Humor Final
Blanchard et al. (2014) found that people use humor to:
**All of these things Ridicule others Undermine existing power relationships Enforce social norms
In research by Kuiper and colleagues (2004), which of the following was found to be related to higher levels of the self-enhancing humor style?
**all of these higher levels of self-esteem lower levels of depression lower levels of anxiety
What was an unpleasant finding in the study done by Gorham and Christophel (1990)?
10% of teachers surveyed admitted to using aggressive forms of humor towards their students
According to Jean Piaget, by what age is the typical child able to think abstractly and consider theoretical ideas?
11 or 12 years
Adults laugh about ____ times a day.
12-15
Ekman and colleagues have identified ____ distinct types of smiles
18
McGee (1979) argued that children do not have the cognitive capacity for symbolic play until around the age of:
18 months
Martha Wolfenstein (1954) proposed that serious make-believe play and make-believe joking become differentiated in children during which year of age
2 years
Beard (2005) studied advertisements to assess what percentage utilized humor. He have that _____ of ads used humor.
24%
Chan et al.'s (2012) brain imaging study using fMRI on humor comprehension supported the conclusion that there are _____ stages of humor processing.
3
In research by Bainum et al. (1984), at what ages did negative interactions that included teasing increase?
3 to 5 years
Teasing as a form of aggressive humor is observed in children as young as
3 years of age
Kids laugh about ____ times per day.
300-400
In the research on teasing by Shapiro et al. (1991), what percentage of children responded to teasing by teasing back?
39%
Jean Piaget, the famous child psychologist, proposed that children's cognitive development occurs in ___________ stages.
4
Paul McGhee (1979) proposed a theory of human development in children, which was composed of _____ stages.
4
According to Pien and Rothbart (1980) children can experience humor as early as the age of:
6 months
Studies have shown that children are not typically able to understand the intended meaning of ironic statements until around the age of:
6 years
In the outside link titled "Why Humor in the Workplace is a Key to Success," _____of respondents in a survey said the number one kind of workplace they'd be most reluctant to leave is one that was fun, with good working relationships and high levels of trust.
75%
In the outside link titled "Why Humor in the Workplace is a Key to Success," what percentage of CEOs surveyed said that they would rather hire someone with "a good sense of humor?"
89%
What is immunoglobulin A?
A component of the immune system that is involved in the body's defense
What relationship did Boyle and Joss-Reid (2004) predict about sense of humor and illness symptoms?
A negative correlation
What kind of relationship did Svebak, Kristoffersen, and Aasarrod (2006) find between sense of humor and longevity (how long people live)?
A positive relationship
The hierarchy of needs was proposed by which of the following:
Abraham Maslow
Which notable psychologist developed the therapy referred to as rational-emotive therapy?
Albert Ellis
What is typically collected for participants when studying the effects of humor on immunity?
Blood and saliva
Which of these habits are part of the "Seven Humor Habits Program"?
Both adopting a playful attitude and laughing more heartily
In a study by Amy Bippus (2000a), how was humor measured as a way to help friends cope?
By having participants fill out a questionnaire
You read about a study by Stewart and Thompson (2015) that examined life span for the funniest comedians versus less funny comedians. What did they find?
Comedians who were rated as funnier also participated in an above average amount of risky behaviors
What is the conclusion about humor and longevity?
Different types of humor may affect longevity in different ways
Those who have studied different types of smiles have given which of the following names for the "real" smile that is produced naturally when we are happy. Muscles around mouth and around the eyes are pulled up.
Duchenne display
Decker and Rotondo (2001) asked employees to rate the extent to which their manger used negative and positive humor. The results were that:
Employees thought their boss was better if they used positive humor
In the world of professional comedy, which of the following has been found to be true?
Female comedians have faced many obstacles as compared to male comedians
In their study, Lefcourt and Martin (1986) examined the use of humor to mitigate stress by:
Having participants write either a humorous or serious narrative about a gruesome video they watched
Research has shown that
Higher status people use humor more often than lower status people
In the outside link on why leaders need a sense of humor, which of the following is NOT one of the ways that humor can serve a positive role in leadership?
Humor can increase tension in times of crisis.
Where was "laughing yoga" invented?
India
In a study by Parrott and Gleitman (1989), infants between 6 and 8 months of age were observed during a game of peek-a-boo in which the person who disappeared was not the person who reappeared. What did the results show?
Infants laughed less than when the original face appeared
What is a cold pressor procedure?
It involves immersing a person's arm in a tub of ice cold water
What is the biopsychosocial model?
It views health as determined by biological, psychological, and cultural variables
Studies have shown that ____ causes muscle weakness
Laughter
Brain stimulation studies has shown that
Laughter can occur without being accompanied by mirth
Prior research has shown that people high in _____ are particularly averse to feelings of _____, and as a result, they engage in distraction, denial, or focus on the positive to avoid thinking about related topics.
Masculinity; distress
In a study by Janes and Olsen (2000), participants who watched a video of someone getting teased later showed
More conformity when performing a task with others
What evidence is there that Duchenne laughter helps with pain?
Neuroimaging studies show that it releases endorphins
Which two dimensions of the Five Factor Model of Personality have been identified as important correlates of psychological well-being?
Neuroticism and extraversion
You read about the work of Dr. Sven Svebak and also read an interview featuring him. In what country does he conduct his research?
Norway
Robert Provine, the scientist who studied human laughter, received his bachelor's degree from which of the following universities:
Oklahoma State University
Social play occurs in
Only mammals
What is the "halo effect"?
Overall liking of someone can make people perceive them as having a better sense of humor and leadership skills
Out of all the five subjects discussed in this chapter, which health benefit has the most research backing it up?
Pain tolerance
Research has shown that laughter is a genetically based trait that can be inherited in which of the follow?
Rats
Research shows that patients with damage to this area of the brain are most likely to have trouble comprehending humor
Right hemisphere
Which of the following actors played the role of "Patch Adams" in the film about Patch Adams's life?
Robin Williams
What is one big issue with researching humor and illness symptoms?
Self-report measures of illness symptoms are often confounded with neuroticism
What order do Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development occur?
Sensorimotor stage (birth- 2 years), Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years), Concrete Operational (7-11 years), Formal Operational (11-Adulthood)
What is the most common form of sexual harassment for women?
Sexist jokes
What is one reason Dr. Barbara Plester become interested in studying humor in the workplace?
She had previously worked at a well paying job that did not allow laughter, and this made her curious about the effects of laughter in the workplace
In recent years, the opinion of humor in a learning environment have:
Shifted towards people wanting humor in education
One reason why humor has a positive effect on classroom environment is:
Students don't expect teachers to be funny and are then pleasantly surprised
What did Sabina White and Phame Camarena (1989) use to measure the health effects of laughter?
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure
What information has been said about laughter that is not true?
That it provides the health benefits as jogging
What does the literature say overall about the benefits of humor on immunity?
The current evidence is weak and inconclusive
In educational settings, what does immediacy refer to?
The degree to which a teacher makes a close connection with students
What do people in AATH share an interest in?
The desire to apply humor to medicine, education, and other social environments
Cogen et al. ran an experiment about humor distracting from pain. What were the results?
The humor condition gave participants the highest pain tolerance
What is true about research on humor on the therapeutic process?
The research has extremely mixed results and no real conclusion can be drawn
Which of the following describes the attributes of people who regularly use self-defeating humor?
They have lower self esteem and more anxiety and depression
In a study in which a large group of people had to work together to solve a problem,
Those who interrupted others the most used humor the most
What is the goal of Provocative Therapy?
To provoke emotional responses that lead clients to change their perceptions and actions
In two outside clips, you learned about two companies that are famous for having non-traditional workplaces, which include lots of amenities and a laid-back, fun atmosphere. Which of the following were these two companies?
