adolescent development

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Females bit growth spurt about 2 years earlier

-females=11 -males=13-> grow height through torso

Growth differences: ethnicity

-for females in US: african american< mexican american< white -not accounted for by income, residence or weight

How explicit is the transition into adulthood?

-formal initiation ceremonies -timing and uniformity -view of themselves

Evaluation of Piaget's Theory

-formal operations not universal -may not use formal operations on all tasks -large difference between competence-performance

Changes in the Brain

-full maturation of PFC -dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -ventromedial prefrontal cortex -orbitofrontal cortex

Why does the set point get raised when it does?

-genetic predisposition -signals to brain -leptin *Lots going on. not just one isolated event or trigger*

physical manifestations/ signs of sexual maturity

-genital growth -pubic and underarm hair, oil secretion (acne) -boys: facial hair -girls: breast development

Changes in Status: two-sided coin

-given certain privileges and rights reserved for adults -increased expectation for self-management, personal responsibility and social participation

Brain regions involved in language acqusition

-grows rapidly in preadolescence, then stop growing at puberty -more difficult to learn a new language as a teen than as a child

Feedback loop (HPG axis)

-hypothalamus -pituitary (master) gland -gonads (testes and ovaries) -gonads release sex hormones -androgens and estrogens in blood stream -hypothalamus monitors androgen and estrogen levels -FSH + LH travel to the gonads -when sex hormones diminish, cycle starts again

Social definition and psychosocial development

-identity -autonomy -intimacy ,dating and marriage

Body Image

25 % of girls don't like their bodies, 60% of high school girls are trying to lose weight.

2 ways to improve efficiency of information processing

-synaptic pruning -myelination

Lost generations

-teens during or just after WWII -traumatized by casualties of war -rejected parent's victorian ideas

Sensorimotor Stage

1. of Piaget. Stable existence of objects, logical thinking begins. age: 0-2

3 common themes of social definition

1. real or symbolic separation from parents 2. emphasis on differences between sexes 3. passing on information from older generations

Erik Erikson

8 psychosocial stages of development

Needed Sleep for Adolescents

9.5 hours

Negative changes in social cognitions

-Elkind: thinking about thinking -adolescent egocentricism -imaginary audience -personal fable -psuedostupidity -adolescent relativism -teens may come to feel as if everything is uncertain, or that no knowledge is completely reliable

Emphasis on differences between sexes

-accentuation of physical and social differences -stems from biological changes of puberty and from the highly-differentiated family roles and work -often separated, treated differently, afforded different privileges

Roles of hormones

-activation effects -organizational effects -interaction events

Schlegal and Barry's Analysis

-adolescent socialization project -186 tribal or traditional culture -% w/a concept/ stage of adolescence -100% for males -94% for females

Information processing: advances in organization

-adolescents are more planful -organizational strategies

Changes in limbic system

-changes in levels of neurotransmitter (dopamine and serotonin) -makes individuals: more emotional, more responsive to stress and more likely to engage in reward, sensation seeking behavior

The process of social redefinition

-changes in status -marked by cultural practices -variations in social transitions

GI generation

-child during Great Depression, adolescents during WWII -Rosy the Riveter -most men enlisted

Basic Tenants of Cognitive Stage Theory

-child's thinking is organized (stages/structures) -stages are qualitatively distinct -stages are fixed-you can't go backwards

Processes of neighborhood influences

-collective efficacy -the impact of stress

Positive changes in social cognitions

-conceptions of interpersonal relationships become more mature -they develop a more advanced understanding of human behavior -ability to figure out what other people think is more accurate -perspective taking becomes more sophisticated

Analytic System

-consciously controlled, effortful, volitional -deliberate, analytic -reflective and decontextualized -improves over the course of adolescence

Gender-Intensification Hypothesis=

Adolescence is a time when concern for gender-appropriate behavior increases

Insecure attachment

Anxious-avoidant=Neglectful parents, child is indifferent to caregiver Anxious-resistant=inconsistent parenting, child=no exploration, distress

Boys

By adolescence, boys excel in math problem solving Some spatial skills are superior in males rough play and to explore; show higher levels of physical aggression and assertiveness

Late Maturation for Boys

Can cause distress, but greater creativity and insight, less moodsqings/antisocial

homosexual identity stage 3

Identity assumption often begins during the early 20s; defines and accepts himself or herself as homosexual and associates regularly with homosexual peer groups

homosexual identity stage 2

Identity confusion usually occurs during adolescence; conflict between a teenager's prior self-image and current feelings of same-sex arousal (or lack of heterosexual arousal)

Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development

People pass through stages of moral development based on cognitive growth/experience/and through a lens of justice.

The paradox of adolescent health in the United States is that:

adolescence is one of the healthiest periods in the life span, but nearly 1 in 15 adolescents has at least one disabling chronic disease.

Dimensions

adolescents can consider multiple dimensions of a situation simultaneously

In contrast to adolescents in the United States, adolescents in Europe:

are more likely to have an apprenticeship while in high school.

Primary Sex Characteristics

Testes, ovaries, menarche, semenarch

In their movement toward more permissive attitudes about premarital intercourse, adolescents in the United States today generally:

believe that being emotionally involved with one's partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.

attention

better able to concentrate and stay on task

Unfit for children

birds and the bees

Bicultural Identity

blend, capable of leaning towards one or another

Based on the Five C's of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others:

caring

Limited utility to children

change a car tire, do taxes, home economics

event-related potentials

changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events

Activation effects

changes in hormone levels (especially during puberty) influence behavior, appearance and growth

where/how do changes occur ?

changes in how others view and treat you and how you view yourself

Interpersonal Changes

changes in relationships and obligations -adult titles -adult tables vs kids table -expected to set table for younger siblings

Legal Changes

changes in the eyes of law -new rights: cigarettes, alcohol, porn gambling -new responsibilities: may be prosecuted more harshly -status offenses: behaviors that are against the law for people of certain ages

Information processing

changes is adolescent cognition are a result of advances in: attention, memory, speed, organization and metacognition

Accommodation

changing own understanding (schema) to make room for new, novel information

Hormones

chemicals, secreted by glands, that act as messenger to tell other cells and glands what to do

