........................................

-Source: User: Citynoise, Wikimedia Commons A significant long-term result of the major pattern depicted on the map was which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe North and West developed a strong relationship because they were linked through transportation networks.(Choice B)BThe South sought to industrialize to keep up with the North and West as they continued to modernize.(Choice C)CThe federal government began limiting westward expansion to reduce conflicts with indigenous nations.(Choice D)DThe federal government offered citizenship to immigrants who were willing to industrialize the West.

The North and West developed a strong relationship because they were linked through transportation networks.

-Source: Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the table? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe South received more funds for railroads and canals than the West.(Choice B)BThe Northeast and West earned more profit from exported goods than the South.(Choice C)CThe South had more representation in the federal government.(Choice D)DThe Northeast received more funds for internal improvements than the South.

The Northeast received more funds for internal improvements than the South. Over three decades, the Northeast received a total of $15.2 million whereas the South only received $2 million.

The ideas of Benjamin Franklin, as expressed in the excerpt, had most in common with the ideas of which of the following groups? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe Quakers of Pennsylvania(Choice B)BThe Democratic-Republicans(Choice C)CThe Anti-Federalists(Choice D)DThe Paxton Boys

The Quakers of Pennsylvania

-Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe Temperance Movement(Choice B)BThe Seneca Falls Convention of 1848(Choice C)CThe Nullification Crisis of 1832(Choice D)DThe Civil War

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

Source: John Marshall, Opinion of the Court in Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the ruling excerpted? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe Court granted the states the power to nullify federal laws if the law gave the federal government powers not specifically assigned in the Constitution.(Choice B)BThe Court granted the executive branch the power to relocate indigenous nations to reservations.(Choice C)CThe Supreme Court demonstrated its powers as the third branch of government after establishing its power of judicial review.(Choice D)DThe Supreme Court's jurisdiction shrank to only cases that have gone through the entire appeals process.

The Supreme Court demonstrated its powers as the third branch of government after establishing its power of judicial review.

-Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, 1975 Which of the following factors contributed most to the major trend depicted in the table? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe centralization in the production of goods(Choice B)BThe push for expansion into the Louisiana Territory(Choice C)CThe passage of new tariffs, making domestic goods more expensive(Choice D)DThe commitment towards the education of women

The centralization in the production of goods

-Source: John Plumbe, United States capitol, Wikimedia Commons, 1846 The architecture in the image is best seen as evidence for which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe physical devastation left after battles during the American Revolution.(Choice B)BThe lasting impact of British culture on the United States following the American Revolution.(Choice C)CThe emergence of a new national culture that was distinct from British culture.(Choice D)DThe success of Americans of the United States to differentiate their culture from surrounding Indigenous nations.

The emergence of a new national culture that was distinct from British culture.

-Source: John Lauritz Larson, "The Market Revolution in America, Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good," 2010 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe spread of canals and railroads as a byproduct of Henry Clay's American System(Choice B)BThe growth of factories that practiced the "Lowell System" as a means of maintaining efficiency(Choice C)CThe addition of new territory after Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France(Choice D)DThe emergence of interchangeable parts and improvements to manufactured technology

The emergence of interchangeable parts and improvements to manufactured technology

An image of an issue of Poor Richard's Almanack from 1733. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons The pamphlet is best seen as evidence for which of the following?

The gradual anglicization of the colonies

The policy suggested in the image was most directly a response to which of the following early nineteenth century historical development? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe continued conflicts between Britain and France in the Napoleonic Wars(Choice B)BThe expansion of Mexico into present-day California, Utah, and New Mexico(Choice C)CThe successful independence movements by Latin American countries(Choice D)DThe armed rebellion of Texas against the government of Mexico

The successful independence movements by Latin American countries

". . . (W)e must consider, what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. . . . There [is] nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species and rank. . . should also be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection. . . ." -John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government, 1690 The views expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

The use of Enlightenment ideals in the Declaration of Independence

-Source: John Trumbell, In a letter to Thomas Jefferson, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-15-02-0183, 1789 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aextension of suffrage to all white men(Choice B)Bcreation of government programs that funded the arts(Choice C)Cformation of a Progressive movement(Choice D)Demergence of the two-party system

creation of government programs that funded the arts

-Source: U.S. Government Printing Office, Statistical review of immigration, 1820-1910, 1911 Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1820 to 1848 shown in the table? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ASeries of three major earthquakes in Japan, devastating the countryside and plunging the country into an economic depression(Choice B)BStart of the Russian Civil War, replacing the Russian monarchy with a Communist government(Choice C)CCrop losses, lack of economic growth opportunities, and political conflicts in Ireland and Germany(Choice D)DPassage of lax immigration laws that allowed immigrants to relocate to the United States as long as they settled in the West

crop losses, lack of economic growth opportunities, and political conflicts in Ireland and Germany

