1-7 A&P Exam, Anatomy and Physiology: Cellular Form and Function

cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion, act as antenna for monitoring nearby conditions (sensory)

cytoskeleton

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions. (determines shapes of cell, directs movement of materials within a cell, contributes to general movement of a cell)

exocytosis

A process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment. Transports to outside of cell. (endothelial cells- insulin; mammary gland - milk; glandular cells - hormones)

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles such as bacteria, dust and debris and turns it into a vesicle (cell eating).

Mitochondria

ATP synthesis; Round rod-shaped, bean-shaped w/ double unit membrane

Which of the following processes could occur only through a cellular membrane?

Active transport

Nucleic Acids

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), (ADP, AMP)

Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

An increase in reactant concentration

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?

Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport

osmosis

Diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal.

Which of these is hydrophobic?

Fat

_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes, such as salts, through narrow clefts between capillary cells.

Filtration; hydrostatic pressure

microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

Endocytosis

Is the process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment, enclosing the substance in a portion of the plasma membrane. The membrane then pinches off and leaves the substance inside the cell.

Nucleus

Largest organelle surrounded by double unit membrane w/ nuclear pores; Genetic control center, directs protein synthesis and shelters the DNA.

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other ones?

Metabolism

Vesicular Transport

Movement of large particles, droplets of fluid across membrane contained in bubble-like vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)

Filtration

Physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane (kidneys - wastes are filtered from the blood)

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

Positive feedback

Rough ER

Protein synthesis and manufacture of cellular membranes; sheets of parallel unit membranes w/ribosomes on outer surface

Golgi Complex

Recieves and modifies macromolecules and packages cell products into Golgi Vesicles (irregular sacs); several closely spaced parallel cisternae (reservoir) w/ thick edges

Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?

The first few crystals that form attract more calcium and phosphate.

Which of these is an example of active transport?

Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

Pinocytosis

a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles (cell drinking)

The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as __________.

catabolic and exergonic

ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.

channels

Active mode of transportation

consumes energy (ATP) - active transport, vesicular transport

lysosomes

contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, programmed cell death (autophagy) and glucose mobilization; round to oval sacs w/ single unit membrane

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ______________.

higher; shrink

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.

homeostasis

Negative feedback loops are __________.

homeostatic mechanisms

Smooth ER

lipid synthesis, detoxification and calcium storage; network of tubules w/ smooth surface

The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has __________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients.

microvilli

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.

negative feedback

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.

negative feedback

Simple Diffusion

net movement of particles from a place of high concentration (down the gradient) to a place of lower concentration due to constant motion (spray of aerosol in the air, drop of dye crystal into a bowl of water)

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

positive feedback

Three common components of a feedback loop are _________, __________, and __________.

receptor; integrating (control) center; effecto

Passive mode of transportation

requires NO energy (ATP) - Filtration, diffusion, osmosis

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________.

selectivity

Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a(n) __________, the protein is in a(n) __________, and the cells are in a __________.

solution; colloid; suspension

The most relevant free energy in human physiology is the energy stored in __________.

the chemical bonds of organic molecules

Insulin is taken up, via endocytosis, by the endothelial cells that line blood capillaries. Then, it's transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called __________.

transcytosis

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________.

up; active transport

Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except __________.

water in the extracellular fluid

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then __________

water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B