3 Social movements responsible for creation of adolescents

compulsory education, child labor law and juvenile justice system

Masculine Traits

active, aggressive, ambitious, competitive, dominant, superior, independent, self confident

Children's friendships are based on _____, whereas adolescents' friendships are based on _____.

activities; intimacy

formal operations not universal

linked to education and schooling

Procedural Knowledge

long term memory of how to do things

The elongation of adolescence

longer than ever before -puberty earlier -not entering adult roles until later

Davis is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. He studies a group of 100 junior high school students over the course of three years. He is conducting what kind of study?

longitudinal

Piaget's view

looked at a broader, overarching qualitative change in thought

Grey matter and white matter

decrease in grey matter and increase in white matter. increased white matter reflects improved connectivity within and across from brain regions

What happens during puberty?

middle childhood: hypothalamus gradually becomes less sensitive to levels of sex hormones "set point raised" -hypothalamus starts to allow more and more androgen and estrogen in before flow is cut off

All of the following are indicators of metacognition, except:

deductive reasoning.

Teens more attuned to potential rewards

might be more beneficial to convince adolescents that the rewards of a risky activity are small then to persuade them the cost are large

Toddlers age of 21 months

demonstrate a sense of the physical self

Girls

demonstrate better performance in verbal skills, though some differences get smaller by adolescence Girls earn higher grades in mathematics early show less exploration, perform better on tasks involving flexibility and fine-motor coordination

Social context

depending on whether it is seen as normal

When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs?

during college

Stages are fixed

each stage builds on the last and is more adaptive for understanding experiences -characterized by a particular way/pattern/ structure of thinking

According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______ it has in past decades.

earlier than

Stages of Adolescence

early adolescence: ages 10-13 middle adolescence: ages 14-17 late adolescence: ages 18-21 emerging adulthood: early to mid 20s

Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-esteem is accurate?

early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys

Speed

early adolescents> preadolescents mature adolescents> early adolescents

Distancing hypothesis

evolutionary basis and separate adolescent from parent

The phenomenon of extrusion is the practice in which children are:

expected to sleep in other households.

double entendres

figures of speech intended to be understood in more than one way

Assimilation

fitting new info into existing schema in the brain

Histories or rituals of family or communities

mom teaching you the secret family recipe

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true:

moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand

When compared with their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are:

more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as going out on dates.

Why is disturbance in sleep cycle longer now?

more screens , location, etc.

Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except:

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that:

most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.

Health & nutrition

most important external factos

Intimacy, dating and marriage

need for new decisions about sexual activity

psychological definition of adolescence

new adjustments in thinking and acting

Impetus

new methods

Over the first few months of life

newborns begin to understand that they have unique physical and sensations and emotions They also come to learn that they have an effect on others (i.e., throwing a rattle)

Identity Diffusion

no current crisis, no commitment

Is emerging adulthood universal?

no. money plays a role, possibly a function of priorities and values

Late or consolidated formal operations

not all adolescents develop it

Full maturation of PFC

not complete until mid 20s

Early-maturing boys are:

often expected to be more mature than they are.

Late-maturing boys

often feel uncomfortable about comparing themselves with their more developed peers

The text cautions against trying to determine the relationship between family characteristics and adolescent development because:

parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.

Political Changes

participation in community decision making -right to vote -run for office -get drafted for war

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:

patterns of leisure activity.

Sixteen-year-old Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status?

foreclosure

Encoding

formal mental representations

Most effective way of thinking

formal operational-> introduction into deductive logic problems

According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that is based on theoretical, abstract principles of logic is called:

formal operations.

According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:

had opportunities to shift status in high school.

Kohlberg Stage 3

good-boy/nice-girl- inidividuals behave appropriately to receive approval.

Identity Achievement

has experienced a crisis and has commitment

Early-maturing boys

have the advantage in sports, and peers may see their more developed musculature, facial hair, and deeper voices as being attractive

Full Separation

identify with ethnic group and NOT dominant culture

Marginalized

identify with other culture

Full Assimilation

identifying with majority culture

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:

identity versus identity diffusion.

hypothetical thinking

if then reasoning -see beyond what is observed to anticipate what might be possible

Timing and uniformity

if you and you cohort graduated high school or college, got married and got a job all at the same time, its pretty clear

automaticity

if you thought about everything nothing would be done

Segmented Assimilation Theory

immigrant families live with few models of academic achievement and career success and become resistant to those ideas "downward assimilation."

Immigration Paradox

immigrants have better attitudes toward school but lower graduation/college rates, may be due to more awareness that race is a social construct?

Orbitofrontal Cortex

important for evaluating risks and rewards

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

important for gut-level, intuitive decision making

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

important for planning ahead

Changes in PFC

improve efficiency of information processing

Fifteen-year-old Hermione is able to write a much more complex answer than 10-year-old Ginger to the question, "Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using simple spells for self-protection." This is because, as an adolescent, Hermione is able to think:

in multiple dimensions.

puberty

include increased sexual drive and feelings of sexual attraction

Apex puberty (at peak or height)

increases in conflict and emotional distance: -especially in white, 2 parent families -independent of age and pubertal timing -ties to menarche in families

Racial identity

individual's understanding of their ethnic background and a feeling of belonging within their own minority group

Organizes and structures brain and central nervous system differently for females and males

influences behavior that does not occur until late childhood adolescence

Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?

information-processing perspective

View of adolescents change

less capable, more in need of guidance and training, less ready for independence

What proportion of US college students consider themselves adults?

less than one third

Which of the following was not a result of industrialization?

less time in school

Early-maturing girls

tend to have older friends, engage in more delinquency, have more problems in school, begin dating at a younger age, and have more problems with depression and substance abuse

Delayed Phase Preference

tendency of adolescent circadian rhythm to shift later.

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following?

the routine activity theory

Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following?

the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity

secular trend

the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition

"Sexual socialization" refers to:

the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality.