Zappos and Google
Trans-Cranial Magnetic Stimulation, or TMS is which of the following:
a device that pasess a magnetic pulse through somebody's skull and temporarily disorganize the function of the neurons there
Extended periods of mirth during humor experiences:
active both the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system
Therapeutic clowns have been used in facilities caring for which of the following:
adults with dementia
Humor is processed in the mesolimbic reward network in the brain, which is also involved in processing which of the following:
all of these
Higher levels of ______ have been shown to be related to greater increases in the sympathetic nervous system activation.
amusement
Laughter leads to
an increase in the production of antibodies
What condition did Norman Cousins have? Norman Cousins wrote about his experience in how humor positively affected his life (i.e., improving his sleep/reducing his pain)?
ankylosing spondylitis
Any language deficit that occurs following brain damage (usually to the left hemisphere) is called:
aphasia
When are the earliest smiles observed in infants?
before birth
In the clip with Sophie Scott, you learned which of the following about laughter:
breathing increases 2.5 fold after we laugh
Those who would like to work in hospital settings as therapeutic clowns:
can obtain training in a growing number of therapeutic clown programs
Which animals exhibit a "play face"
chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans
West suggests that children who have this may be more successful in standing up to bullies?
confidence
According to Blakemore, brain development....
continues through adolescence and beyond
When the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system is activated following a stressful experience, the adrenal cortex releases this stress hormone into the bloodstream.
cortisol
In research with married couples, which of the following has been found?
couples with more satisfying relationships report have higher levels of humor
A student by Hirosaki (2013) studied how experiencing humor affected individuals with Type 2 diabetes. The results showed that blood glucose levels _____________after participants experienced humor.
decreased
People use ___________ when they feel threatened or in distress.
defense mechanisms
________ functions such that it allows people to release prejudice.
disparagement humor
Which of the following is true about fake smiles?
does not involve the contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscles
One brain imaging technique involves measuring electrical activity on the scalp while participants carry out a cognitive processing task. It is referred to as:
electroencephalogram (EEG)
In the talk by Robin Dunbar, you learned that laughter triggers the release of _____________ in the human brain.
endorphins
What term is used to describe behaviors that a speaker uses to preserve their reputation and/or to avoid embarrassment?
face-saving behaviors
Sharing humor during an initial encounter typically increases
feelings of closeness
Around what age are typical children able to comprehend irony?
for the first time, around 6 years of age
Which of the following is NOT one of the universal basic emotions that Ekman identified in human facial expressions?
hatred
The Terman Life-Cycle Study included which of the following types of people as participants?
high IQ individuals
You learned about S-IgA. Which of the following is true about it?
higher levels of S-IgA means stronger immune response
Research from the 1980s involving school children suggested which of the following?
humor increased how much was learned
Which of the following is NOT among the needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
humor needs
What has research shown regarding how humor on tests affects test performance?
humor on tests does not influence students' test performance
Which of the following brain regions is involved in feeding, fighting, fleeing, and sexual intercourse.
hypothalamus
A genetic study by Hayashi (2006) examined changes in gene expression in individuals with Type 2 diabetes after they experienced humor. The results showed that after participants experienced humor, there were changes in 23 genes related to ______________ function as compared to when a non-humorous lecture was watched.
immune function
Research by Cogan et al. (1987) showed that experiencing relaxation or comedy ____________ pain tolerance participants as compared with a neutral control condition.
increased
The research by Nwokah and colleagues showed that for infants the amount of laughter ______________ during the first 12 months of life.
increased
Research by Nwokah and colleagues showed that the rate of laughing by infants:
increased during the first year of life, but stayed the same across the second year of life
Multiple research studies have found that watching comedy ___________ levels of S-IgA in the body.
increases
In what country did the laughter club movement start?
india
Which of the following is not one of Maslow's needs in his hierarchy of needs theory?
information needs (knowledge, facts, language)
Moz Jobrani is a comedian who was born in which of the following countries:
iran
Which of the following is true about anecdotal evidence?
it can serve as a first step in understanding a phenomenon it is first hand experience/accounts of a circumstance or situation of interest **all of these it is not useful in establishing cause-effect relationships among variables
According to Janes and Olson (2000), ______ refers to the social influence that a group exerts upon observers of ridicule to behave in conventional ways and abide by group norms
jeer pressure
Research suggests that among groups of people, some individuals may interact primarily in humorous interactions versus primarily serious interactions. These types of relationships are referred to as:
joking relationships
Gelastic epilepsy causes the affected person to have seizures that can involve
laughter
Which of the following was found to increased the success of IVF fertility treatment in women?
laughter
Pathological laughter refers to which of the following
laughter that occurs without any triggering funny event
The commercial you viewed, which contained multiple puns, was for which of the following types of products?
laundry detergent
When people engage in humor and laughter, they tend to feel:
less anxious
In Wanzer et al.'s (2006) study of humor by teachers in the classroom, what percentage of the examples of humor involved spontaneous, unplanned humor?
less than 1%
Moms Mabley is a comedian who was known for which of the following:
made more appearances at the Apollo Theater than any other performer
A study by Berk and colleagues (1989) showed that watching comedy for an hour increased levels of six out of 19 immune markers in participants. What type of participants were tested in the study?
male medical students
Which of the following is true regarding the use of humor by male and female teachers?
men use humor more than women in teaching
Decker (1987) surveyed 290 workers and found that those who rated their supervisors as having a high sense of humor also rated them as having _____.
more positive leadership characteristics
A study by Sherman (1988) found that children who were perceived as more humorous were also _____ by their peers.
more well liked
Which of the following statements is true?
most people prefer to have romantic relationships with people who enjoy humor
In the outside link titled "Bell Leadership Study Finds Humor Gives Leaders the Edge," what was the duration of the study (i.e., how long was data collected from employees)?
multiple survey sessions over two years
Exposure to humorous stimuli also can diminish the experience of ________ emotions
negative
The "peek-a-boo" game is enjoyable to infants when they are in the process of mastering which of the following:
object permanence
The cold pressor task is a measure of ________________ tolerance and requires particpiants to put their hands in ________.
pain tolerance; cold water
Individuals with some health conditions, such as Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as tumors and lesions in various parts of the brain may suffer from:
pathological laughter
According to Deutsch and Gerard (1955), normative influence refers to which of the following:
peer pressure
In the talk by Daniel Gilbert, he describes research that he has done that shows which of the following:
people are not always correct about what will make them happy in the future
In research by Provine (1993) on the topic of laughter among groups of people, which of the following was found?
people laugh more after a funny thing that they say themselves versus after funny things that a conversational partner says
In the research by Bergen (1998) in which children between 1 and 7 years were studied. The results showed that most humor occurred during which of the following situations:
play
In the talk by Dan Gilbert, you learned that there is a part of the brain that is involved when you think about whether you would prefer option A or option B. He calls this a simulator. What part of the brain is this?
prefrontal cortex
Which of the following, changes most dramatically during adolescence?
prefrontal cortex
Studies done by Kimata (2001) found that watching comedy did which of the following:
reduced allergic reactions
Ziv and Gadish (1989) found that, for both men and women, the perception that one's partner has a good sense of humor was related to which of the following:
relationship satisfaction
______ is a form of disparaging humor intended to make fun of something about an individual's behavior, personality, or appearance .
ridicule
In Rebecca Saxe's TED Talk, she discussed that there is a brain region that is highly active when we are thinking about other people's thoughts, feelings, and knowledge. Which of the following is this brain area?
right temporo-parietal junction
Infants' laughter appears to occur most often to instances of incongruity as long as they are in a ____ and playful environment.
safe
In the talk by Robin Dunbar, you learned which of the following
satisfaction with an interaction with friends is greater after laughter
In research by Kuiper and colleagues (2004), which higher levels of which humor style was associated with higher levels of depression and higher levels of anxiety?
self-deprecating humor style
Research by Kuiper and colleagues (2004) found that the ______ humor style was associated with higher levels of self-esteem
self-enhancing
People tend to like others they perceive as similar to themselves. The term used to describe this fact is which of the following:
similarity hypothesis
In the outside clip that provides an example of RET, the person featured provides an example of a shame attacking exercise, which involved which of the following:
singing a humorous song
The Duchenne display is a type of______
smile
Social identity refers to the part of an individual's self-concept that is based on ________________________
social group membership
In the study by Bizi et al. (1988) in which they found that people rated as being more humorous were rated as coping better with stress, what type of people were being rated in the study?
soldiers
In the research by Wanzer et al. (2006), which of the following is true about how students viewed a teacher's use of self-deprecating humor:
sometimes students found teachers' self-deprecating humor to be appropriate; sometimes they did not
Which of the following are defense mechanisms proposed by Sigmund Freud?
sublimation displacement projection denial repression **all of these
E-trade has become well known for having which of the following in their commercials?
talking babies
Research by Derks and Berkowitz showed which of the following:
telling a joke that others laugh at leads observers to rate the joke-teller as more attractive than someone who told a joke that no one laughed at
In the past, Moz Jobrani performed as part of a comedy trio called which of the following
the "Axis of Evil" comedy troop
Moms Mabley died in which decade?
the 1970s
Theory of mind refers to _______________________
the ability to infer a speaker's beliefs or intentions
In a study by Zigler, Levine, and Gould (1974), children at different grade levels enjoyed cartoons the most when
the cartoons were intermediate in terms of difficulty to comprehend
Richard Petty and John Cacioppo's (1986) Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion. Which of the following describes the different routes of processing that people can use when considering information.
the central and peripheral routes
In the study by Marci et al. (2004) in which therapy sessions were observed, they found which of the following:
the client laughed twice as much as the therapist
Rebecca Saxe's TED Talk described a study in which participants had a region of their brain stimulated (externally) with a magnet while they performed a moral reasoning task (judging an act as an accident or a purposeful "naughty" act). When the stimulation disrupted activity in the brain area (i.e., decreased the amount of activity occurring), which of the following occurred?
the decreased activity led to placing more blame/guilt on the person in the story
Children are able to appreciate jokes having double meanings during which stage of humor development?
the fourth
In research, you learned that when group members put each other down, which of the following was observed to happen?
the group members felt closer
When a person is called a "ginger," what does that mean?
the person has red hair
The expression that is used when a video clip because popular having thousands/millions of viewers in a short period of time is which of the following:
the video goes viral
Research suggests that when one engages in forced laughter (i.e., laughing on purpose when there is nothing funny occurring) _____________.
there is an increase in positive mood
Greengross and Miller (2001) suggested that humor is used during mate selection. Which of the following is also one of their findings:
those who are the funniest are the most intelligent
Which of the following was NOT discussed as one of the functions of humor?
to teach others about how different topics are related to one another
Downs et al. (1988) found that award winning professors:
used humor more than the average teacher
In McGhee's model describing the stages of humor development in children, which of the following example of humor would NOT be observed for children in the first two stages of humor development (i.e., the youngest children)?
using a pun in a conversation
Which of the following can occur after a big bout of laughing
we can feel weakness in our limbs
Robert Provine's research showed which of the following about naturally occurring laughter:
we laugh more at funny things we say than funny things our conversational partners say
In the talk by Robin Dunbar, you learned which of the following:
we laugh more when we are with others versus when we are alone
In studies in which people's brains were stimulated with electricity to see if laughter and/or mirth can be caused to happen, which of the following was shown:
when laughter is stimulated it can occur with or without an accompaning feeling of mirth
In research by Provine (1993) on the topic of laughter among groups of people, which of the following was found?
women laugh more than men
Bressler and Balshine (2006) found that
women preferred the humorous male target over the nonhumorous male target as a potential relationship partner
In the study by Carver et al. (1993) in which they found that greater use of humor to cope was related to lower levels of emotional distress, who were the participants?
women undergoing treatment for breast cancer
Research has shown that if you tell a joke to a stranger and the stranger does not laugh, then you are likely to feel which of the following about the stranger?
you view them negatively