degrees

correct, herbs, spices