Shift fro view of punish to reform

reinforced idea that adolescents are different and that they need to be treated differently

Biological state of rest of system

releases of hormones may influence brain differently depending on state of brain development

The lengthy period of preparation for adulthood

remain economically dependent

During adolescence, individuals' IQ scores _____, whereas their mental abilities _____.

remain stable; increase

Short term memory

remembering things for short time (30 seconds)

Consequences of Compulsory Education

removed teens from families, placed w/ peers. from participating to preparing

Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors?

school performance

The delayed phase preference suggests that:

school should begin later in the morning

Identity Moratorium

there has been a crisis but no commitment

Adolescents develop the ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to as:

social cognition

The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?

social promotion

ZPD- Zone of Proximal Development

space between ability working alone and working with others, education should seek to make this zone smaller.

when does adolescence start and end?

start at puberty(around 13) end in early 20s

Equilibrium

state of brain when new info has been accomodated

The physical transformation from child to adult is called:

puberty.

Androgyny

refers to a person having many masculine as well as many feminine psychological characteristics

self

refers to the characteristics, emotions, and beliefs people have about themselves

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques?

teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

deductive reasoning greatly improves

teens find better answers in shorter amounts of time

Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:

warm but not excessively constraining.

Schema

way individuals represent concepts in their memories

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, a thorough understanding of school and its impact on adolescent development requires an examination of:

what goes on beyond the classroom.

Child thinking

what is possible is real

Adolescent thinking

what is real is just a subset of what is possible

Metaphor

when an idea or object is used to represent something else

Centrality

where does one place ethnic identity in overall identity

In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?

whether they owned property

Marked by cultural practices

-recall- rates of passage -land diving

Regard

How one feels toward their racial group and how they feel others perceive their group

Maturational Distancing hypothesis

-standing out from the crowd is tough -girls mature 2 years before boys already -also helps explain late maturing boys self-image problems

Procedural knowledge

"knowing how" goal directed skills

Declarative knowledge

"knowing that" the facts that we accumulate

Conceptual Knowledge

"knowing why" combines procedural and declarative, reflective. understanding the reasoning behind why we do something

Leptin

*may be one of most important signals* -must accumulate enough body fat before this protein is produced -higher levels-> hypothalamus-> cascade hormonal events

Formal Operational

- 12 years to adult -can reason abstractly -can think in hypothetical terms

Inventionist View of Adolescence

-"adolescence is primarily a societal creation" -stress that we have constructed social institutions that have made adolescence a distinct phase -sociological, anthropological and historical perspectives

Sensorimotor

-0 to 2 years -infants explore the world through sensory and motor contact -object permanence and separation anxiety develop

Compulsory Education

-1852: Massachusetts requires schooling -mainly applicable to children at first -1920-1950: from 33 to 80% of teens attended school

Pre-operational

-2 to 6 years -child uses symbols (words and images) to represent object -does not reason logically -is egocentric

Processing capacity increases

-3 years=3 units -10 years= 6 units -adolescent and adults= 7 +/- 2 units

Concrete Operational

-7 to 12 years -child can think logical about concrete object; this can add and subject -understand conservation

What explains cognitive development during adolescence?

-Piagetian notion of equilibration -hormonal development -neurological development -impetus

Menarche

-about 12.5 in US -not same as 1st ovulation-> takes about 4 years before ovulation occurs

Spermarche

-about age 12 -30-500 million sperm in each ejaculation

Athletic Benefits

Greater physical health, perception of bodies, grades, graduation, and self-esteem and social bonding

Implications for risk taking

-age differences in values and priorities -adolescents, adults evaluate the desirability of possible consequences differently -teens more attuned to potential rewards than adults are

Plato

-ages 14 to 21 is unique because of the capacity to reason -allows for the study of science and math -before age 7, learning should be art, music and gym based

Special transitional problems of poor and minority youth

-americanization -possible factors: poverty, discrimination, disproportionate involvement -experiencing poverty during adolescence has an especially negative effect on school achievement

adolescents are more planful

-approach a problem with a strategy -flexibility of strategies

Two complimentary processes

-assimilation and accommodation -equilibration

Growth Spurt

-asynchronous growth -skeletal changes

Independence

-at 17, most teens live w/ parents and go to school -at 30, 75% are married and have had at least one child

Adolescents growing up in poor, urban communities are more likely to...

-be sexually active at an earlier age -bear children as teenagers -be involved in criminal activities -achieve less in (or drop out of) high school

See beyond what is observed to anticipate what might be possible

-be the devil's advocate in an argument -reasoning about possibilities even though they are absurd or unlikely

Skeletal changes

-bones become more dense (more for AA) -epiphysis

Generation X

-born 1960-1980 -children of boomers, characterized by feelings of cynicism and alienation -lack of defining moment for their generation -rising divorce rates

Generation Y

-born 1980-2000 -too young to remember cold war. young enough that computers, internet, cellphones are integral to lives

Generation ???

-born after 2000 -first generation to be raised post 9/11 era

Babyboomers

-born after WWII -large cohort, born mid 1940s- mid 1960s in generally prosperous times -first rock and roll generation on '50's, hippies in '60's

Looks and reality

-boys are mature before they look it -girls look mature before they actually are

Why is timing important?

-consequences of when puberty occurs depend on : biological state of rest of system; psychological process occurring; social context

Equilibration

-constantly trying to balance what we know with what we experience -at certain points in development, our entire way of viewing the world had to become restricted to attain equilibration

Discontinuity in Contemporary culture

-contemporary US society today -formal higher education is becoming more and more necessary -little preparation for adult things

Organizational Events

-critical points and periods of development -organizes and structures brain and central nervous system differently for females and males -adolescent alarm clock

Cohort/cultural

-cultural norms, attitudes -cohort related local social norms -socialization pressures, stereotypes

Types of knowledge structures

-declarative knowledge -procedural knowledge -conceptual knowledge

(CO) use of logical operations come about

-develop and use principles in problem solving -no longer just trial and error, now systematic -conservation -limited to concrete, observable notions

Stage termination hypothesis

-developmental readiness hypothesis -not psychologically ready to go through it so young

Asynchronous growth

-different parts, different times, different rates -"awkward" appearance

Adolescence is primarily a societal creation

-doesn't deny the biological and cognitive changes of adolescence but......defended by the ways society recognizes (or doesn't) it as separate

Puberty timing: girls

-early maturation mainly a disadvantage -cons: at heightened risk for psychological disorders, heavier and shorter stature later in life -pros: some studies show more popularity, more psychologically advanced later in life

Pubertal Timing: boys

-early maturation mostly an advantage -pros: more popular, higher self esteem, more responsible, cooperative, sociable later in life -cons: deviancy, more conventional and humorless, less creative later in . life -late matures show high levels of intellectual curiosity and exploratory behaviors

Emergence of formal operations

-early or emergent formal operations (ages 12-14) -late or consolidated formal operations (ages 15+)

How does puberty work?

-endocrine system -hormones -feedback loop

Economic changes

-enter into contracts -unrestricted work and unemployment -own property -pay taxes -insurance rates drop

Extended exploration

-especially in love and work

Two cognitive systems in dual process theories

-experimental, intuitive system -analytic system

5 defining features of emerging adulthood

-extended exploration in identity and world views -instability -self-focused -feeling in between -possibilities

"Awkward" appearance

-extremities (hands, feet, head) -arms and legs -torso and shoulder

Puberty definition

-rapid physical maturation -involving hormonal and bodily changes, primarily in early adolescence -regulated by the endocrine system -process by which children reach reproductive maturity

Abstract thinking leads to....

-increased ability and desire to engage in thinking about: identity, interpersonal relationships, philosophy, religion, mortality and politics -characters and thinking in books become more complex and serious

Ability to monitor one's own cognitive activity

-increased introspection -increased self-consciousness -increased intellectualization -think about own emotions -think that others are thinking or noticing us -thinking about our own thought

Puberty's direct effects

-increased sex drive, increase in cortisol linked to vulnerability to stress -change in self image -change in how others view you -sleep patterns-> change in melatonin activation times

Self-focused

-independence -in between few ties, daily commitments, or obligations to others

What aspects of Piagetian theory hold up?

-intelligence increases at age 11 (and continues to increase throughout adolescence) -deductive reasoning greatly improves -better able to think about hypothetical situations -use of propositional logical increases modestly -combinational reasoning improves -meta-cognition improves

Indirect effects of puberty on behavior

-internal influences -family influence -cohort/cultural

"teenager" became more popular after WWII

-lighthearted, fun loving, independent -started in middle class, spread to whole society -encouraged by advertising and mass media

implications of the timing of brain maturation

-limbic system matures ar puberty -prefrontal cortex matures several years later -time gap may explain why adolescence is a period of heightened experimentation with risk

Passing on information from older generations

-limited utility to children -unfit for children -histories or rituals of family or communities

Information processing: advances in memory

-long term memory -short term/ working memory

Child Protectionist

-lots of organization aimed at protecting children -factories not nice places to be -Pauper apprentices

Protection of Adult Jobs

-machines began replacing workers -cities over crowded with people -as adolescents became biologically mature, they can now do the jobs as adults can, but there are not enough jobs for adults -men returning from war need jobs

Proportion of muscle to fat changes

-male 3 to 1 -females 5 to 4

Peak height velocity

-males about 4 inches per year -females about 3.5 inches per year

Physical changes

-rapid growth (height and weight) -development of primary sex characteristics (gonads) -development of secondary sex characteristics (breast, pubic/body hair, voice changes) -changes in circulatory and respiratory system *fueled by endocrine system and central nervous system

Changes in divorce

-rates increased dramatically from 1970's to 1990's -has leveled off but not dropped significantly

Early maturation linked to

-martial discord, high stress, inadequate resources -harsh, rejecting, insensitive parenting -insecure attachment, mistrustful working model -limited parental investment

Bodily changes related directly to reproduction (primary sex characteristics)

-maturation of gonads -spermarche (boys) -menarche (girls)

Changes in age of marriage

-median age in 1970: men 23.2, women 20.8 -median age in 2008: men 27.4, women 20.8 -nearly 1/3 of american men and 1/4 of american women have not married by ago 30

Direct effects: delayed phase preference

-melatonin cycle shifts back 2 hours -stay up later, wake up later -high melatonin= more awake -does not shift back until about 20

Sex differences in athletic ability first appear

-men break down lactic acid easier -sex differences in diet, exercise, socialization play a role

Early of emergent formal operations

-most adolescents go through this phase -may be inconsistent

New forms of work require specialized knowledge

-need training for these new adult roles (schools) -no longer following in parents' footsteps

Goodness of fit hypothesis

-needs to be a good fit between the individual and the context to promote psychological well being -helps to explain variation in cultural contexts -body image in different cultures

New stage in life cycle

-neither adolescence nor young adulthood -ranging from 18-19-mid 20s/ late 20s

Age of Adolescence: Industrial Revolution

-new cultural patterns of work, education and family life arise -new forms of work require specialized knowledge -we have individuals who are (biologically speaking) mature, yet not ready to take on adult roles -views of adolescents being to change

Emerging Adulthood (Annett)

-new stage in life cycle; unique developmental period -relative independence from adult social roles and expectations

Discontinuous

-no training for adult roles -abrupt, more difficult transition

3 trajectory possibilities

-one for the "haves" -one for the "have nots" -one for those who are somewhere in between

Differences in timing and tempo of puberty

-onset: girls (7-13) -boys (9-13.5) -tempo: 1.5 years to 6 years

Family influences

-parental attitudes -overt or covert communication of those attitudes

Why have there been changes in age of marriage?

-permissiveness regarding sex -need more education -less stigma in cohabitation -less negative attitudes towards single hood

factors that help protect against the harmful effects of neighborhood stressors

-positive family relationships -extracurricular involvement -having strong religious beliefs

Pubertal Status

-pre pubertal -apex pubertal -post pubertal

Due to interaction of genetic and environmental factors

-predisposed to develop at general time and rate -environmental factors influence variability within those ago boundaries/constraints

Signals to brain

-presence of sexually mature mating partners -physical maturation and health -nutritional resources

Sex differences in sexual maturation: males

-primary, secondary -testicle growth -pubic hair -growth spurt -spermarche -armpit hair -voice change -facial hair

Information processing: advances in speed

-processing speed increases -processing capacity increases -automaticity -attention

Body composition and capacity changes

-proportion of muscle to fat changes -circulatory and respiratory system changes -not surprising: sex differences in athletic ability first appear

Adolescent growth spurt

-rapid acceleration in height and weight -peak height velocity- as much as a toddler -females hit growth spurt about 2 years earlier -1/2 body weight gained during adolescents

What can be done to ease the transitions?

-restructure secondary education -expand work and volunteering opportunities -improve the quality of community life for adolescents and their parents -expand opportunities in the workplace to make high school a bridge to adulthood -encouraging adolescents to spend time in voluntary, non-military service activities -facilitate mentoring programs for at risk adolescents

Continuous

-roles, training come bit by bit -smooth, gradual transition

Instsability

-romance, work, residence

Sex differences in sexual maturation: females

-secondary< primary -breast buds -pubic hair -growth spurt -menarche -2-4 years for regular ovulation

Hypothalamus monitors androgen and estrogen levels

-secretes GnRh, which causes pituitary gland to release : Luteinizing hormones (LH) and follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)

Information Processing: Advances in attention

-selective attention -divided attention both improve; better concentrated; can task focused on tasks better

Piaget's Stages of cognitive development

-sensorimotor -pre-operational -concrete operational -formal operational

Adolescence in Western culture

-since 1900s, rapid changes in society -different cohorts, different characteristics

Prolongation of adolescence

-since 1970s, full entrance into adulthood has been delayed -takes longer to complete education, move out of parent's house, marry -new period of emerging adulthood

Circulatory and respiratory system changes

-size and capacity of heart and lungs increases -more so for males

Variation in the nature of social definition

-societies differ along two dimensions -clarity -continuity

on time and late maturation linked to

-spousal harmony, adequate resources -sensitive, supportive, responsive parenting -secure attachments, trusting internal working models -greater parental involvement

Collective efficacy

-the extent to which neighbors trust each other, share values and count on each other to monitor the activities of the youth in the community -rates of teen pregnancy, school failures, mental health problems and antisocial behavior are all higher in neighborhoods that have low levels of collective efficacy -living in a neighborhood high in collective efficacy is especially important for adolescents whose parents are themselves not very vigilant

2 societal trends are reshaping the nature of transition

-the increasing length of the transitional period -increasing demand for more formal education

always occurs in a specific socio-historical and cultural context

-the length, context and daily experience differs across cultures -different cultures define adult status, roles and responsibilities differently

The modern adolescent

-the lengthy period of preparation for adulthood -"teenager" became popular after WWII -by the 1950s, teens have disposable time, money and are becoming more independent

Tempo of puberty

-the rate at which an individual progresses through the stages of puberty -absolute index of pubertal stages (Tanner stages, Pre-apex post)

The impact of stress

-the stresses associated with poverty undermine the quality of people's relationship with each other -across all ethnic groups, poverty is associated with harsh, inconsistent and punitive parenting, and these factors in turn are linked to adolescent mis behavior

Changes in thinking from adolescence to childhood

-thinking about possibilities -abstract thinking -thinking about thinking -multiple dimensions

Information Processing: Advances in meta-cognition

-thinking about thinking -ability to monitor one's own cognitive activity

Internal influences

-thoughts, feelings, attitudes about body -attitudes about growing up, adulthood -self-esteem, self-image, degree of autonomy

may not use formal operations on all tasks

-tied to experience and practice -horizontal decalage

Aristotle

-to think and reason is distinctly human -in early years, development is a result of drives -in adolescence, development thinking and reasoning guide development

Experimental, intuitive system

-unconscious, effortless, automatic, fast -holistic -intuitive -contextualized -DOESN'T NECESSARILY IMPROVE WITH AGE

Contextual Influences (Sangrestano et al)

-urban, low income, African American sample -boys had more overall conflict with mom -more intense conflict for: later developing boys, early maturing girls -early matures->fears regarding sex->greater monitoring

Information processing view

-views the mind much like a machine -looks at quantitative growth/improvement in specific areas and abilities

Formal Operations

.4 of Piaget, characterized by 1) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning (more experience and memory allows for more reasoning) 2) Complex concepts that require exploring different perceptive. 3. Metacognition- thinking about own thinking.

3 Requirements for Secure Attachment

1) Seen, 2)Soothed, 3)Safe

21st Century Skills

1. Adaptive thinking (using background knowledge to solve problems and adapt) 2. Intellectual Risk-Taking 3. Collaboration 4. Nonroutine Problem Solving 5. Self-Regulation 6. Systems Thinking

Child Labor Laws

2 contributors to the creation of CLL: child protectionist and protection of adult jobs

Changes in prefrontal cortex

2 important changes: -patterns of activation generally became more focused -activity becomes increasingly coordinated with activity in other parts of the brain brain regions involved in language acqusition

How many adults identify as gay straight or bisexual?

2 to 10 percent

Preoperational

2. of Piaget. Start to think about actions/interactions. Language is huge. Ages 2-7

Concrete Operations

3 of Piaget, Early adolescent stage- concept of matter being constant (conservation) begins. They can focus on several different aspects of an object. Ages 7-11

transition into adulthood in contemporary society

3 very different trajectory possibities

Piaget's Theory of Development

4 stages of development (2 in adolescence)

homosexual identity stage 4

: Commitment begins when the person enters a same-sex emotional and sexual relationship; adopts homosexuality "as a way of life," views a homosexual identity as a valid and satisfying self-identity, and may "come out" to others

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents?

Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.

Parenting Styles

Based on scales of Demandingness and Responsiveness

Ideology

Beliefs about how members of the group should think or behave

Infancy and early childhood

Children internalize their parent's messages regarding gender at an early age Parents treat sons and daughters differently. Ie, infants are dressed in gender-specific colors - pink for girls and blue for boys. Parents encourage their sons and daughters to participate in sex typed activities. Ie, Girls play with dolls and boys play with cars

Bio-Psycho-Social Model

Combines biological forces (genes, puberty, brain, hormones) with socio-environmental (peers, family, friends, teachers, culture) and psychological (beliefs, thoughts, values, feelings). Helps us understand all complex factors that affect development

Prefrontal Cortex

Grows in adolescence, regulates impulses, develops plans, is in charge of abstract thought

Which statement about conformity to peers is most true?

Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial.

Which dimension of the Five-Factor Model measures how organized someone is?

Conscientiousness

Kohlberg Level II

Conventional Stage 3- good-boy/nice-girl- inidividuals behave appropriately to receive approval. Stage 4-Law & Order Orientation- individuals behave appropriately out of respect for rules, laws, authority.

G. Stanley Hall

Created storm and Stress model, early 1900s.

Who came up with the idea of creating adolescence?

David Bakan

Parietal Lobe

Grows in adolescence, visual-spatial acuity/motor response

Feedback Loop

HPG-axis develops naturally and regulates hormone production

Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development

Development happens through interactions and socialization with others who have higher cognitive skills. It uses cultural signs and tools (language)

Self-Worth

Do I have value?

Neurological development

Epstein: "abrupt changes in behavior reflects associated changes in the bio-physiology of the brain"

Phinney's Ethnic Identity Development Model

Ethnic identity follows same steps of exploration to commitment, may depend on encountering "triggers"

Stereotype Threat Activation

Fear of fulfilling negative stereotype

Self-Esteem

Feelings about self

Sensory Register

Few things are paid attention to

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Hair, breasts, growth

Tanner Scale

Gauge of pubertal development

Parental Involvement

Helps foster Cognitive skills (practice and instruction), adaptive motivation(values of education feeling competent), appropriate behavior(parents reinforce expectations), and positive emotions towards school (validates self worth(

Moratorium

High Exploration but no commitment

Achievement

High Exploration, High commitment

Authoritative

High demandingness, high responsiveness balance of restrictions and communication to allow autonomy and self-reliance, outcome=confident, self-reliant, socially skilled.

Permissive

High responsiveness, low demandingness, outcome= lower responsibility in kids

Early Maturation Risks for Boys

Higher social status, more likely to hang with older boys and engage in risky behavior

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Hormone produced by pituitary gland in females that triggers ovaries to produce estrogens

Luteinizing Hormone

Hormone produced by pituitary gland in males that triggers testes to produce androgens,

Erikson Adolescent stage conflict

Identity vs. Role Confusion Key to Resolution=Exploration

Kohlberg Stage 2

Instrument/Relativist Orientation- might obey a rule of adherence benefits self/ or someone else.

Middle childhood

Issues of achievement become more important to parents as children's skills expand Parents hold gender-differentiated expectations for children's competencies in school subjects. Parents also allow greater freedom to boys than girls. Boys are more likely to have maintenance chores around the house (ie, mowing the lawn) while girls are more likely to participate in domestic chores (ie, cooking and cleaning).

Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence?

It is virtually impossible to predict which student will commit a lethal crime.

Joe is extremely moody. His mother attributes his mood swings to being an adolescent. Based on your understanding of adolescent mood swings, what would you tell Joe's mom?

Joe's moods are most likely linked to his daily activities.

Kohlberg Stage 4

Law & Order Orientation- individuals behave appropriately out of respect for rules, laws, authority.

Early Maturation Risks for Girls

Likelihood to engage in sex increase, increasing dissatisfaction with body, depression, and eating disorders

Gardner Multiple Intelligences

Linguistic, Musical, Kinesthetic, Spiritual, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Spatial, Logical-Mathematical, Naturalist, Existential

Declarative Knowledge

Long term memory of facts

Diffusion

Low Exploration and Low Commitment

Foreclosure

Low Exploration, High Commitment

Indifferent

Low demandingness, low responsiveness, outcome= high impulsivity, delinquency, and disengagement

Authoritarian

Low responsiveness, high demandingness Outcome= insecure, passive, dependent

Knowledge acquisition

Metacomponent of Intelligence for learning new information/problem-solving

Performance

Metacomponent of Intelligence that allows people to compare problems and select appropriate strategy

Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development

Moral choices and development grows out of relationships, care for other's view of self, etc.

Marcia Identity States

Moratorium, Foreclosure, Diffusion, and Achievement

Hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _______ hormones program the brain to behave in certain ways, whereas _______ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics.

Organizational; activational

Brain imaging techniques

PET scans fMRI DTI EEG

Perspective Taking

Part of Moral Development, described by Selman (less likely to engage in risky behavior when perspective taking is higher)

Kohlberg Level III

Post-Conventional Stage 5-Social Contract/Legalistic Orientation- starts to combine respect for laws with consideration of individual values/opinions Stage 6-Universal ethical Principles= base decisions on own judgements of right vs. wrong based on justice and human rights.

Kohlberg Level 1

Preconventional Stage 1- Punishment/Obedience Orientation- focus on self- reward or consequence Stage 2-Instrument/Relativist Orientation- might obey a rule of adherence benefits self/ or someone else.

Emotional Autonomy

Self-sufficient decision making, Individuation, de-idealization of parents.

Kohlberg Stage 1-

Punishment/Obedience-focus on self- reward or consequence

Secure Attachment

Responsive parents- child explores, checks back, is sad when parent leaves, but comes back when they return. Leads to autonomy in adolescence.

Generalizing from the text, who would benefit most from summer school?

Ron, an adolescent living in a low SES neighborhood

MMRI- Multidimensional model of racial identity

Science, Centrality, Regard, and Ideology make up a racial identity

homosexual identity stage 1

Sensitization usually occurs before puberty; general feeling of being different from his or her same-sex peers

Sex & Gender

Sex: The biological status of being male or female Gender: The meanings that societies and individuals attach to being male or female Gender Role: The societal expectations for appropriate female and male behavior Gender Identity: How one psychologically perceives oneself as either male or female

Working Memory

Short term- phonological loop stores small bits, visuospatial sketchpad holds and manipulates images, central executive oversees the whole shebang

Kohlberg Stage 5

Social Contract/Legalistic Orientation- starts to combine respect for laws with consideration of individual values/opinions

What is the paradox of dropping out of school?

Students who drop out are typically the ones who are most harmed by doing so.

Scaffolding

Supports to help learners develop skill (hints, clues, strategies)

Dynamic Systems Theory

Systems constantly change, adolescents must adapt to the changes of their systems.

Attachment

The emotional bond with primary caregiver.

Conditional

When and how to use the procedural or declarative knowledge

Self-Concept

Tied to specific areas like academics

Storm and Stress

Understanding of adolescence impulsivity and crime being a period linked to emotionality and stress

Kohlberg Stage 6

Universal ethical Principles= base decisions on own judgements of right vs. wrong based on justice and human rights.