-Source: United States Census Which of the following was an important effect of the processes reflected in the diagram? increased sectionalism across the United States reduced westward movement past the Appalachian mountains reduced anti-slavery sentiment in the New England states increased partisanship in local and state politics

increased sectionalism across the United States

Which of the following describes a long-term response by English colonists after Stono Rebellion?

instituting slave codes to prevent further uprisings

-Patrick Henry, "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death," 1775 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe influence the American Revolution had on France and Haiti(Choice B)Bthe colonists' ideological commitment to involvement in the American Revolution(Choice C)Cthe Loyalists' fear of retaliation if the British lost the American Revolution(Choice D)Dthe indigenous nations' support of the British military during the war

the colonists' ideological commitment to involvement in the American Revolution

-Source: James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, historians, In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community and Protest Among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860, 1998 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the northern United States between 1800 and 1848? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe establishment of social welfare programs by the federal government to support black communities(Choice B)Bthe rise in support for an abolition movement that sought to end the practice of enslavement across the United States(Choice C)Cthe emergence of national reform movements aimed at improving the morals and solving the problems of society(Choice D)Dthe creation of free black community organizations aimed at protecting black dignity and changing the social status of free black people

the creation of free black community organizations aimed at protecting black dignity and changing the social status of free black people

-Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 The conflict between the Whigs' and the Democrats' views on government power during the 1820s, as described in the excerpt, is best reflected by which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe existence of utopian societies and the spread of transcendentalism(Choice B)Bthe shift towards a more religious society during the Second Great Awakening(Choice C)Cthe debates over the use of a tariff to help increase the sale of manufactured goods(Choice D)Dthe expansion of the women's rights movement as a result of the ideas of republican motherhood

the debates over the use of a tariff to help increase the sale of manufactured goods

"Mercantilism provided the ideas that governed colonial economic relations. These were that colonial interests were subordinate to the mother country, that trade with and of its colonies should be restricted to English subjects, that the surplus products of a colony should be sent to the mother country, and that the trade and resources of a colony should be kept out of the hands of rivals. Colonies were to provide a captive market for English manufactured goods. Monopolizing trade with its colonies could stimulate domestic employment and industry, thereby reducing industrial unrest, poverty, and idleness." -Source: Alvin Rabushka, political scientist, Taxation in Colonial America, 2008 The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

the passage of laws restricting trade by and with the American colonies

-Source: Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, letter to the King of France, 1776 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe creation of a path to colonization for French people to the Americas(Choice B)Bthe declaration of war on Britain and the start of the Seven Years' War(Choice C)Cthe provision of foreign aid and resources for American troops(Choice D)Dthe proclamation of neutrality, keeping France from supporting colonists

the provision of foreign aid and resources for American troops

"Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children produced by any Englishman and a negro woman should be slave or free, be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shall be held bond, or free only according to the condition of the mother. And if any Christian shall commit fornication with a negro man or woman, he or she so offending shall pay double the fines imposed by the former act." -Source: Virginia slave law passed by the House of Burgesses in December 1662 The excerpt would be most useful to historians as evidence for which of the following?

the relationships between British colonists and enslaved Africans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

"I reckon it was hot, 'cause in less than two days, 21 white men, women, and children, and 44 Negroes, was slain. My granddaddy say that in the woods and at Stono, where the war start, there was more than 100 Negroes in line. When the militia come in sight of them at Combahee swamp, the drinking, dancing Negroes scatter in the brush and only 44 stand their ground. Commander Cato speak for the crowd. He say: 'We don't like slavery. We start to join the Spanish in Florida. We surrender but we not whipped yet and we is not converted.' The other 43 say: 'Amen.' They was taken, unarmed, and hanged by the militia." -Source: George Cato, account of the Stono Rebellion in 1739 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

ways that enslaved Africans resisted the conditions of slavery

". . . from thence forward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands. . . in any other. . . ships or . . . vessels whatsoever, but in such ships or vessels as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England . . . or are built of and belonging to any the lands and whereof the master and three fourths of the mariners at least are English." -Navigation Acts, September 1660 Which of the following was the most immediate result in the American colonies of the law excerpted here?

Lax enforcement of British law and trade regulations

-Source: "Commercial Reciprocity and the American System," The United States Democratic Review, 1844 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe American System benefitted industrial economies more than agricultural economies.(Choice B)BThe federal government had the power to tax imports and exports under the necessary and proper clause.(Choice C)CThe American System would help to connect and unify all the different regions of the United States.(Choice D)DThe Southern states should diversify their agricultural products to improve their local economy.

The American System benefitted industrial economies more than agricultural economies.

-Source: Alexander Hamilton, in a letter to George Washington, Founders Online National Archives, 1792 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AForeign powers sought to capitalize on regional conflict to make it easier to conquer the United States.(Choice B)BGeographical distinctions had no influence on the development of a new national culture.(Choice C)CNorthern and Southern regional identities began to resemble each other after the American Revolution.(Choice D)DWhile a new national identity emerged in the United States, variations appeared in the North and South.

While a new national identity emerged in the United States, variations appeared in the North and South.

-Nathan Sanford, excerpt from the Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention of the State of New York, 1821 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A) end to the National Bank of the United States(Choice B)Bcreation of an income tax amendment(Choice C)Cprohibition of the sale and consumption of alcohol(Choice D)Dextension of suffrage to white women

extension of suffrage to white women

-Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the early nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AAn improvement in technology, leading to more innovation(Choice B)BThe rise in a nativist movement targeting German and Irish immigrants(Choice C)CThe establishment of the United States as a major world power in the Western Hemisphere(Choice D)DAn increase in support for women's right to vote

he establishment of the United States as a major world power in the Western Hemisphere

-Source: R.F. Zogbaum, The Battle of Fallen Timbers, Harper's Magazine, 1896 Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aincreased efforts by Indigenous nations to gain sovereignty in the American government(Choice B)Bdecreased efforts by the United States to protect white settlers from conflict with Indigenous nations(Choice C)Cdecreased efforts by white settlers to expand westward into Indigenous lands for fear of military conflict(Choice D)Dincreased efforts by Indigenous nations to limit migration of white settlers

increased efforts by Indigenous nations to limit migration of white settlers

"We had more guns and iron-headed arrows than before, but our enemies the Snake Indians and their allies had horses on which they rode, swift as the deer, on which they dashed at the Piegans, and with their stone clubs knocked them on the head, and had thus lost several of their best men. This news we did not well comprehend and it alarmed us, for we had no idea of horses and could not make out what they were. . . . Next morning at the dawn of day, we attacked the tents, and with our sharp flat daggers and knives, cut through the tents and entered for the fight; but our war whoop instantly stopped, our eyes were appalled with terror; there was no one to fight with but the dead and the dying, each a mass of corruption. . . . The second day after, this dreadful disease broke out in our camp . . ." -Source: Saukamappee, from the Cree nation, "On the Arrival of Guns, Horses, and Smallpox in the Plains in the 1700s" Which of the following developments contributed most directly to the conditions described in the excerpt?

increasing trade between indigenous nations and Europeans

Esther DeBerdt Reed, "Sentiments of an American Woman," 1780 Which of the following describes Reed's goal in writing the letter above?

inspiring Americans to offer support to American soldiers

Which of the following describes the immediate response of the British government to the events described in the excerpt?

passing legislation that asserts British right to tax colonists

Source: Manisha Sinha, historian, The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition, 2016 Which of the following were ways in which Northern Black activists participated in the abolition movement?

publishing articles and books arguing for the end of slavery

2nd great awkening

religious revivalism-charles finney various social reform movements temperance movement//prison reform/abolitionis movement//womens rights//Seneca falls

-Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments?

the colonists' belief in the superiority of republican government based on the natural rights of the people

-Source: George Washington, in a letter to Joseph Reed, 1776 After 1776, which of the following most fulfilled the "powerful change" that the excerpt refers to? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:

the creation of a representative government

-Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 Which of the following identifies one major change in United States politics from 1790 to 1840? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe completion of transcontinental railroads(Choice B)Bthe development of a two-party system(Choice C)Cthe rapid growth of transcendentalism(Choice D)Dthe rise of reform movements to address social problems

the development of a two-party system

The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly responded to which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aan acquisition of new land west of the Mississippi(Choice B)Bthe creation of boarding schools and forced enrollment for indigenous children(Choice C)Can organized movement by indigenous people to gain American citizenship(Choice D)Dthe forced relocation of indigenous nations to western territory

the forced relocation of indigenous nations to western territory

Analyze the graph and answer the question below. Enslaved laborers transported to the Western Hemisphere, 1450-1900 The overall trend from 1601 to 1800 depicted in the graph resulted from which of the following?

