10-3 Where Is Agriculture Distributed?

mixed crop and livestock

U.S., Midwest, central Europe

slash-and-burn agriculture

aka shifting cultivation-- farmers clear land for planting by slashing and burning vegetation debris

choice of animals

camels (arid climates and long periods of time), goats (tough, agile, easily feed), sheep (slow, selective eaters, affected by climate change)

separation of rice

chaff, threshed, winnowed, hull

swidden

cleared area is prepared by hand

ranching is the

commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

double cropping

common in places that have warm winters: alternating between wet rice, grown in the summer, or another dry crop grown in the drier winter season

transplanting

customary way to plant rice is to grow seedlings on dr land ina nursery and then transplant the seedlings into the flooded field

most important commercial agriculture practiced on farms near the large urban areas of northern U.S., southeastern Canada, northwestern Europe

dairy farming

ranching

drylands of western North America, southeastern Latin America, Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, South Pacific

growing rice involves four principal steps:

field preparation, flooding, transplanting, harvesting

asture

grass or other plats grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing

harvesting

harvested by hand, usually with knives

intensive subsistence agriculture

implies that farmers must work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land

shifting cultivation is practiced

in Tropical, or A, climate regions which have relatively high temps and lots of rain fall

challenges for dairy farmers

labor intensive, winter feed

mediterranean

lands surrounding Mediterranean Sea, western U.S., southern tip of Africa, Chile

plantation

large commercial farm in developing country that specializes in one or two crops

6 agricultural regions that predominate in developed countries:

mixed crop and livestock, dairying, grain, ranching, mediterranean, commercial gardening

dairying

near population clusters in the northeastern U.S., southeastern Canada, and northwestern Europe

grain

north-central U.S., south-central Canada, Eastern Europe

pastoral nomadism is a form

of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals

combine machine

performs in one operation the three tasks of reaping, threading, and cleaning

winter wheat crop

planted in the autumn and develops a strong root system before growth stops for the winter

spring wheat

planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer

field preparation

plow drawn by water buffalo

flooding

plowed land flooded with water, called sawah or paddy

crop rotation

practice of rotating use of different fields form crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

pastoral nomadism

primarily the drylands of Southwest Asia and North Africa, Central Asia, and East Easia

Intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant

primarily the large population concentrations of East Asia and South Asia

Intensive subsistence, crops other other than rice dominant

primarily the large population concentrations of East Asia and South Asia, where growing rice is difficult

Plantation

primarily the tropical and sub tropical regions of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

shifting cultivation

primarily the tropical regions of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia

transhumance

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

commercial gardening

south-eastern U.S. and southeastern Australia

agribusiness

system of commercial farming found in developed countries

truck farming

type of agriculture practiced in urban areas

Palouse region of Washington State

wheat comprises a smaller percentage of agricultural output than in the other two wheat-growing regions