Systems Theories

Views adolescents as parts of complex systems

Independent Self

Western view of self defined through autonomy, self sufficiency

Chrystallized Intelligence

What has been learned over whole life experience

Kisspeptin

a brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty

Pheromones

a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in the other members of the species

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that _____ may be effective.

a comprehensive sex education

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

serotonin

a neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods

Emerging Adulthood

a new developmental life stage? or part of adolescence?

The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique is called:

a personal fable.

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:

a reference group.

As used in the study of adolescence, the term "intimacy" refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following, except:

a sexual and/or physical relationship.

EEG

a technique for measuring electrical activity at different locations of the scalp

DTI

a technique used to produce images of the brain that show connections among different regions

fMRI

a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task

Adolescence

a time of social redefinition. a process of becoming an adult, redefining one's status and role in society, is universal

Who is most likely to have close opposite-sex friends?

a) Ben, who is socially competent, popular, and has many same-sex friends b) Brian, who is socially incompetent and unpopular with his same-sex peers Correct Response c) both Ben and Brian

Larry is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and also has low self-esteem. One explanation for these two characteristics is that:

a) Larry might be low in self-esteem because he knowingly puts on a false front b) Larry might engage in false-self behavior because he is low in self-esteem Correct Response d) Both A and B are correct

The first sign of puberty in girls is generally:

a) budding of the breasts.

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment?

a) need for part-time workers b) abundance of low wage positions c) short shift schedules Correct Response d) all of the above

Optimal social development during adolescence may require healthy relationships with:

a) parents b) peers Correct Response d) both A and B are correct

According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:

a) their lessons are within their zone of proximal development. b) a more experienced instructor is present. c) the instructor engages in scaffolding. Correct Response d) All of the above

The field of behavior genetics examines all of the following, except:

a) whether and how much given traits are genetically versus environmentally determined. b) whether the same environment affects people with different genetic make-ups in different ways. c) whether people with different genetic make-ups evoke different reactions from their environment. Correct Response d) Behavioral genetics examines all of these issues.

Identity

attainment of adult status causes adolescents to feel more mature and to think more seriously about future work and family roles

meta-cognition

ability to reflect on and evaluate knowledge and cognitive processes

Adolescent Relativism

ability to see things as relative rather than simply black and white ->leads to skepticism, loneliness, and self doubt

Pseudostupidity

ability to use formal operation giving its ability to think of options

Organizational strategies

able to make more use of strategies such as chunking, nemonic devices, etc

Piaget theorists believe that the use of _____ is the chief feature of adolescent thinking that differentiates it from the type of thinking employed by children.

abstract logical reasoning

Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is:

accepting responsibility for oneself.

How development occurs

accommodation and assimilation

Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by:

adolescents' ability to formulate counterarguments.

Autonomy

adult status leads to shifts in responsibility, independence and freedom

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

age grading.

Early gender stereotypes

are quite rigid, but become more flexible after age 8, intensify again during adolescence

Self-evaluations

are the judgments people make about their own characteristics

Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who:

argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention.

Implications for behavior

argumentation, decision making, perspective taking

How are adolescents depicted in the media?

argumentative, strong-will, "know it all" men more sex drive, women more catty

Americanization

associated with worse outcomes compared to immigrants

Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?

authoritative

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called:

autonomy.

The most virulent threats to adolescent health come from all of the following, except:

b) chronic disabilities, such as cancer and arthritis.

Piagetian notion of equilibration

balance between assimilation and accomadation

Rosenberg's concept of self-esteem

baseline is stable, barometric fluctuates over time with situations

Elder's study of the Great Depression revealed that adolescents who experienced hardship during those years were more likely to:

be involved in adult-like tasks at an earlier age.

Achievement

becoming a full-time employee; leave school of their own volition

Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk-taking?

behavioral decision theory

Brain Maturation in adolescence

behavioral, emotional, and cognitive development during this period

Perspective taking

being able to step in another person's shoes

Age 6

brain is approximately 90% of adult size

chunking

breaking down bits of information into smaller, meaningful units so that they are easier processed

Epiphysis

closing of ends of long bones -one marker of end of puberty

Fluid Intelligence

cognitive functions (increases in adolescence then kinda stops)

Typically, the social redefinition of young people occurs in groups of peers who are approximately the same age, known as:

cohorts.

Identity Foreclosure

commitment but no crisis

Research addressing difficult social situations related to adolescents' transitions into romantic relationships found _____ to be among the most frequently mentioned themes.

communicating with the opposite sex

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that to assess an individual's intellectual capabilities it is necessary to look at three distinct, but interrelated, types of intelligence:

componential, experiential, and contextual

Feminine Traits

considerate, devotes self to others. emotional, gentle, home oriented, kind, likes children, passive

Assimilation and accommodation

constantly happening simultaneously

Median age of population

continues to increase as time goes on

Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition?

continuous

Mood fluctuations

correspond with activity changes

Self-efficacy

creates the basis for the child's sense of self-esteem

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?

cultivation theory

In 1934, anthropologist Ruth Benedict suggested that the turmoil experienced during adolescence was caused by:

discontinuous transitions.

Life Stage that is

distinct and universal

Formal Initiation Ceremonies

distinct events help to mark the transition -often painful and strenuous and can result in permanent changes

Secondary sex characteristics

distinguish between males and females; not reproductive

James Marcia Identity State

divided the search for identity into four states. These are not stages, but rather processes that adolescents go through. All adolescents will occupy one or more of these states, at least temporarily

Horizontal decalage

doing well in one area but not another

Psychological process occurring

early developers may not be cognitively or emotionally prepared for changes

Generalizing from the text, the children who are most likely to think of themselves as being off schedule" with respect to their physical development are girls who mature _____ and boys who mature _____."

early; late

Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager?

economic freedom

According to the textbook, which of the following resulted from standards-based reform:

educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do

Psychological impact of puberty

effects are strongest in early adolescence when there is most fluctuation in hormones

Cognitive Transitions

emergence of advance thinking abilities

View of themselves

emphasis on social roles (spouse, parent) vs characteristics (self reliance, responsibility; more ambiguous)

Types of cognitive processes and abilites

encoding, learning and retrivial

Professor Radon is studying the _________ system, which produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body.

endocrine

Estrogen

estradiol: breast, uterine, bone dev

Continuity

extent to which transition is gradual or abrupt

Real or symbolic separation from parents

extrusion -summer camps, sleepover, boarding schools, college

Blended Family

family from divorce/remarriage with kids on both sides, increases strain and disruption, emotional and behavioral issues

at the gonads

females: LH & FSH activate the ovaries to produce estrogen males: LH stimulates the production of testosterone (androgen) in the testes

Adolescents increase their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of:

future orientation.