the growth of plantation agriculture in the Americas

-Source: Gordon E. Finnie, historian, "The Antislavery Movement in the Upper South Before 1840," The Journal of Southern History, 1969 Which of the following most likely contributed to futility of the abolition movement in the South? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe emergence of strict laws restricting the behavior of enslaved people(Choice B)Bthe lack of antislavery organizations in the Early Republic(Choice C)Cthe increased reliance on enslaved labor to meet agricultural production goals(Choice D)Dthe westward migration of Southerners after the Louisiana Purchase

the increased reliance on enslaved labor to meet agricultural production goals

-Source: Patrick Henry, Virginia Resolves, 1765 Patrick Henry's ideas are most directly a reaction to which of the following?

the introduction of new taxes on the colonies

Which of the following was a significant long-term result of the major pattern depicted on the map ? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe lack of people who identified as religious in the Midwest(Choice B)Bthe extension of suffrage to women in midwestern states(Choice C)Cthe spread of slavery to land in the west(Choice D)Dthe emergence of mixed-American and indigenous communities

the spread of slavery to land in the west

Which of the following statements best explains the reason that the British government passed the Proclamation of 1763?

to limit costly conflicts over access to land between American colonists and indigenous communities

The ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly challenged the prevailing ideology among colonial-era Europeans that: Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aland rightfully belonged to indigenous nations.(Choice B)Bmilitias were preferable to standing armies.(Choice C)Cviolence against indigenous people was justified.(Choice D)Dreligion should be incorporated into government.

violence against indigenous people was justified.

-Source: Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, 1841 The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence of which of the following in American society? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ACauses of women's participation in the workforce increasing during the Market Revolution(Choice B)BCauses of the rise in women's participation in the Abolition movement after the Second Great Awakening(Choice C)CChanges in the political and voting rights for women following the Seneca Falls Convention(Choice D)DContinuities in gender roles for middle class and upper class women following the Market Revolution

Continuities in gender roles for middle class and upper class women following the Market Revolution

-Source: Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, 2009 Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AAmericans sought to create a culture that was based off Ancient Greece(Choice B)BAmericans sought to adopt aspects of local Indigenous cultures(Choice C)CAmericans sought to create a culture that was distinct from British culture(Choice D)DAmericans sought to adopt aspects of British and French culture

Americans sought to create a culture that was distinct from British culture

-Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Which of the following statements best summarizes the Court's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AFederal laws have supremacy over state laws.(Choice B)BStates can create "separate but equal" facilities for black people and white people.(Choice C)CThe Supreme Court has the power to rule a law unconstitutional.(Choice D)DCongress only has the powers enumerated in the Constitution.

Federal laws have supremacy over state laws.

-Source: Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, 2009 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence from the United States census would best support the argument in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AData showing changes in wages for workers in textile mills(Choice B)BData showing changes in agricultural production and price(Choice C)CData showing population growth in rural areas in the Northeast(Choice D)DData showing the growth of railroad lines

Data showing changes in agricultural production and price

-Source: Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, 2009 Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument in the passage above? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ADemocratic-Republicans increased tariffs to drive up the price of foreign agricultural products(Choice B)BDemocratic-Republicans wanted to decrease foreign trade as foreign competition undercut the price of manufactured goods(Choice C)CDemocratic-Republicans encouraged farmers to diversify their agricultural products to limit their environmental impact(Choice D)DDemocratic-Republicans wanted to increase foreign trade to continue to sell large amounts of agricultural goods

Democratic-Republicans wanted to increase foreign trade to continue to sell large amounts of agricultural goods

Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre, engraving of sugar works, 1667. The creation of sugar plantation like that shown in the engraving contributed most directly to which of the following?

Development of a mercantilist system to export cash crops

Enslaved laborers transported to the Western Hemisphere, 1450-1900 Which of the following best explains the change in the population of enslaved Africans from 1601 to 1800?

Enslaved Africans performed agricultural labor in the West Indies and the Southern and Chesapeake colonies.

David walker

"Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" in 1829 talking abt the importance of fighting back against slavery

According to the passage, Locke advocated an approach to government that was reflected most clearly in which of the following movements?

The Enlightenment

Which of the following statements explains a major difference in settlement patterns between French and English colonies in the 1600s?

The French and Dutch sent less settlers because they were not focused on creating permanent settlements

-Source: US Census The difference in slave populations depicted in the graph was most directly a result of which of the following factors? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aa difference in political enfranchisement of formerly enslaved persons of African descent(Choice B)Ba difference in available public education in the North and the South(Choice C)CA difference in the dependence on enslaved labor to produce major cash crops(Choice D)Da difference in federal laws about the use of enslaved labor in certain states

A difference in the dependence on enslaved labor to produce major cash crops

-Source: William L. Sheppard, "The First Cotton-Gin," Wikimedia Commons 1869 The activity shown in the image contributed most directly to which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AAn increase in the number of Northern textile factories(Choice B)BA decrease in international trade(Choice C)CA decline in the need for enslaved labor(Choice D)DAn increase in the price of Southern cotton

An increase in the number of Northern textile factories

Morgan describes how, over time, planters came to use enslaved Africans instead of indentured servants as laborers. Why did Virginia planters originally prefer indentured servants to slaves? The terms of indenture contracts required white servants to perform more labor than enslaved people (Choice B)//Indentured servants were less expensive than slaves, and planters got land for each servant they brought from England (Choice C)Indentured servants practiced Christianity while enslaved Africans did not(Choice D)Racist ideas led planters to value white workers more than black workers

Indentured servants were less expensive than slaves, and planters got land for each servant they brought from England

-Source: Bible translated into the language of the indigenous Massachusett people, published by John Eliot, 1663 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

European efforts to accommodate indigenous culture

A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following social changes after the American Revolution? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AWeaknesses in the Articles of Confederation(Choice B)BA decrease in sectional tensions(Choice C)CGrowing support for the abolition of slavery in northern states(Choice D)DGrowing support for women's suffrage

Growing support for the abolition of slavery in northern states

"It is ordered and unanimously agreed upon, that the Government which this [body politic] doth attend unto in this Island, and the Jurisdiction thereof, in favour of our Prince is a [democracy], or Popular Government; that is to say, It is in the [power] of the Body of Freemen orderly assembled, or the major part of them, to make or constitute Just Lawes, by which they will be regulated, and to depute from among themselves such Ministers as shall see them faithfully executed between Man and Man." Text III Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England, 1641 How did the Dominion of New England (1686) affect governments like the one described above?

It abolished legislative assemblies and reinforced the authoritarian model of colonial rule.

According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the American Revolution had on France? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AIt bankrupted France, leading to mass poverty(Choice B)BIt weakened relations between France and their Indigenous allies in North America(Choice C)CIt caused the French colonies of Haiti and Vietnam to revolt(Choice D)DIt helped to inspire the French Revolution

It helped to inspire the French Revolution

Map of New Amsterdam, 1660. Image credit: New-York Historical Society The above map demonstrates that Dutch colonization was chiefly focused on Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ATobacco cultivation(Choice B)BGold and silver mining(Choice C)CMaritime trade(Choice D)DSugar cultivation

Maritime trade

-Source: Alexander Keyssar, "The Right to Vote: the Contested History of Democracy in the United States," 2009 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the extension of suffrage to all white men had on the United States? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AMore people voted in all levels of elections.(Choice B)BFewer people voted in midterm elections than presidential elections.(Choice C)CFewer people who owned property ran for political office.(Choice D)DThere was more corruption at all levels of government.

More people voted in all levels of elections.

The Spaniards for their part learned to govern with less of an iron hand. They reduced demands for labor and tribute, and the encomienda system was never reestablished after 1680. They assigned land grants to individual Pueblos, given them clear European title to their own lands. And they adopted a more tolerant approach to the traditional religion of the Pueblos. -Source: Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2008. Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

Popé's Rebellion

"The humble, meek, merciful, just, pious and devout souls everywhere are of one religion and when death has taken off the mask, they will know one another, though the diverse liveries they wore here make them strangers." William Penn, 1693 The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence of which of the following in Pennsylvania society?

Religious tolerance

-Source: James Dunwoody Brownson De Bow, De Bow's Review, Volume 1, Issue 3, University of Michigan, 1846 De Bow most likely wrote his account for which of the following reasons? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ATo persuade southern states to industrialize like the North(Choice B)BTo advocate for the end of slavery in the South(Choice C)CTo inform the public of southern agricultural practices(Choice D)DTo encourage southern states to secede from the Union

To inform the public of southern agricultural practices

-Source: John C. Calhoun, "Slavery as a Positive Good," Teaching American History, 1837 Which of the following statements best describes the major change in Southerners' views on slavery as described in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ASoutherners saw slavery as an evil that needed to be exterminated to save the morality of the United States.(Choice B)BSoutherners saw slavery as a disgraceful practice but necessary for the economy of the United States.(Choice C)CSoutherners saw slavery as a temporary practice that would only exist as long as the United States had an agricultural economy.(Choice D)DSoutherners saw slavery as a righteous practice in which enslavers were caring for the people they enslaved.

Southerners saw slavery as a righteous practice in which enslavers were caring for the people they enslaved.

The Spaniards for their part learned to govern with less of an iron hand. They reduced demands for labor and tribute, and the encomienda system was never reestablished after 1680. They assigned land grants to individual Pueblos, given them clear European title to their own lands. And they adopted a more tolerant approach to the traditional religion of the Pueblos. -Source: Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2008. Which of the following developments in the late 1600s could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the excerpt?

Spanish friars' encouragement of combining Puebloan and Catholic religious beliefs

Which of the following best describes the effect of the Proclamation of 1763 on the relationship between Britain and the American colonies?

Tensions increased between Britain and the American colonies over territorial expansion.

"The metropolitan efforts to complete this British imperial hierarchy at the centre and to export it abroad, so as to forge 'an entire interactive system,' were never a complete success [and] the American colonists eventually rejected the whole thing outright . . . [The British imperial] hierarchical world-view that was extended across the British empire was conservative in its ideology, and stressed the importance of tradition and unchangingness . . . the elaborate, layered social ordering of the American colonies was, at the mid-eighteenth century, a relatively recent development." -Source: David Cannadine, historian, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire, 2002 Which of the following evidence would best support the author's argument in the excerpt?

The British government created a coherent, hierarchical structure in its colonies to pursue its mercantilist economic aims.

-Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, 1791 The excerpt is best understood as a result of which of the following historical developments? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe Revolution of 1800(Choice B)BThe abolitionist movement(Choice C)CThe Enlightenment(Choice D)DThe First Great Awakening

The Enlightenment

"Of all the American Plantations his Majesty has, none are so apt for the building of Shipping as New-England, nor none more comparably so qualified for the breeding of [sailors], not only by reason of the natural industry of that people, but principally by reason of their Cod and Mackeral Fisheries: and in my poor opinion, there is nothing more prejudicial, and in project more dangerous to any Mother-Kingdom, than the increase of Shipping in her Colonies, Plantations, or Provinces." Josiah Child, governor of the East India Company, 1668 The ideas about trade expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:

The Navigation Acts

-Source: Sir John Sinclair, historian, The History of the Public Revenue of the British Empire, 1966 Which of the following pieces of legislation passed after 1762 as a reaction to the changes illustrated in the chart?

The Townshend Acts

-Source: Andrew Jackson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1829 Which of the following events best represents a subsequent event that contradicts the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AThe forced relocation of indigenous people(Choice B)BThe creation of the Erie Canal(Choice C)CThe rise of the California Gold Rush(Choice D)DThe establishment of the Transcontinental Railroad

The forced relocation of indigenous people

-Source: Henry Knox, to President George Washington, 1789 Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

The passage of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 and the American acquisition of Ohio and part of Indiana

-Source: Sean Wilentz, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848," *The New American History, 1990 The development described in the excerpt is most similar to the development in what other period? The introduction of laissez-faire economic policies during the Gilded Age//The need for women's labor for wartime production during World War II//The period of innovation during the Industrial Revolution//The push for an economic policy of free silver during the Populist movement

The period of innovation during the Industrial Revolution

Although the Country people be very barbarous, yet have they amongst them such government, as that their Magistrates for good commanding, and their people for due subjection, and obeying, excel many places that would be counted very civil. The form of their Common-wealth is a Monarchical government, one as Emperor ruleth over many Kings or Governours. Their chief ruler is called Powhatan, and taketh his name of his principal place of dwelling called Powhatan. From John Smith, The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (London, 1624). The excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?

The political differences between American Indians and English colonizers

The major pattern on the map best supports which of the following statements? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AWith massive migration from Ireland and Germany, most immigrants relocated to the Midwest for cheap and fertile land.(Choice B)BWith little land available in the South, farmers looking to grow their farms moved past the Appalachian Mountains to find fertile land.(Choice C)CWith southern states banning slavery, plantation owner moved past the Appalachian Mountains to continue enslaving people.(Choice D)DWith the creation of new transcontinental railroads, people relocated to the Midwest to boomtowns along the railroads.

With little land available in the South, farmers looking to grow their farms moved past the Appalachian Mountains to find fertile land.

You shall know that our Colonie consisteth now of seven hundred men at least, of sundry arts and professions, some more or less, they stand in health, and few sick. . . . The Colony is . . . strong and defensible by nature, a good air, wholesome and clear . . . with fresh and plenty of water springs, much fair and open grounds freed from woods, and wood enough at hand. . . . Here they have built competent and decent houses, the first story all of bricks, that every man may have his lodging and dwelling place apart by himself, with a sufficient quantity of ground allotted thereto for his orchard and garden to plant at his pleasure, and for his own use . . . From "The New Life of Virginia," a tract published in 1612 by the Virginia Company advertising the benefits of the colony. What kinds of settlers might the Virginia Company have hoped to attract to their colony with this tract?

Young, single men, looking to make their fortune

-Source: Henry Knox, to President George Washington, 1789 The excerpt most directly reflects tribal efforts to do which of the following?gain access to new land in the Northwest Territory after the American Revolution maintain control of tribal lands and limit migration of white settlers obtain an amendment that would give Indigenous individuals US citizenship/retain control of the Mississippi River to continue trade with European allies

maintain control of tribal lands and limit migration of white settlers

-Source: US Census Bureau The overall trend from 1800 to 1840 depicted on the graph resulted from which of the following?new tariffs that supported American-produced goods over foreign goods new agricultural inventions like the Cotton Gin new economic policies stemming from a laissez-faire philosophy new cotton state unions like the Grange

new agricultural inventions like the Cotton Gin

"After 1800 the gradual abolition movement in Virginia became more and more feeble. . . . no more than ten weak antislavery societies were established during the first three decades of the nineteenth century. . ." -Source: Gordon E. Finnie, historian, "The Antislavery Movement in the Upper South Before 1840," The Journal of Southern History, 1969 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the Early Republic?

support for abolition being dependent on regional identities

-Source: Alexander Keyssar, "The Right to Vote: the Contested History of Democracy in the United States," 2009 The author's claim that there was an "enormous upsurge of political participation" most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of United States politics during the period?Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aa transition to a participatory democracy(Choice B)Ba shift towards a three-party political system(Choice C)Ca realignment of political parties along regional lines(Choice D)Da transition to an elite democracy

a transition to a participatory democracy

Edmund S. Morgan, historian, The Birth of the Republic, 1956 Which of the following describes an advantage the British had during the Revolutionary War? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aa well-trained military and the strongest navy in the world(Choice B)Bmajor alliances with the Spanish and the French, which gave them overwhelming numbers(Choice C)Coverwhelming British support for the war in order to boost their economy(Choice D)Dmost of the fighting was in Canada, which was unfamiliar territory for Americans

a well-trained military and the strongest navy in the world

Source: Thomas Jefferson, in a broadside signed to Eliot Brown, Jr., UH digital history, 1808 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Jefferson's views expressed in this excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe Democratic-Republicans(Choice B)Bfarmers in the South(Choice C)Cthe Federalists(Choice D)Dmerchants in the North

the Democratic-Republicans

Which of the following historical events had a significant impact on the geographical region shown on the map above? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe War of 1812(Choice B)Bthe Missouri Compromise of 1820(Choice C)Cthe Mexican-American War(Choice D)Dthe Nullification Crisis of 1832

the Missouri Compromise of 1820

-Source: Hannah Griffitts, The Female Patriots, Address'd to the Daughters of Liberty in America, 1768 The author of the passage would most likely have supported which of the following? loyalist efforts at reconciliation with the British moving west of the Appalachian Mountains ending slavery in the colonies boycotts of British products

boycotts of British products

Which of the following describes a way in which enslaved Africans would resist the conditions of slavery?

breaking tools

-Source: Abraham Keteltas, God Arising and Pleading His People's Cause, 1777 The ideas about liberty expressed by the author are most consistent with which of the following?

the beliefs of the First Great Awakening

-Source: R.F. Zogbaum, The Battle of Fallen Timbers, Harper's Magazine, 1896 The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Arenewed efforts by the United States to end conflicts with Indigenous communities through diplomacy(Choice B)Bincreased efforts by the United States to gain control of Indigenous lands(Choice C)Cdecreased access to land for white settlement after several diplomatic treaties with Indigenous nations(Choice D)Dextension of citizenship rights to Indigenous individuals to protect Indigenous communities from white settlers

increased efforts by the United States to gain control of Indigenous lands

"It is ordered and unanimously agreed upon, that the Government which this [body politic] doth attend unto in this Island, and the Jurisdiction thereof, in favour of our Prince is a [democracy], or Popular Government; that is to say, It is in the [power] of the Body of Freemen orderly assembled, or the major part of them, to make or constitute Just Lawes, by which they will be regulated, and to depute from among themselves such Ministers as shall see them faithfully executed between Man and Man." Text III Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England, 1641 Which of the following had an impact on colonial resistance to increased control by the British government?

colonial experiences of self-government

-Source: Edmund S. Morgan, historian, The Birth of the Republic, 1956 According to the passage, which of the following best explains a major advantage Americans had during the Revolutionary War? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Alarger forces than the British(Choice B)Bcolonial ideological commitment(Choice C)Cextensive knowledge of battlefields(Choice D)Dassistance by French allies

colonial ideological commitment

". . . from thence forward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands . . . in any other . . . ships or . . . vessels whatsoever, but in such ships or vessels as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England . . . or are built of and belonging to any of the lands and whereof the master and three fourths of the mariners at least are English." -Source: Navigation Acts, September 1660 Which of the following accurately describes the response colonists had to the law above?

colonists began smuggling goods to trade with the Dutch

-Source: Sir John Sinclair, historian, The History of the Public Revenue of the British Empire, 1966 Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1755-1762 shown in the table? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Acosts of increased colonization of the West Indies(Choice B)Bcosts of increased demand for enslaved people in the British sugar islands(Choice C)Ccosts of involvement in the Seven Years' War with France(Choice D)Dcosts of involvement in colonial conflicts with indigenous nations

costs of involvement in the Seven Years' War with France

The said Indian, Popé, came down in person with all the war captains and many other Indians, proclaiming through the pueblos that the devil was very strong and much better than God, and that they should burn all the images and temples, rosaries and crosses, and that all the people should discard the names given them in holy baptism and call themselves whatever they liked. . . . They were ordered likewise not to teach the Castilian language in any pueblo and to burn the seeds which the Spaniards sowed and to plant only maize and beans, which were the crops of their ancestors. -Source: "Declaration of the Indian Juan," explaining the Pueblo Revolt to Spanish priests, 1681 Which of the following most directly contributed to the conflict referred to in the excerpt?

increasing Spanish demands on Puebloan peoples

Based on the excerpt, which of the following issues of the period was Benjamin Franklin most likely concerned with? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aincreasing sectional conflict between the North and the South over the expansion of slavery(Choice B)Bincreasing conflicts between settlers in the Northwest Territory and Natives(Choice C)Cincreasing conflicts between the states and the national government over the issue of the constitutionality of a national bank(Choice D)Dincreasing conflicts between the United States and foreign countries over boundary divisions between territories

increasing conflicts between settlers in the Northwest Territory and Natives

-Souce: John Randolph, Opposition to the Tariff of 1816, The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States: With an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, and All the Laws of a Public Nature; with a Copious Index, Volume 29, 1816 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Adecreasing efforts by the United States to engage in international trade(Choice B)Bdeclining support for the Democratic Party in the South(Choice C)Cincreasing regional differences about the extension of slavery(Choice D)Dincreasing regional differences over economic policy

increasing regional differences over economic policy Randolph states in the excerpt that he will not pay a tax because it will not benefit him or his region.

-Source: Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: the Contested History of Democracy in the United States, 2009 Which of the following pieces of evidence from 1820 to 1850 would best support the author's argument in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Adata showing population growth in Western territories(Choice B)Bdata showing the average socioeconomic status of white men(Choice C)Cdata showing the change in how many electoral votes are allocated to each state(Choice D)Ddata showing the percentage of the voting eligible population that voted in presidential elections

data showing the percentage of the voting eligible population that voted in presidential elections

Jefferson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Aincreasing regional differences over the expansion of slavery(Choice B)Bgrowing support for the end of trade relationships with Europe and Asia(Choice C)Cdeclining use of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the United States(Choice D)Ddecreasing regional differences in economic practices

increasing regional differences over the expansion of slavery

Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 1787 Which of the following had the greatest impact on the change in women's roles as described in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)Athe rise of public schooling for men and women(Choice B)Bthe change in women's roles during the First Great Awakening(Choice C)Cwomen's participation in the Revolutionary War(Choice D)Dincreased protests by women for their right to vote

women's participation in the Revolutionary War