Wrong Answers - fluids

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________. A. sodium B. calcium C. potassium D. chloride E. magnesium F. phosphate

A

When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________. A. decreased sodium and water reabsorption B. increased renin secretion C. increased antidiuretic-hormone secretion D. vasoconstriction

A

Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration? A. their inefficient kidneys B. their low metabolic rate C. their low surface area to volume ratio D. their high residual lung volume

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones. A. True B. False

B

Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? A. a healthy young female B. an infant C. an older obese person D. a healthy young male

B An infant's body is 73% or more water.

Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. A. True B. False

B The largest percentage of body water is located in the intracellular fluid.

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. A. ten minutes B. half an hour C. one hour D. three hours

C

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________. A. generating Na+ ions B. reabsorbing H+ C. generating new HCO3- D. reabsorbing CO2

C

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________. A. the concentration of Na+ in blood plasma B. water balance in the body C. the concentration of K+ in the ECF D. the level of aldosterone in the plasma

C

Parathyroid hormone __________. A. results in a lower blood calcium level B. targets the thyroid gland C. enhances release of calcium from bone D. activates osteoblasts E. is released when aldosterone levels climb

C PTH activates osteoclasts, which break down the bone matrix, releasing calcium.

The only organ(s) of the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is/are the __________. A. sweat glands B. spleen C. kidney D. liver E. lungs

C The only organ of the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is the kidney. Fixed acids are also called metabolic acids.

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases then __________. A. ANP levels increase B. a person experiences increased thirst C. aldosterone levels increase D. more ADH is released E. osmoreceptors are stimulated

C When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, there is an increase in the level of aldosterone, which causes facultative Na+ reabsorption.

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. A. rennin B. ADH C. ANP D. aldosterone

D

Pica (the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food such as chalk or clay) may be triggered by a deficiency of __________. A. sodium B. calcium C. water D. iron

D

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________ buffer system. A. sulfate B. phosphate C. bicarbonate D. protein E. chloride

D Most of the buffering power of body fluids resides in cells, and most of this reflects the buffering activity of intracellular proteins.

Which of the following would increase sodium excretion? A. glucocorticoids B. estrogens C. aldosterone D. progesterone

D Reabsorption of sodium does not exhibit a transport maximum. In healthy individuals, nearly all sodium in the renal filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and progesterone increase Na+ excretion. Progesterone appears to decrease NaCl reabsorption by blocking the effect aldosterone has on the renal tubules. Aldosterone is the key regulator of sodium reabsorption in the kidney. It encourages Na+ reabsorption. Estrogens, like aldosterone, encourage Na+ reabsorption. Glucocorticoids enhance tubular reabsorption of sodium.

A. major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. A. stimulation of the baroreceptors B. an increase in ECF water concentration C. an increase in potassium levels in the ICF D. inhibition of the osmoreceptors E. a rise in plasma osmolality

E A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is a rise in plasma osmolality. ADH results in increased water reabsorption.

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion? A. phosphorus B. sodium C. chloride D. calcium E. hydrogen

E Acidosis refers to high H+ concentration.

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________. A. lower amount of fluid intake and output in infants B. low rate of insensible water loss from skin C. decreased surface area relative to body volume D. high residual volume of infant lungs E. the inefficiency of infant kidneys

E The kidneys are immature at birth; they are approximately half as proficient at concentrating urine as mature kidneys. Infant kidneys are also inefficient in ridding the body of acids.