Processing speed

gets fasted until about mid-adolescence

Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns:

getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents.

Learning

getting information into long term memory

Retrival

getting information out of long term memory

Salience=

how conscious one is of their own ethnicity in a given situation

Clarity

how explicit is the transition into adulthood?

Fundamental Assumption (Piaget)

humans are active by nature -knowledge does not just unfold (innate ideas) or get placed in our heads (blank slate) rather it is transformed

Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:

inventionist perspective.

Primary sex characteristics

involved in sexual reproduction

increases in testosterone/ estrogen

irritability, impulsivity, aggression, depression

Sexual orientation

is a person's tendency to be attracted to people of the same sex (homosexual orientation), of the opposite sex (heterosexual orientation), or of both sexes (bisexual orientation)

Identity achievement

is associated with more positive psychological, emotional, and behavioral traits (such as achievement motivation, peer intimacy, moral reasoning, extraversion, and prosocial behavior

Identity diffusion

is associated with more psychological and interpersonal problems (such as social withdrawal, lack of peer intimacy, and procrastination)

Imaginary Audience

leads to being self-critical and/or self-admiring

4 changes in status

legal, political, interpersonal and economic

Sociological Theory

pubertal timing heavily influenced by social conditions, especially for females

Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests:

it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people.

knowledge

kinds of information structures in long-term memory "what"

Stages are qualitatively distinct

knowledge is transformed, not just added

3 current areas of research

knowledge, cognitive processes and capacities, meta-cognition

Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when:

lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.

According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors is the recipe for delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination?

lower then average intelligence

Which of the following is not a characteristic of deductive reasoning in adolescence, as described by the text?

making an inference based on accumulated evidence

Behavioral Autonomy

mature decision making

Sternberg's Successful Intelligence

measured by how many skills people have that their region deems valuable/needed

Implications for thought

metaphor, irony, satire, double entendres

Biological Transitions

onset of puberty

Biological definition of adolescence

onset of puberty to sexual maturation

All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except:

organized youth movements.

Brofenbrenner's bioecological model

places individual in content of the microsystem (family, schools, close friends), mesosystem (links of microsystems), ecosystem (extended family, neighborhood), and microsystem (society/culture).

Decision Making

planning ahead and thinking about consequences

Hostile attributional bias:

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

Extrusion

practice of sending child to sleep away from home

According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy develops during:

preadolescence.

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:

preconventional.

Critical points and periods of development

prenatal and neonatal

Smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the idea of:

psychosocial moratorium.

cognitive processes and capacities

process we apply to our knowledge "how"

According to the Ford and Beach sexual socialization research, societies can fall into any of the following categories, except:

progressive

Long-term memory

recalling things from long ago

Stereotypes of Adolescence

reckless, awkward, moody, adventurous, etc

Dating among adolescents today is largely a:

recreational activity.

Rejection sensitivity

result of insecure attachment= increased sensitivity and fear of rejection

Supreme Court Ruling (2010)

ruled against life w/o parole for non-murder crimes committed by minors

Supreme Court Ruling (2005)

ruled that capital punishment against anyone under 18 was "cruel and unusual"

Multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand:

sarcasm.

Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This has been referred to as the:

secular trend.

Early in adolescence, moral guidelines are:

seen as subjective.

Collective Self

self defined by connections to others and roles within a group

On Steve's 13th birthday, his father wants to educate him about sex, so they sit down to have a "man to man" talk about the "birds and the bees." This process is called:

sexual socialization.

Accomodation

shifting thinking when faced with new information

Sarah is an excellent writer, but her younger sister Jane has always hated writing classes and instead has focused on developing gymnastic abilities. Sarah readily expresses disdain for gymnastics, so the girls feel that they are different enough to avoid direct competition. One explanation for this type of sibling behavior is called:

sibling deidentification.

Rapid acceleration in height and growth

simultaneously release growth hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens

Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the:

sleeper effect of divorce.

Endocrine system

system of glands in body that produces, circulates and regulates hormones -informational distribution system

A limitation in children's ability to ____ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships.

take another person's perspective

Assimilation

taking in outside information and fitting it into our already existing schema

adrenarche

the maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence

Androgen

testosterone: responsible for hair, voice changes, sexual desire

The most common trigger of the first episode of major depression is:

the breakup of a romantic relationship.

self-esteem

the emotions people feel about themselves

Timing of puberty

the individual stages of puberty are based on physical development -relative index: refers to when an individual starts puberty relative to peers (early, on time, late)

All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except:

the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent

Cognitive or "value" autonomy

thinking independently from own moral, religious, and political options.

Capacity for criminal intent

thought to be in place by 14

At the time of peak height velocity, adolescents grow at about the same rate as:

toddlers.

Sociological definition of adolescence

tradition in social status dependency-> self sufficient

Social Transitions

transition into new roles in society, rites of passage

Adolescent Egocentricism

unable to take others perspective

Abstract thinking

understand concepts that are not concrete and directly observable

Second order understanding

understand others' perspective on one's own point of view and take a third party point of view

Deductive reasoning

understanding that conclusions necessarily follow from premises

Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are:

universalistic.

Satire

use of humor (often irony or sarcasm) to bring attention to vice on folly

Irony and Sarcasm

use of words to convey meaning opposite if its literal meaning

"Rouge Test"

used to determine whether a toddler has a sense of the physical self

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:

viewed as having potential benefit.

Do stereotypes about adolescents change?

yes, they are dependent on time/era, culture, etc.


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