A&P FINAL REVIEW
Administering vaccines to young children for measles, mumps, and rubella is an example of what type of immunity?
Artificially induced active immunity
What are the uses for the ATP molecule?
Energy source, used in muscle contraction; signal transduction
The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.
False
The abundant protein component of red blood cells is _________.
Hemoglobin
The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are ______.
Horomones
The localized general tissue response to injury is ___________.
Inflammation
The cells, tissues, and organs that work together, having primary function to protect the body against environmental and internal threats is the ____________ system.
Lymphatic
Passage of antibodies from mother to baby through breastfeeding milk is an example of what type of immunity?
Naturally acquired passive immunity
The mechanism where an antibody binds to a bacteria or virus making it incapable of infecting cells is called what?
Neutralization
The nonspecific defense that denies access to pathogens is ______________.
Physical barriers
Antibodies are produced by _________ cells.
Plasma B cells
What is the common goal of the endocrine and nervous system?
Preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs and systems.
Which white cells are considered the primary cells of the adaptive immune system?
T cells and B cells (lymphocytes)
The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
True
The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
True
The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.
True
The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.
True
The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
True
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
True
The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
True
When swallowing, the epiglottis covers the larynx.
True
Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance.
True
Enlarged chambers in the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called ______.
Ventricles
Blood is a type of _______ tissue.
connective
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.
digestion
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption of nutrients?
esophagus
Why is a ruptured appendix life threatening?
it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity
The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane...
lining the thoracic cavity.
The difference in fluid flow into and out of capillaries is taken up by the _______________.
lymph vessels
The lymphoid vessels closely associated with blood capillaries are called _____________.
lymphatic capillaries
Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?
maxillae
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
medulla and pons
The auditory ossicles are located in the ______.
middle ear
The layer of the heart containing cardiac muscle is the ___________.
myocardium
Chordae tendineae originate at the ________________.
papillary muscle
The heart lies in the _______ cavity.
pericardial
After phagocytosis, antigenic fragments are generated by ____________.
plasma membranes
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface are of the mucosal lining. What are the structures which accomplish this task?
plicae circulares and intestinal villi
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains...
relatively stable internal environment, within limits.
The average pH of blood falls in a range of __________.
slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)
The bolus is liquefied in the _________ and is now called chyme.
stomach
Increased inhalation during exercise pulls blood into the vena cava by a mechanism called ____________.
the respiratory pump
The right atrioventricular valve is the ______________.
tricuspid valve
The vessels that supply blood to the heart are called the ______________.
veins
What is the word/phrase that refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
ventilation
Which of the following is true of mitochondria ______. a. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function. b. are always the same shape. c. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell. d. are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP.
a. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function.
A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells a. lines most of the respiratory tract b. aids in digestion c. is more durable than all the epithelia d. is found in some of the larger glands
a. lines most of the respiratory tract
What respiratory structure provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
alveoli
The lymphoid vessels run from _________ to __________.
arteries; veins
Contraction of the upper chambers of the heart is called ___________.
atrial systole
Select the most correct statement. a. The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. b. The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. c. Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. d. Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both.
b. The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.
The final destination of lymph fluid is the ___________.
bloodstream, as it enters through the subclavian veins
The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?
brain
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched. a. Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. b. Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. c. Cytology: study of the structures of a particular region. d. Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye.
c. Cytology: study of the structures of a particular region.
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
cartilage rings
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. a. Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. b. Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two. c. Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. d. Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.
d. Visceral pericardium covers the surface if the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.
Which of the following does NOT have an action on the elbow? a. biceps bronchii b. brachioradialis c. brachialis d. triceps brachii e. vastus lateralis
d. triceps brachii
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
diffusion
Which term means towards or at the back of the body (behind)?
dorsal (posterior)
Which of the following is NOT defined as a flexor of the knee? a. semitendinosus b. semimembranosus c. sartorious d. biceps femoris e. rectus femoris
e. rectus femoris
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.
enhancement of labor contraction
The endocardium of the heart is composed of ___________.
epithelial and connective tissue
The most abundant formed elements are ________.
erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
What is the vertical section through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior regions?
frontal (coronal)
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
increase of carbon dioxide
Which of the systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli?
nervous system
Chemical compounds released by neuron cells are called ______.
neurotransmitters
The serous membrane covering the heart is the ____________.
pericardium
The posterior knee area is called ________.
popliteal
What is the major function of the axial skeleton?
provide central support for the body and protect internal organs
The pituitary gland is housed in a saddle-like depression in the ______ bone called the sella turcica.
sphenoid
MALT is lymphoid tissue that is specifically found where?
submucosal membrane sites of the body
The right atrium receives blood from the ___________.
superior vena cava, inferior vena cave and coronary sinus
Normal lymph flow is directed toward the __________.
thoracic cavity
Lymph from the body sections inferior to the diaphragm and the left side of the body collects in the __________.
thoracic duct
What is the role of capillaries?
to allow exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones between blood and tissues
What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?
to maintain homeostasis
Relaxation of the lower chambers of the heart is called ____________.
ventricular diastole
What is the function of blood?
1. Transports; oxygen, waste, and hormones 2. Heat regulation 3. Homeostatic balance within the body system 4. Wound repair 5. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide from respiration 6.Important in immune system / infection fighting
As lymph filters through nodes, ________ percent of antigens are removed.
99
The mature lymphocytes that are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are called ____________.
B cells
The gastrocnemius inserts onto the ______.
Calcaneus
Which tissue type lines the fallopian tubes and functions as a "conveyor belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus?
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
What is the connective tissue that surrounds a muscle called?
Epimysium
Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds.
False
The fibula is the major weight bearing bone of the leg.
False
The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum.
False
Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?
Forming acid hydrolysis that are necessary to help form cell membranes.
The thoracic duct empties into the ____________.
Left subclavian vein; left internal jugular vein junction
The lymphoid cells nodules located at the base of the tongue are called what?
Lingual
The ossicle that attaches to the tympanic membrane is the _______.
Malleus (hammer)
The immunity resistance that exists when you recover from viral infection is an example of what?
Naturally acquired active immunity
Cells that participate in inflammatory response
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
Osteoblast
What is the vertical section through the body dividing it into left and right?
Sagittal
What is the major positive ion outside cells?
Sodium
The bone lying anterior to the heart is the ________.
Sternum
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be called?
Stratifies squamous
The mature lymphocytes that are responsible for cell-mediated immunity are called ____________.
T cells
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with _______.
The release of energy
The formed elements with a role in blood clotting are ______.
Thrombocytes
Mature T cells differ from other lymphocytes in that they have matured where?
Thymus
A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction.
True
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
True
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
True
Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.
True
In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.
True
Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.
True
It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
True
Lungs carry out an excretory function.
True
Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated.
True
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
True
Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth.
True
The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
True
The anatomical position means the body is standing attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.
True
The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region.
True
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
True