Zoology: Ch. 10 Fish

caudal

Another name for the tail fin

chimaeras

cartilaginous fish known informally as ghost sharks, ratfish, spookfish, or rabbitfishes

liver

cartilaginous fish store lipids in this organ; used for buoyancy

stingray shuffle

humans should do this to avoid stepping on a stingray

neuromasts

receptor organs that composed the lateral line system; are highly sensitive to vibration and water currents

cartilage

sharks, rays, skates, and chimeras have skeletons made of this material

internal

sharks, rays, skates, and chimeras have this type of fertilization

benthic

term used to describe bottom-dwelling animals

pelagic

term used to describe fish that prefer swimming neither close to the bottom nor near the shore; also known as nekton

jawbone

the earliest fish had no scales, paired fins, or this structure

great white, tiger, bull

Three species of sharks responsible for most human attacks

Chordata

To what Phylum do all fish belong?

Vertebrata

To what Sub-Phylum do all fish belong?

whale shark, basking shark

Two of the largest shark species

cycloid

Type of scales that are circular and smooth

ganoid

Type of scales that are diamond-shaped, shiny, and hard

ctenoid

Type of scales that have a characteristic toothed edge

spiny dogfish

Type of shark we dissected in class; also can live more than 100 years

placoderms

What is the name for the group of extinct armored fish?

gnathostomata

What is the name for the group of jawed vertebrates?

pelvic, pectoral

Which fins are considered paired fins?

age

You can tell this about a fish by looking at their cycloid or ctenoid scales

sea lamprey

1950's Great Lakes Fisheries were devastated by this invasive fish species

ray-finned fish

A huge and diverse modern group of fish containing nearly all familiar freshwater and marine fish; named after their fins, each fin is supported by long, segmented, bony elements called rays that support and stiffen each fin

lateral line system

A system of canals in the skin that allow a fish to sense vibrations in the water

hagfish

Blind bottom-dwellers that feed on dead or dying fish and produce large amounts of slime

Osteichthyes

Bony fish are members of this class

swim bladder

Bony fish can store gases in this organ; used for buoyancy

homocercal

Bony fish possess this type of caudal fin in which the fin appears superficially symmetric

Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fish are members of this class

ray

Cartilaginous fish with a flattened, diamond or disk-shaped body and flexible wing-like pectoral fins and long tail; the dorsal fin is absent or greatly reduced

skate

Cartilaginous fish with a flattened, triangular-shaped body and flexible wing-like pectoral fins and long tail; have a prominent dorsal fin

Asian carp

Fast-growing, aggressive, and adaptable invasive fish that is outcompeting native fish species for food and habitat; Many are worried it has or will soon enter into the Great Lakes

protein

Fish are one of the most important sources of this type of food

streamlined

Fish have this body shape which allows them to move rapidly in water

2

Fish hearts have this many chambers

gills

Fish use this organ for gas exchange

single-loop

Fish use this type of blood circulation

catadromous

Fish which spend most of their lives in freshwater but migrate to the sea to spawn, such as freshwater eels

anadromous

Fish which spend their adult lives at sea but return to freshwater to spawn, such as salmon

dilte urine

Freshwater fish are saltier than its surrounding environment so they must produce large amounts of this

Myxini

Hagfish are members of this class

lionfish

Invasive fish species threatening the Atlantic with venomous needle-like dorsal fin spines

Agnatha

Jawless fish are members of this Superclass

Petromyzontida

Lampreys are members of this class

spiracles

Large openings on top of a cartilaginous fish head; special gill slits located just behind the eyes

Manta

Largest species of ray

claspers

Males have these modified pelvic fins used in copulation to transfer sperm to female

drink large amounts of water

Marine fish are less salty than the surrounding water so they must do this

Australia

More shark casualties have been reported from this location than any other place

external

Most bony fish have this type of fertilization

operculum

Name for the gill cover

dorsal

Name for the shark fin that sticks out of the water like the movie Jaws

barbels

Name for the whisker-like sensory organs found on many fish

lampreys

Parasitic fish that attach themselves to their host with a disc-shaped mouth and feed on the blood and body fluids of other fish

teeth

Predator sharks have 6-20 rows of these

Pacific electric

Ray species which produce a current to stun their prey and for defense

rectal gland

Shark organ used to remove excess sodium and chloride ions from the body

stop swimming

Sharks have a hard time breathing and maintaining buoyancy when they do this

placoid

Sharks have skin covered with small tooth-like spines called this

apex predator

Sharks play this role in an ecosystem

heterocercal

Sharks possess this type of caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually larger than the ventral portion

olfactory bulbs

Sharks use this part of their brain for smelling

pup

Term for a baby shark

overexploited

Term for animals that are harvested beyond their ability to sustain a given population size; caught to their limit

ectothermic

Term for animals that primarily gains heat through the environment

poikilothermic

Term for animals whose body temperature adjusts depending on the environment

viviparous

Term for species in which the embryos receive nourishment from the maternal bloodstream through a placenta, or from "uterine milk," secretions produced by the mother

oviparous

Term for species in which the mother will lay an egg and the pup is born from that

ovoviviparous

Term for species which retain developing young in the uterus while they are nourished by contents of their yolk sac until born

fusiform

Term for the torpedo-like body shape of a shark

countershaded

Term that describe the coloration of most fish in which the dorsal surface is darker than the ventral surface.

lobe-finned fish

Terrestrial vertebrates arose from one lineage within this fish group; present day species include Lungfishes and Coelacanth

spawning

The egg laying behavior of fish; varies widely with bony fish

sailfish

The fastest fish in the world

shortfin mako

The fastest shark

ocean sunfish

The largest bony fish; also known as Mola mola

International Shark Attack File

The longest running database on shark attacks and the only globally-comprehensive, scientific shark attack database in the world

antiseptic

The mucus layer on bony fish serves this function

ampullae of lorenzini

These electroreceptor organs are located in a cartilaginous fish 's head and can detect the bioelectric fields

fish oil

This is one of the best sources of vitamin D and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Devonian

This time period is nicknamed the "Age of Fishes"

freshwater

This type of bony fish are hyperosmotic regulators

marine

This type of bony fish are hypoosmotic regulators