A&P II Ch. 24

Formation of ketone bodies occurs during _______________. A. metabolic acidosis. B. lipolysis. C. lipogenesis. D. beta oxidation.

A

In carbohydrate metabolism, the carbohydrates: A. are converted into fat if present in excess. B. such as the monomer galactose are normally used to make ATP. C. are converted into fructose by the liver before they enter into general circulation. D. that are highly refined offer many valuable nutrients in addition to calories.

A

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as: A. lipolysis. B. fat utilization. C. carbohydrate utilization. D. gluconeogenesis

A

The term energy output includes: A. the energy lost as heat. B. the loss of organic molecules in urine. C. the loss of organic molecules in feces. D. the loss of energy to perspiration.

A

The term essential amino acid refers to those amino acids that: A. the body cannot synthesize. B. contribute to structural proteins. C. become part of the metabolic reserves. D. are stored.

A

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A. protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. B. it is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C. a negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. D. it occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.

A

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A. release of epinephrine B. shivering C. vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels D. increase in ADH production

B

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body? A. promote weight loss with activity. B. protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation. C. shrink fat stores. D. decrease appetite and food intake.

B

Which of the following occurs when heat loss in the form of infrared waves? A. evaporation. B. radiation. C. convection. D. conduction.

B

Deficiency causes cracking of the lips or mouth corners.

Riboflavin

Beta oxidation is the initial phase of _____________, and it occurs in the _____________. A. fatty acid oxidation/cytoplasm B. glycolysis/cytoplasm C. fatty acid oxidation/mitochondria D. glycolysis/mitochondria

C

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because: A. vitamins provide protection against the common cold. B. very few foods contain vitamins. C. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients. D. all vitamins are water-soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization.

C

The primary function of carbohydrates is to: A.contribute to cell structure. B. maintain a large storehouse of glycogen. C. maintain energy production within the cells. D. form functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes.

C

Which cells of the body would suffer most if blood glucose levels were to drop drastically? A.liver and spleen. B. intestinal and pancreatic. C. brain neurons and red blood cells. D. heart and lung.

C

The product of lipogenesis?

Triglycerides

Night blindness can often be caused by a deficiency in:

Vitamin A

A condition known as beriberi can result from a deficiency in:

Vitamin B1

Associated with bone deformities in children.

Vitamin D

A person who required a prolonged clotting time would most likely be deficient in:

Vitamin K

Abundant in lean meat, legumes, and whole grains.

Vitamine B1

amino acid group removed when AA present are excessive

deamination

non-carbohydrate molecule → glucose converted from pyruvate, glycerol, AA, fatty acid, PRO

gluconeogensis

The storage form of carbohydrates?

glycogen

glycogen → glucose converted by live in response to low blood sugar

glycogenolysis

glycerol + fatty acid → triglyceride excess dietary amounts are converted to fat, transported/storage

lipogensis

triglycerides → glycerol + fatty acids

lipolysis

The major byproduct of cellular respiration.

CO2

Process which involves the breakdown of chemical nutrients into smaller molecues.

Catabolism

The aerobic pathway that is fueled by mostly by pyruvic acid.

Citric Acid Cycle

Heat loss during sweating occurs mainly by ___________. A. conduction. B. radiation. C. convection. D. evaporation

D

Heat-loss mechanisms do not include: A. direct loss by touching a cooler object. B. the evaporation of water. C. cool air circulating around the body. D. vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels.

D

Prostaglandins play a role in: A. skeletal muscle contraction. B. control of blood volume. C. noninflammatory responses. D. smooth muscle contraction.

D

The primary function of cellular respiration is to: A. determine the amount of heat needed by the human body. B. provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. C. efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body. D. generate ATP, which traps some of the chemical energy of food molecules in its high-energy bonds.

D

The term metabolism is best defined as: A. the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats. B. a measure of carbohydrate utilization. C. the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day. D. the sum of energy produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the bod

D

Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A. ATP production. B. lipogenesis. C. amino acid synthesis. D. direct conversion to a nucleic acid.

D

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A.corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ. B. lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals. C. egg yolk, fish roe, and grains. D. eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish.

D

A product of lipolysis.

Fatty Acids

glucose → glycogen formed when supplies excess cellular need for ATP synthesis

Glycogenesis

Glucose serves as the initial reactant.

Glycolysis

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? electron transport. glycolysis. Krebs cycle. formation of malic acid from fumaric acid.

B

The cells energy "currency"?

ATP

The product of protein catabolism..

Amino Acids

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which: A. glycogen is broken down to release glucose. B. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors. C. glycogen is formed. D. glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water.

B

Glycolysis is best defined as the: A. conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water. B. conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. C. conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water. D. formation of sugar.

B

In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be: A. consumed. B. removed. C. double-bonded. D. reaminated.

B

What metabolic reaction involves conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups? A. transamination. B. beta oxidation. C. lipolysis D. demanination.

B

Process by which triglyceride synthesis occurs

Lipogenesis

The body's total supply of nutrient components.

Nutrient pool

Produces water as a metabolic byproduct.

Oxidative phosphorylation

amino acid group transfer to generate a keto acid

transamination