A&P Chapter 4
Organelles.
"little organs. are complex, organized structures within cells that have unique characteristic shapes and functions.
Membrane bound
(membranous organelles) are enclosed by a membrane similar to the plasma membrane . the membranes separate the organelles contents from the cytosol
Non- membrane bound
(nonmembranous organelles are not enclosed within a membrane. these structures are generally composed of protein and include ribosomes the cytoskeleton. the centrosome and proteasome.
Cytoplasm
A general term for all cellular content located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Which required for translation
Amino acids Ribosomes mRNA tRNA
sodium diffusion into cells occurs _____ to the loss of k+
Before
Somatic
Cell include all of the cells in the body except sex cells
Tissues
Cell similar in structure and function are arranged into structural units called.
Ion movement through small proteins in the membrane is an example of what type of diffusion
Channel Mediated
The plasma membrane is made up of 3 types of lipids
Cholesterol Phospholipids Glycolipids
Proteins and DNA
Chromatin is composed of
Three primary components of the cytoplasm
Cytosol Organelles Inclusions
Diffusion Osmosis
Forms of passive transport across cell membranes are
Transports of lipids Detoxification of alcohol Synthesis of lipids Metabolism of carbohydrates
Functions of the Smooth ER
Dispose of waste Obtain nutrients Maintain shape of the cell
General functions of the cell
Daughter cells
In cell division one cell divides to produce two identical cells. these new cells are called
Cytosol
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix . the viscous syrup-like fluid of the cytoplasm.
Tight
Junctions are found between adjacent epithelial cells and prevent substances from leaking between them.
______ are thin, microscopic projections extending from the surface of the plasma membrane. they are smaller than cilia
Microvilli
Osmosis is a type of
Passive transport
Common features of a cell
Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm
Receptors Transport proteins Identity markers Enzymes
Plasma membrane proteins
Light Microscope (LM)
Produces a two dimensional image by passing visible light through the specimen.
DNA RNA polymerase Ribonucleotides
Require transcription
The plasma membrane also functions in establishing and maintaining and Electrochemical gradient at the plasma membrane called
Resting membrane potential
Glycocalyx
The Coating of sugar on the cells surface.
phospholipid bilayer
The basic structure of the plasma membrane
Nucleotides
The building blocks that form the double helical molecule called DNA
Mitosis
The cell division that takes place in somatic cells
Plasma Membrane
The cell membrane that forms the outer, limiting barriers separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment
Nucleoplasm
The fluid within the nucleus .
Negative
The inside of the cell is relative more _____ than the outside of the cell
Nucleus
The largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope.much of the internal content of the nucleus is genetic material, DNA. Controls protein synthesis and directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell.
Cytology
The study of Cells
Smooth ER
The synthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the
Diffusion
The tendency of molecules to move from areas of high to low concentration
Proteasomes
The"garbage disposals" for unwanted and or excess proteins in a cell
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Three dimensional study of a specimens surface.
Membrane-bound and non membrane bound
Two categories of organelles
Pumps Channels Carriers
Types of transport proteins
Translation
What is the synthesis of a new protein from an mRNA transcript called
Chromosomes
When a cell is dividing the DNA is tightly coiled as
Osmotic Pressure
When water moves across a semi-permeable membrane, the pressure it exerts is
Falgellum
Whip-like
In the cell cycle division of the cytoplasm is called
cytokinesis
hypetonic
higher concentration
hypotonic
lower concentration
isotonic
same concentration
Potassium Diffusion
the most important factor in establishing the specific value of the resting membrane potential
Electron Microscope(EM)
uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen
