A&P FINAL REVIEW

Administering vaccines to young children for measles, mumps, and rubella is an example of what type of immunity?

Artificially induced active immunity

What are the uses for the ATP molecule?

Energy source, used in muscle contraction; signal transduction

The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.

False

The abundant protein component of red blood cells is _________.

Hemoglobin

The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are ______.

Horomones

The localized general tissue response to injury is ___________.

Inflammation

The cells, tissues, and organs that work together, having primary function to protect the body against environmental and internal threats is the ____________ system.

Lymphatic

Passage of antibodies from mother to baby through breastfeeding milk is an example of what type of immunity?

Naturally acquired passive immunity

The mechanism where an antibody binds to a bacteria or virus making it incapable of infecting cells is called what?

Neutralization

The nonspecific defense that denies access to pathogens is ______________.

Physical barriers

Antibodies are produced by _________ cells.

Plasma B cells

What is the common goal of the endocrine and nervous system?

Preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs and systems.

Which white cells are considered the primary cells of the adaptive immune system?

T cells and B cells (lymphocytes)

The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.

True

The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.

True

The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.

True

The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.

True

The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.

True

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

True

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

True

When swallowing, the epiglottis covers the larynx.

True

Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance.

True

Enlarged chambers in the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called ______.

Ventricles

Blood is a type of _______ tissue.

connective

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.

digestion

Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption of nutrients?

esophagus

Why is a ruptured appendix life threatening?

it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity

The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane...

lining the thoracic cavity.

The difference in fluid flow into and out of capillaries is taken up by the _______________.

lymph vessels

The lymphoid vessels closely associated with blood capillaries are called _____________.

lymphatic capillaries

Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?

maxillae

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

medulla and pons

The auditory ossicles are located in the ______.

middle ear

The layer of the heart containing cardiac muscle is the ___________.

myocardium

Chordae tendineae originate at the ________________.

papillary muscle

The heart lies in the _______ cavity.

pericardial

After phagocytosis, antigenic fragments are generated by ____________.

plasma membranes

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface are of the mucosal lining. What are the structures which accomplish this task?

plicae circulares and intestinal villi

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains...

relatively stable internal environment, within limits.

The average pH of blood falls in a range of __________.

slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)

The bolus is liquefied in the _________ and is now called chyme.

stomach

Increased inhalation during exercise pulls blood into the vena cava by a mechanism called ____________.

the respiratory pump

The right atrioventricular valve is the ______________.

tricuspid valve

The vessels that supply blood to the heart are called the ______________.

veins

What is the word/phrase that refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

ventilation

Which of the following is true of mitochondria ______. a. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function. b. are always the same shape. c. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell. d. are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP.

a. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function.

A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells a. lines most of the respiratory tract b. aids in digestion c. is more durable than all the epithelia d. is found in some of the larger glands

a. lines most of the respiratory tract

What respiratory structure provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

alveoli

The lymphoid vessels run from _________ to __________.

arteries; veins

Contraction of the upper chambers of the heart is called ___________.

atrial systole

Select the most correct statement. a. The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. b. The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. c. Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. d. Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both.

b. The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.

The final destination of lymph fluid is the ___________.

bloodstream, as it enters through the subclavian veins

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?

brain

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched. a. Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. b. Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. c. Cytology: study of the structures of a particular region. d. Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye.

c. Cytology: study of the structures of a particular region.

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

cartilage rings

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. a. Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. b. Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two. c. Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. d. Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.

d. Visceral pericardium covers the surface if the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.

Which of the following does NOT have an action on the elbow? a. biceps bronchii b. brachioradialis c. brachialis d. triceps brachii e. vastus lateralis

d. triceps brachii

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

diffusion

Which term means towards or at the back of the body (behind)?

dorsal (posterior)

Which of the following is NOT defined as a flexor of the knee? a. semitendinosus b. semimembranosus c. sartorious d. biceps femoris e. rectus femoris

e. rectus femoris

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.

enhancement of labor contraction

The endocardium of the heart is composed of ___________.

epithelial and connective tissue

The most abundant formed elements are ________.

erythrocytes (Red blood cells)

What is the vertical section through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior regions?

frontal (coronal)

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

increase of carbon dioxide

Which of the systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli?

nervous system

Chemical compounds released by neuron cells are called ______.

neurotransmitters

The serous membrane covering the heart is the ____________.

pericardium

The posterior knee area is called ________.

popliteal

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

The pituitary gland is housed in a saddle-like depression in the ______ bone called the sella turcica.

sphenoid

MALT is lymphoid tissue that is specifically found where?

submucosal membrane sites of the body

The right atrium receives blood from the ___________.

superior vena cava, inferior vena cave and coronary sinus

Normal lymph flow is directed toward the __________.

thoracic cavity

Lymph from the body sections inferior to the diaphragm and the left side of the body collects in the __________.

thoracic duct

What is the role of capillaries?

to allow exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones between blood and tissues

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?

to maintain homeostasis

Relaxation of the lower chambers of the heart is called ____________.

ventricular diastole

What is the function of blood?

1. Transports; oxygen, waste, and hormones 2. Heat regulation 3. Homeostatic balance within the body system 4. Wound repair 5. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide from respiration 6.Important in immune system / infection fighting

As lymph filters through nodes, ________ percent of antigens are removed.

99

The mature lymphocytes that are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are called ____________.

B cells

The gastrocnemius inserts onto the ______.

Calcaneus

Which tissue type lines the fallopian tubes and functions as a "conveyor belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus?

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

What is the connective tissue that surrounds a muscle called?

Epimysium

Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds.

False

The fibula is the major weight bearing bone of the leg.

False

The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum.

False

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

Forming acid hydrolysis that are necessary to help form cell membranes.

The thoracic duct empties into the ____________.

Left subclavian vein; left internal jugular vein junction

The lymphoid cells nodules located at the base of the tongue are called what?

Lingual

The ossicle that attaches to the tympanic membrane is the _______.

Malleus (hammer)

The immunity resistance that exists when you recover from viral infection is an example of what?

Naturally acquired active immunity

Cells that participate in inflammatory response

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

Osteoblast

What is the vertical section through the body dividing it into left and right?

Sagittal

What is the major positive ion outside cells?

Sodium

The bone lying anterior to the heart is the ________.

Sternum

A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be called?

Stratifies squamous

The mature lymphocytes that are responsible for cell-mediated immunity are called ____________.

T cells

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with _______.

The release of energy

The formed elements with a role in blood clotting are ______.

Thrombocytes

Mature T cells differ from other lymphocytes in that they have matured where?

Thymus

A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction.

True

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function.

True

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

True

Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.

True

In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.

True

Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

True

It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.

True

Lungs carry out an excretory function.

True

Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated.

True

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

True

Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth.

True

The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.

True

The anatomical position means the body is standing attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.

True

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region.

True

There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.

True