A&P Chapter 4

Organelles.

"little organs. are complex, organized structures within cells that have unique characteristic shapes and functions.

Membrane bound

(membranous organelles) are enclosed by a membrane similar to the plasma membrane . the membranes separate the organelles contents from the cytosol

Non- membrane bound

(nonmembranous organelles are not enclosed within a membrane. these structures are generally composed of protein and include ribosomes the cytoskeleton. the centrosome and proteasome.

Cytoplasm

A general term for all cellular content located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Which required for translation

Amino acids Ribosomes mRNA tRNA

sodium diffusion into cells occurs _____ to the loss of k+

Before

Somatic

Cell include all of the cells in the body except sex cells

Tissues

Cell similar in structure and function are arranged into structural units called.

Ion movement through small proteins in the membrane is an example of what type of diffusion

Channel Mediated

The plasma membrane is made up of 3 types of lipids

Cholesterol Phospholipids Glycolipids

Proteins and DNA

Chromatin is composed of

Three primary components of the cytoplasm

Cytosol Organelles Inclusions

Diffusion Osmosis

Forms of passive transport across cell membranes are

Transports of lipids Detoxification of alcohol Synthesis of lipids Metabolism of carbohydrates

Functions of the Smooth ER

Dispose of waste Obtain nutrients Maintain shape of the cell

General functions of the cell

Daughter cells

In cell division one cell divides to produce two identical cells. these new cells are called

Cytosol

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix . the viscous syrup-like fluid of the cytoplasm.

Tight

Junctions are found between adjacent epithelial cells and prevent substances from leaking between them.

______ are thin, microscopic projections extending from the surface of the plasma membrane. they are smaller than cilia

Microvilli

Osmosis is a type of

Passive transport

Common features of a cell

Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm

Receptors Transport proteins Identity markers Enzymes

Plasma membrane proteins

Light Microscope (LM)

Produces a two dimensional image by passing visible light through the specimen.

DNA RNA polymerase Ribonucleotides

Require transcription

The plasma membrane also functions in establishing and maintaining and Electrochemical gradient at the plasma membrane called

Resting membrane potential

Glycocalyx

The Coating of sugar on the cells surface.

phospholipid bilayer

The basic structure of the plasma membrane

Nucleotides

The building blocks that form the double helical molecule called DNA

Mitosis

The cell division that takes place in somatic cells

Plasma Membrane

The cell membrane that forms the outer, limiting barriers separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment

Nucleoplasm

The fluid within the nucleus .

Negative

The inside of the cell is relative more _____ than the outside of the cell

Nucleus

The largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope.much of the internal content of the nucleus is genetic material, DNA. Controls protein synthesis and directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell.

Cytology

The study of Cells

Smooth ER

The synthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the

Diffusion

The tendency of molecules to move from areas of high to low concentration

Proteasomes

The"garbage disposals" for unwanted and or excess proteins in a cell

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Three dimensional study of a specimens surface.

Membrane-bound and non membrane bound

Two categories of organelles

Pumps Channels Carriers

Types of transport proteins

Translation

What is the synthesis of a new protein from an mRNA transcript called

Chromosomes

When a cell is dividing the DNA is tightly coiled as

Osmotic Pressure

When water moves across a semi-permeable membrane, the pressure it exerts is

Falgellum

Whip-like

In the cell cycle division of the cytoplasm is called

cytokinesis

hypetonic

higher concentration

hypotonic

lower concentration

isotonic

same concentration

Potassium Diffusion

the most important factor in establishing the specific value of the resting membrane potential

Electron Microscope(EM)

uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen