adolescent development
Females bit growth spurt about 2 years earlier
-females=11 -males=13-> grow height through torso
Growth differences: ethnicity
-for females in US: african american< mexican american< white -not accounted for by income, residence or weight
How explicit is the transition into adulthood?
-formal initiation ceremonies -timing and uniformity -view of themselves
Evaluation of Piaget's Theory
-formal operations not universal -may not use formal operations on all tasks -large difference between competence-performance
Changes in the Brain
-full maturation of PFC -dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -ventromedial prefrontal cortex -orbitofrontal cortex
Why does the set point get raised when it does?
-genetic predisposition -signals to brain -leptin *Lots going on. not just one isolated event or trigger*
physical manifestations/ signs of sexual maturity
-genital growth -pubic and underarm hair, oil secretion (acne) -boys: facial hair -girls: breast development
Changes in Status: two-sided coin
-given certain privileges and rights reserved for adults -increased expectation for self-management, personal responsibility and social participation
Brain regions involved in language acqusition
-grows rapidly in preadolescence, then stop growing at puberty -more difficult to learn a new language as a teen than as a child
Feedback loop (HPG axis)
-hypothalamus -pituitary (master) gland -gonads (testes and ovaries) -gonads release sex hormones -androgens and estrogens in blood stream -hypothalamus monitors androgen and estrogen levels -FSH + LH travel to the gonads -when sex hormones diminish, cycle starts again
Social definition and psychosocial development
-identity -autonomy -intimacy ,dating and marriage
Body Image
25 % of girls don't like their bodies, 60% of high school girls are trying to lose weight.
2 ways to improve efficiency of information processing
-synaptic pruning -myelination
Lost generations
-teens during or just after WWII -traumatized by casualties of war -rejected parent's victorian ideas
Sensorimotor Stage
1. of Piaget. Stable existence of objects, logical thinking begins. age: 0-2
3 common themes of social definition
1. real or symbolic separation from parents 2. emphasis on differences between sexes 3. passing on information from older generations
Erik Erikson
8 psychosocial stages of development
Needed Sleep for Adolescents
9.5 hours
Negative changes in social cognitions
-Elkind: thinking about thinking -adolescent egocentricism -imaginary audience -personal fable -psuedostupidity -adolescent relativism -teens may come to feel as if everything is uncertain, or that no knowledge is completely reliable
Emphasis on differences between sexes
-accentuation of physical and social differences -stems from biological changes of puberty and from the highly-differentiated family roles and work -often separated, treated differently, afforded different privileges
Roles of hormones
-activation effects -organizational effects -interaction events
Schlegal and Barry's Analysis
-adolescent socialization project -186 tribal or traditional culture -% w/a concept/ stage of adolescence -100% for males -94% for females
Information processing: advances in organization
-adolescents are more planful -organizational strategies
Changes in limbic system
-changes in levels of neurotransmitter (dopamine and serotonin) -makes individuals: more emotional, more responsive to stress and more likely to engage in reward, sensation seeking behavior
The process of social redefinition
-changes in status -marked by cultural practices -variations in social transitions
GI generation
-child during Great Depression, adolescents during WWII -Rosy the Riveter -most men enlisted
Basic Tenants of Cognitive Stage Theory
-child's thinking is organized (stages/structures) -stages are qualitatively distinct -stages are fixed-you can't go backwards
Processes of neighborhood influences
-collective efficacy -the impact of stress
Positive changes in social cognitions
-conceptions of interpersonal relationships become more mature -they develop a more advanced understanding of human behavior -ability to figure out what other people think is more accurate -perspective taking becomes more sophisticated
Analytic System
-consciously controlled, effortful, volitional -deliberate, analytic -reflective and decontextualized -improves over the course of adolescence
Gender-Intensification Hypothesis=
Adolescence is a time when concern for gender-appropriate behavior increases
Insecure attachment
Anxious-avoidant=Neglectful parents, child is indifferent to caregiver Anxious-resistant=inconsistent parenting, child=no exploration, distress
Boys
By adolescence, boys excel in math problem solving Some spatial skills are superior in males rough play and to explore; show higher levels of physical aggression and assertiveness
Late Maturation for Boys
Can cause distress, but greater creativity and insight, less moodsqings/antisocial
homosexual identity stage 3
Identity assumption often begins during the early 20s; defines and accepts himself or herself as homosexual and associates regularly with homosexual peer groups
homosexual identity stage 2
Identity confusion usually occurs during adolescence; conflict between a teenager's prior self-image and current feelings of same-sex arousal (or lack of heterosexual arousal)
Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development
People pass through stages of moral development based on cognitive growth/experience/and through a lens of justice.
The paradox of adolescent health in the United States is that:
adolescence is one of the healthiest periods in the life span, but nearly 1 in 15 adolescents has at least one disabling chronic disease.
Dimensions
adolescents can consider multiple dimensions of a situation simultaneously
In contrast to adolescents in the United States, adolescents in Europe:
are more likely to have an apprenticeship while in high school.
Primary Sex Characteristics
Testes, ovaries, menarche, semenarch
In their movement toward more permissive attitudes about premarital intercourse, adolescents in the United States today generally:
believe that being emotionally involved with one's partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.
attention
better able to concentrate and stay on task
Unfit for children
birds and the bees
Bicultural Identity
blend, capable of leaning towards one or another
Based on the Five C's of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others:
caring
Limited utility to children
change a car tire, do taxes, home economics
event-related potentials
changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events
Activation effects
changes in hormone levels (especially during puberty) influence behavior, appearance and growth
where/how do changes occur ?
changes in how others view and treat you and how you view yourself
Interpersonal Changes
changes in relationships and obligations -adult titles -adult tables vs kids table -expected to set table for younger siblings
Legal Changes
changes in the eyes of law -new rights: cigarettes, alcohol, porn gambling -new responsibilities: may be prosecuted more harshly -status offenses: behaviors that are against the law for people of certain ages
Information processing
changes is adolescent cognition are a result of advances in: attention, memory, speed, organization and metacognition
Accommodation
changing own understanding (schema) to make room for new, novel information
Hormones
chemicals, secreted by glands, that act as messenger to tell other cells and glands what to do
3 Social movements responsible for creation of adolescents
compulsory education, child labor law and juvenile justice system
Masculine Traits
active, aggressive, ambitious, competitive, dominant, superior, independent, self confident
Children's friendships are based on _____, whereas adolescents' friendships are based on _____.
activities; intimacy
formal operations not universal
linked to education and schooling
Procedural Knowledge
long term memory of how to do things
The elongation of adolescence
longer than ever before -puberty earlier -not entering adult roles until later
Davis is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. He studies a group of 100 junior high school students over the course of three years. He is conducting what kind of study?
longitudinal
Piaget's view
looked at a broader, overarching qualitative change in thought
Grey matter and white matter
decrease in grey matter and increase in white matter. increased white matter reflects improved connectivity within and across from brain regions
What happens during puberty?
middle childhood: hypothalamus gradually becomes less sensitive to levels of sex hormones "set point raised" -hypothalamus starts to allow more and more androgen and estrogen in before flow is cut off
All of the following are indicators of metacognition, except:
deductive reasoning.
Teens more attuned to potential rewards
might be more beneficial to convince adolescents that the rewards of a risky activity are small then to persuade them the cost are large
Toddlers age of 21 months
demonstrate a sense of the physical self
Girls
demonstrate better performance in verbal skills, though some differences get smaller by adolescence Girls earn higher grades in mathematics early show less exploration, perform better on tasks involving flexibility and fine-motor coordination
Social context
depending on whether it is seen as normal
When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs?
during college
Stages are fixed
each stage builds on the last and is more adaptive for understanding experiences -characterized by a particular way/pattern/ structure of thinking
According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______ it has in past decades.
earlier than
Stages of Adolescence
early adolescence: ages 10-13 middle adolescence: ages 14-17 late adolescence: ages 18-21 emerging adulthood: early to mid 20s
Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-esteem is accurate?
early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys
Speed
early adolescents> preadolescents mature adolescents> early adolescents
Distancing hypothesis
evolutionary basis and separate adolescent from parent
The phenomenon of extrusion is the practice in which children are:
expected to sleep in other households.
double entendres
figures of speech intended to be understood in more than one way
Assimilation
fitting new info into existing schema in the brain
Histories or rituals of family or communities
mom teaching you the secret family recipe
According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true:
moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand
When compared with their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are:
more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as going out on dates.
Why is disturbance in sleep cycle longer now?
more screens , location, etc.
Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except:
more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.
Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that:
most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.
Health & nutrition
most important external factos
Intimacy, dating and marriage
need for new decisions about sexual activity
psychological definition of adolescence
new adjustments in thinking and acting
Impetus
new methods
Over the first few months of life
newborns begin to understand that they have unique physical and sensations and emotions They also come to learn that they have an effect on others (i.e., throwing a rattle)
Identity Diffusion
no current crisis, no commitment
Is emerging adulthood universal?
no. money plays a role, possibly a function of priorities and values
Late or consolidated formal operations
not all adolescents develop it
Full maturation of PFC
not complete until mid 20s
Early-maturing boys are:
often expected to be more mature than they are.
Late-maturing boys
often feel uncomfortable about comparing themselves with their more developed peers
The text cautions against trying to determine the relationship between family characteristics and adolescent development because:
parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.
Political Changes
participation in community decision making -right to vote -run for office -get drafted for war
Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:
patterns of leisure activity.
Sixteen-year-old Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status?
foreclosure
Encoding
formal mental representations
Most effective way of thinking
formal operational-> introduction into deductive logic problems
According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that is based on theoretical, abstract principles of logic is called:
formal operations.
According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:
had opportunities to shift status in high school.
Kohlberg Stage 3
good-boy/nice-girl- inidividuals behave appropriately to receive approval.
Identity Achievement
has experienced a crisis and has commitment
Early-maturing boys
have the advantage in sports, and peers may see their more developed musculature, facial hair, and deeper voices as being attractive
Full Separation
identify with ethnic group and NOT dominant culture
Marginalized
identify with other culture
Full Assimilation
identifying with majority culture
According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:
identity versus identity diffusion.
hypothetical thinking
if then reasoning -see beyond what is observed to anticipate what might be possible
Timing and uniformity
if you and you cohort graduated high school or college, got married and got a job all at the same time, its pretty clear
automaticity
if you thought about everything nothing would be done
Segmented Assimilation Theory
immigrant families live with few models of academic achievement and career success and become resistant to those ideas "downward assimilation."
Immigration Paradox
immigrants have better attitudes toward school but lower graduation/college rates, may be due to more awareness that race is a social construct?
Orbitofrontal Cortex
important for evaluating risks and rewards
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
important for gut-level, intuitive decision making
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
important for planning ahead
Changes in PFC
improve efficiency of information processing
Fifteen-year-old Hermione is able to write a much more complex answer than 10-year-old Ginger to the question, "Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using simple spells for self-protection." This is because, as an adolescent, Hermione is able to think:
in multiple dimensions.
puberty
include increased sexual drive and feelings of sexual attraction
Apex puberty (at peak or height)
increases in conflict and emotional distance: -especially in white, 2 parent families -independent of age and pubertal timing -ties to menarche in families
Racial identity
individual's understanding of their ethnic background and a feeling of belonging within their own minority group
Organizes and structures brain and central nervous system differently for females and males
influences behavior that does not occur until late childhood adolescence
Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?
information-processing perspective
View of adolescents change
less capable, more in need of guidance and training, less ready for independence
What proportion of US college students consider themselves adults?
less than one third
Which of the following was not a result of industrialization?
less time in school
Early-maturing girls
tend to have older friends, engage in more delinquency, have more problems in school, begin dating at a younger age, and have more problems with depression and substance abuse
Delayed Phase Preference
tendency of adolescent circadian rhythm to shift later.
The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following?
the routine activity theory
Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following?
the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity
secular trend
the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition
"Sexual socialization" refers to:
the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality.
Shift fro view of punish to reform
reinforced idea that adolescents are different and that they need to be treated differently
Biological state of rest of system
releases of hormones may influence brain differently depending on state of brain development
The lengthy period of preparation for adulthood
remain economically dependent
During adolescence, individuals' IQ scores _____, whereas their mental abilities _____.
remain stable; increase
Short term memory
remembering things for short time (30 seconds)
Consequences of Compulsory Education
removed teens from families, placed w/ peers. from participating to preparing
Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors?
school performance
The delayed phase preference suggests that:
school should begin later in the morning
Identity Moratorium
there has been a crisis but no commitment
Adolescents develop the ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to as:
social cognition
The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?
social promotion
ZPD- Zone of Proximal Development
space between ability working alone and working with others, education should seek to make this zone smaller.
when does adolescence start and end?
start at puberty(around 13) end in early 20s
Equilibrium
state of brain when new info has been accomodated
The physical transformation from child to adult is called:
puberty.
Androgyny
refers to a person having many masculine as well as many feminine psychological characteristics
self
refers to the characteristics, emotions, and beliefs people have about themselves
Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques?
teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques
deductive reasoning greatly improves
teens find better answers in shorter amounts of time
Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:
warm but not excessively constraining.
Schema
way individuals represent concepts in their memories
According to Jacquelynne Eccles, a thorough understanding of school and its impact on adolescent development requires an examination of:
what goes on beyond the classroom.
Child thinking
what is possible is real
Adolescent thinking
what is real is just a subset of what is possible
Metaphor
when an idea or object is used to represent something else
Centrality
where does one place ethnic identity in overall identity
In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?
whether they owned property
Marked by cultural practices
-recall- rates of passage -land diving
Regard
How one feels toward their racial group and how they feel others perceive their group
Maturational Distancing hypothesis
-standing out from the crowd is tough -girls mature 2 years before boys already -also helps explain late maturing boys self-image problems
Procedural knowledge
"knowing how" goal directed skills
Declarative knowledge
"knowing that" the facts that we accumulate
Conceptual Knowledge
"knowing why" combines procedural and declarative, reflective. understanding the reasoning behind why we do something
Leptin
*may be one of most important signals* -must accumulate enough body fat before this protein is produced -higher levels-> hypothalamus-> cascade hormonal events
Formal Operational
- 12 years to adult -can reason abstractly -can think in hypothetical terms
Inventionist View of Adolescence
-"adolescence is primarily a societal creation" -stress that we have constructed social institutions that have made adolescence a distinct phase -sociological, anthropological and historical perspectives
Sensorimotor
-0 to 2 years -infants explore the world through sensory and motor contact -object permanence and separation anxiety develop
Compulsory Education
-1852: Massachusetts requires schooling -mainly applicable to children at first -1920-1950: from 33 to 80% of teens attended school
Pre-operational
-2 to 6 years -child uses symbols (words and images) to represent object -does not reason logically -is egocentric
Processing capacity increases
-3 years=3 units -10 years= 6 units -adolescent and adults= 7 +/- 2 units
Concrete Operational
-7 to 12 years -child can think logical about concrete object; this can add and subject -understand conservation
What explains cognitive development during adolescence?
-Piagetian notion of equilibration -hormonal development -neurological development -impetus
Menarche
-about 12.5 in US -not same as 1st ovulation-> takes about 4 years before ovulation occurs
Spermarche
-about age 12 -30-500 million sperm in each ejaculation
Athletic Benefits
Greater physical health, perception of bodies, grades, graduation, and self-esteem and social bonding
Implications for risk taking
-age differences in values and priorities -adolescents, adults evaluate the desirability of possible consequences differently -teens more attuned to potential rewards than adults are
Plato
-ages 14 to 21 is unique because of the capacity to reason -allows for the study of science and math -before age 7, learning should be art, music and gym based
Special transitional problems of poor and minority youth
-americanization -possible factors: poverty, discrimination, disproportionate involvement -experiencing poverty during adolescence has an especially negative effect on school achievement
adolescents are more planful
-approach a problem with a strategy -flexibility of strategies
Two complimentary processes
-assimilation and accommodation -equilibration
Growth Spurt
-asynchronous growth -skeletal changes
Independence
-at 17, most teens live w/ parents and go to school -at 30, 75% are married and have had at least one child
Adolescents growing up in poor, urban communities are more likely to...
-be sexually active at an earlier age -bear children as teenagers -be involved in criminal activities -achieve less in (or drop out of) high school
See beyond what is observed to anticipate what might be possible
-be the devil's advocate in an argument -reasoning about possibilities even though they are absurd or unlikely
Skeletal changes
-bones become more dense (more for AA) -epiphysis
Generation X
-born 1960-1980 -children of boomers, characterized by feelings of cynicism and alienation -lack of defining moment for their generation -rising divorce rates
Generation Y
-born 1980-2000 -too young to remember cold war. young enough that computers, internet, cellphones are integral to lives
Generation ???
-born after 2000 -first generation to be raised post 9/11 era
Babyboomers
-born after WWII -large cohort, born mid 1940s- mid 1960s in generally prosperous times -first rock and roll generation on '50's, hippies in '60's
Looks and reality
-boys are mature before they look it -girls look mature before they actually are
Why is timing important?
-consequences of when puberty occurs depend on : biological state of rest of system; psychological process occurring; social context
Equilibration
-constantly trying to balance what we know with what we experience -at certain points in development, our entire way of viewing the world had to become restricted to attain equilibration
Discontinuity in Contemporary culture
-contemporary US society today -formal higher education is becoming more and more necessary -little preparation for adult things
Organizational Events
-critical points and periods of development -organizes and structures brain and central nervous system differently for females and males -adolescent alarm clock
Cohort/cultural
-cultural norms, attitudes -cohort related local social norms -socialization pressures, stereotypes
Types of knowledge structures
-declarative knowledge -procedural knowledge -conceptual knowledge
(CO) use of logical operations come about
-develop and use principles in problem solving -no longer just trial and error, now systematic -conservation -limited to concrete, observable notions
Stage termination hypothesis
-developmental readiness hypothesis -not psychologically ready to go through it so young
Asynchronous growth
-different parts, different times, different rates -"awkward" appearance
Adolescence is primarily a societal creation
-doesn't deny the biological and cognitive changes of adolescence but......defended by the ways society recognizes (or doesn't) it as separate
Puberty timing: girls
-early maturation mainly a disadvantage -cons: at heightened risk for psychological disorders, heavier and shorter stature later in life -pros: some studies show more popularity, more psychologically advanced later in life
Pubertal Timing: boys
-early maturation mostly an advantage -pros: more popular, higher self esteem, more responsible, cooperative, sociable later in life -cons: deviancy, more conventional and humorless, less creative later in . life -late matures show high levels of intellectual curiosity and exploratory behaviors
Emergence of formal operations
-early or emergent formal operations (ages 12-14) -late or consolidated formal operations (ages 15+)
How does puberty work?
-endocrine system -hormones -feedback loop
Economic changes
-enter into contracts -unrestricted work and unemployment -own property -pay taxes -insurance rates drop
Extended exploration
-especially in love and work
Two cognitive systems in dual process theories
-experimental, intuitive system -analytic system
5 defining features of emerging adulthood
-extended exploration in identity and world views -instability -self-focused -feeling in between -possibilities
"Awkward" appearance
-extremities (hands, feet, head) -arms and legs -torso and shoulder
Puberty definition
-rapid physical maturation -involving hormonal and bodily changes, primarily in early adolescence -regulated by the endocrine system -process by which children reach reproductive maturity
Abstract thinking leads to....
-increased ability and desire to engage in thinking about: identity, interpersonal relationships, philosophy, religion, mortality and politics -characters and thinking in books become more complex and serious
Ability to monitor one's own cognitive activity
-increased introspection -increased self-consciousness -increased intellectualization -think about own emotions -think that others are thinking or noticing us -thinking about our own thought
Puberty's direct effects
-increased sex drive, increase in cortisol linked to vulnerability to stress -change in self image -change in how others view you -sleep patterns-> change in melatonin activation times
Self-focused
-independence -in between few ties, daily commitments, or obligations to others
What aspects of Piagetian theory hold up?
-intelligence increases at age 11 (and continues to increase throughout adolescence) -deductive reasoning greatly improves -better able to think about hypothetical situations -use of propositional logical increases modestly -combinational reasoning improves -meta-cognition improves
Indirect effects of puberty on behavior
-internal influences -family influence -cohort/cultural
"teenager" became more popular after WWII
-lighthearted, fun loving, independent -started in middle class, spread to whole society -encouraged by advertising and mass media
implications of the timing of brain maturation
-limbic system matures ar puberty -prefrontal cortex matures several years later -time gap may explain why adolescence is a period of heightened experimentation with risk
Passing on information from older generations
-limited utility to children -unfit for children -histories or rituals of family or communities
Information processing: advances in memory
-long term memory -short term/ working memory
Child Protectionist
-lots of organization aimed at protecting children -factories not nice places to be -Pauper apprentices
Protection of Adult Jobs
-machines began replacing workers -cities over crowded with people -as adolescents became biologically mature, they can now do the jobs as adults can, but there are not enough jobs for adults -men returning from war need jobs
Proportion of muscle to fat changes
-male 3 to 1 -females 5 to 4
Peak height velocity
-males about 4 inches per year -females about 3.5 inches per year
Physical changes
-rapid growth (height and weight) -development of primary sex characteristics (gonads) -development of secondary sex characteristics (breast, pubic/body hair, voice changes) -changes in circulatory and respiratory system *fueled by endocrine system and central nervous system
Changes in divorce
-rates increased dramatically from 1970's to 1990's -has leveled off but not dropped significantly
Early maturation linked to
-martial discord, high stress, inadequate resources -harsh, rejecting, insensitive parenting -insecure attachment, mistrustful working model -limited parental investment
Bodily changes related directly to reproduction (primary sex characteristics)
-maturation of gonads -spermarche (boys) -menarche (girls)
Changes in age of marriage
-median age in 1970: men 23.2, women 20.8 -median age in 2008: men 27.4, women 20.8 -nearly 1/3 of american men and 1/4 of american women have not married by ago 30
Direct effects: delayed phase preference
-melatonin cycle shifts back 2 hours -stay up later, wake up later -high melatonin= more awake -does not shift back until about 20
Sex differences in athletic ability first appear
-men break down lactic acid easier -sex differences in diet, exercise, socialization play a role
Early of emergent formal operations
-most adolescents go through this phase -may be inconsistent
New forms of work require specialized knowledge
-need training for these new adult roles (schools) -no longer following in parents' footsteps
Goodness of fit hypothesis
-needs to be a good fit between the individual and the context to promote psychological well being -helps to explain variation in cultural contexts -body image in different cultures
New stage in life cycle
-neither adolescence nor young adulthood -ranging from 18-19-mid 20s/ late 20s
Age of Adolescence: Industrial Revolution
-new cultural patterns of work, education and family life arise -new forms of work require specialized knowledge -we have individuals who are (biologically speaking) mature, yet not ready to take on adult roles -views of adolescents being to change
Emerging Adulthood (Annett)
-new stage in life cycle; unique developmental period -relative independence from adult social roles and expectations
Discontinuous
-no training for adult roles -abrupt, more difficult transition
3 trajectory possibilities
-one for the "haves" -one for the "have nots" -one for those who are somewhere in between
Differences in timing and tempo of puberty
-onset: girls (7-13) -boys (9-13.5) -tempo: 1.5 years to 6 years
Family influences
-parental attitudes -overt or covert communication of those attitudes
Why have there been changes in age of marriage?
-permissiveness regarding sex -need more education -less stigma in cohabitation -less negative attitudes towards single hood
factors that help protect against the harmful effects of neighborhood stressors
-positive family relationships -extracurricular involvement -having strong religious beliefs
Pubertal Status
-pre pubertal -apex pubertal -post pubertal
Due to interaction of genetic and environmental factors
-predisposed to develop at general time and rate -environmental factors influence variability within those ago boundaries/constraints
Signals to brain
-presence of sexually mature mating partners -physical maturation and health -nutritional resources
Sex differences in sexual maturation: males
-primary, secondary -testicle growth -pubic hair -growth spurt -spermarche -armpit hair -voice change -facial hair
Information processing: advances in speed
-processing speed increases -processing capacity increases -automaticity -attention
Body composition and capacity changes
-proportion of muscle to fat changes -circulatory and respiratory system changes -not surprising: sex differences in athletic ability first appear
Adolescent growth spurt
-rapid acceleration in height and weight -peak height velocity- as much as a toddler -females hit growth spurt about 2 years earlier -1/2 body weight gained during adolescents
What can be done to ease the transitions?
-restructure secondary education -expand work and volunteering opportunities -improve the quality of community life for adolescents and their parents -expand opportunities in the workplace to make high school a bridge to adulthood -encouraging adolescents to spend time in voluntary, non-military service activities -facilitate mentoring programs for at risk adolescents
Continuous
-roles, training come bit by bit -smooth, gradual transition
Instsability
-romance, work, residence
Sex differences in sexual maturation: females
-secondary< primary -breast buds -pubic hair -growth spurt -menarche -2-4 years for regular ovulation
Hypothalamus monitors androgen and estrogen levels
-secretes GnRh, which causes pituitary gland to release : Luteinizing hormones (LH) and follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)
Information Processing: Advances in attention
-selective attention -divided attention both improve; better concentrated; can task focused on tasks better
Piaget's Stages of cognitive development
-sensorimotor -pre-operational -concrete operational -formal operational
Adolescence in Western culture
-since 1900s, rapid changes in society -different cohorts, different characteristics
Prolongation of adolescence
-since 1970s, full entrance into adulthood has been delayed -takes longer to complete education, move out of parent's house, marry -new period of emerging adulthood
Circulatory and respiratory system changes
-size and capacity of heart and lungs increases -more so for males
Variation in the nature of social definition
-societies differ along two dimensions -clarity -continuity
on time and late maturation linked to
-spousal harmony, adequate resources -sensitive, supportive, responsive parenting -secure attachments, trusting internal working models -greater parental involvement
Collective efficacy
-the extent to which neighbors trust each other, share values and count on each other to monitor the activities of the youth in the community -rates of teen pregnancy, school failures, mental health problems and antisocial behavior are all higher in neighborhoods that have low levels of collective efficacy -living in a neighborhood high in collective efficacy is especially important for adolescents whose parents are themselves not very vigilant
2 societal trends are reshaping the nature of transition
-the increasing length of the transitional period -increasing demand for more formal education
always occurs in a specific socio-historical and cultural context
-the length, context and daily experience differs across cultures -different cultures define adult status, roles and responsibilities differently
The modern adolescent
-the lengthy period of preparation for adulthood -"teenager" became popular after WWII -by the 1950s, teens have disposable time, money and are becoming more independent
Tempo of puberty
-the rate at which an individual progresses through the stages of puberty -absolute index of pubertal stages (Tanner stages, Pre-apex post)
The impact of stress
-the stresses associated with poverty undermine the quality of people's relationship with each other -across all ethnic groups, poverty is associated with harsh, inconsistent and punitive parenting, and these factors in turn are linked to adolescent mis behavior
Changes in thinking from adolescence to childhood
-thinking about possibilities -abstract thinking -thinking about thinking -multiple dimensions
Information Processing: Advances in meta-cognition
-thinking about thinking -ability to monitor one's own cognitive activity
Internal influences
-thoughts, feelings, attitudes about body -attitudes about growing up, adulthood -self-esteem, self-image, degree of autonomy
may not use formal operations on all tasks
-tied to experience and practice -horizontal decalage
Aristotle
-to think and reason is distinctly human -in early years, development is a result of drives -in adolescence, development thinking and reasoning guide development
Experimental, intuitive system
-unconscious, effortless, automatic, fast -holistic -intuitive -contextualized -DOESN'T NECESSARILY IMPROVE WITH AGE
Contextual Influences (Sangrestano et al)
-urban, low income, African American sample -boys had more overall conflict with mom -more intense conflict for: later developing boys, early maturing girls -early matures->fears regarding sex->greater monitoring
Information processing view
-views the mind much like a machine -looks at quantitative growth/improvement in specific areas and abilities
Formal Operations
.4 of Piaget, characterized by 1) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning (more experience and memory allows for more reasoning) 2) Complex concepts that require exploring different perceptive. 3. Metacognition- thinking about own thinking.
3 Requirements for Secure Attachment
1) Seen, 2)Soothed, 3)Safe
21st Century Skills
1. Adaptive thinking (using background knowledge to solve problems and adapt) 2. Intellectual Risk-Taking 3. Collaboration 4. Nonroutine Problem Solving 5. Self-Regulation 6. Systems Thinking
Child Labor Laws
2 contributors to the creation of CLL: child protectionist and protection of adult jobs
Changes in prefrontal cortex
2 important changes: -patterns of activation generally became more focused -activity becomes increasingly coordinated with activity in other parts of the brain brain regions involved in language acqusition
How many adults identify as gay straight or bisexual?
2 to 10 percent
Preoperational
2. of Piaget. Start to think about actions/interactions. Language is huge. Ages 2-7
Concrete Operations
3 of Piaget, Early adolescent stage- concept of matter being constant (conservation) begins. They can focus on several different aspects of an object. Ages 7-11
transition into adulthood in contemporary society
3 very different trajectory possibities
Piaget's Theory of Development
4 stages of development (2 in adolescence)
homosexual identity stage 4
: Commitment begins when the person enters a same-sex emotional and sexual relationship; adopts homosexuality "as a way of life," views a homosexual identity as a valid and satisfying self-identity, and may "come out" to others
Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents?
Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.
Parenting Styles
Based on scales of Demandingness and Responsiveness
Ideology
Beliefs about how members of the group should think or behave
Infancy and early childhood
Children internalize their parent's messages regarding gender at an early age Parents treat sons and daughters differently. Ie, infants are dressed in gender-specific colors - pink for girls and blue for boys. Parents encourage their sons and daughters to participate in sex typed activities. Ie, Girls play with dolls and boys play with cars
Bio-Psycho-Social Model
Combines biological forces (genes, puberty, brain, hormones) with socio-environmental (peers, family, friends, teachers, culture) and psychological (beliefs, thoughts, values, feelings). Helps us understand all complex factors that affect development
Prefrontal Cortex
Grows in adolescence, regulates impulses, develops plans, is in charge of abstract thought
Which statement about conformity to peers is most true?
Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial.
Which dimension of the Five-Factor Model measures how organized someone is?
Conscientiousness
Kohlberg Level II
Conventional Stage 3- good-boy/nice-girl- inidividuals behave appropriately to receive approval. Stage 4-Law & Order Orientation- individuals behave appropriately out of respect for rules, laws, authority.
G. Stanley Hall
Created storm and Stress model, early 1900s.
Who came up with the idea of creating adolescence?
David Bakan
Parietal Lobe
Grows in adolescence, visual-spatial acuity/motor response
Feedback Loop
HPG-axis develops naturally and regulates hormone production
Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development
Development happens through interactions and socialization with others who have higher cognitive skills. It uses cultural signs and tools (language)
Self-Worth
Do I have value?
Neurological development
Epstein: "abrupt changes in behavior reflects associated changes in the bio-physiology of the brain"
Phinney's Ethnic Identity Development Model
Ethnic identity follows same steps of exploration to commitment, may depend on encountering "triggers"
Stereotype Threat Activation
Fear of fulfilling negative stereotype
Self-Esteem
Feelings about self
Sensory Register
Few things are paid attention to
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Hair, breasts, growth
Tanner Scale
Gauge of pubertal development
Parental Involvement
Helps foster Cognitive skills (practice and instruction), adaptive motivation(values of education feeling competent), appropriate behavior(parents reinforce expectations), and positive emotions towards school (validates self worth(
Moratorium
High Exploration but no commitment
Achievement
High Exploration, High commitment
Authoritative
High demandingness, high responsiveness balance of restrictions and communication to allow autonomy and self-reliance, outcome=confident, self-reliant, socially skilled.
Permissive
High responsiveness, low demandingness, outcome= lower responsibility in kids
Early Maturation Risks for Boys
Higher social status, more likely to hang with older boys and engage in risky behavior
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Hormone produced by pituitary gland in females that triggers ovaries to produce estrogens
Luteinizing Hormone
Hormone produced by pituitary gland in males that triggers testes to produce androgens,
Erikson Adolescent stage conflict
Identity vs. Role Confusion Key to Resolution=Exploration
Kohlberg Stage 2
Instrument/Relativist Orientation- might obey a rule of adherence benefits self/ or someone else.
Middle childhood
Issues of achievement become more important to parents as children's skills expand Parents hold gender-differentiated expectations for children's competencies in school subjects. Parents also allow greater freedom to boys than girls. Boys are more likely to have maintenance chores around the house (ie, mowing the lawn) while girls are more likely to participate in domestic chores (ie, cooking and cleaning).
Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence?
It is virtually impossible to predict which student will commit a lethal crime.
Joe is extremely moody. His mother attributes his mood swings to being an adolescent. Based on your understanding of adolescent mood swings, what would you tell Joe's mom?
Joe's moods are most likely linked to his daily activities.
Kohlberg Stage 4
Law & Order Orientation- individuals behave appropriately out of respect for rules, laws, authority.
Early Maturation Risks for Girls
Likelihood to engage in sex increase, increasing dissatisfaction with body, depression, and eating disorders
Gardner Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic, Musical, Kinesthetic, Spiritual, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Spatial, Logical-Mathematical, Naturalist, Existential
Declarative Knowledge
Long term memory of facts
Diffusion
Low Exploration and Low Commitment
Foreclosure
Low Exploration, High Commitment
Indifferent
Low demandingness, low responsiveness, outcome= high impulsivity, delinquency, and disengagement
Authoritarian
Low responsiveness, high demandingness Outcome= insecure, passive, dependent
Knowledge acquisition
Metacomponent of Intelligence for learning new information/problem-solving
Performance
Metacomponent of Intelligence that allows people to compare problems and select appropriate strategy
Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
Moral choices and development grows out of relationships, care for other's view of self, etc.
Marcia Identity States
Moratorium, Foreclosure, Diffusion, and Achievement
Hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _______ hormones program the brain to behave in certain ways, whereas _______ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics.
Organizational; activational
Brain imaging techniques
PET scans fMRI DTI EEG
Perspective Taking
Part of Moral Development, described by Selman (less likely to engage in risky behavior when perspective taking is higher)
Kohlberg Level III
Post-Conventional Stage 5-Social Contract/Legalistic Orientation- starts to combine respect for laws with consideration of individual values/opinions Stage 6-Universal ethical Principles= base decisions on own judgements of right vs. wrong based on justice and human rights.
Kohlberg Level 1
Preconventional Stage 1- Punishment/Obedience Orientation- focus on self- reward or consequence Stage 2-Instrument/Relativist Orientation- might obey a rule of adherence benefits self/ or someone else.
Emotional Autonomy
Self-sufficient decision making, Individuation, de-idealization of parents.
Kohlberg Stage 1-
Punishment/Obedience-focus on self- reward or consequence
Secure Attachment
Responsive parents- child explores, checks back, is sad when parent leaves, but comes back when they return. Leads to autonomy in adolescence.
Generalizing from the text, who would benefit most from summer school?
Ron, an adolescent living in a low SES neighborhood
MMRI- Multidimensional model of racial identity
Science, Centrality, Regard, and Ideology make up a racial identity
homosexual identity stage 1
Sensitization usually occurs before puberty; general feeling of being different from his or her same-sex peers
Sex & Gender
Sex: The biological status of being male or female Gender: The meanings that societies and individuals attach to being male or female Gender Role: The societal expectations for appropriate female and male behavior Gender Identity: How one psychologically perceives oneself as either male or female
Working Memory
Short term- phonological loop stores small bits, visuospatial sketchpad holds and manipulates images, central executive oversees the whole shebang
Kohlberg Stage 5
Social Contract/Legalistic Orientation- starts to combine respect for laws with consideration of individual values/opinions
What is the paradox of dropping out of school?
Students who drop out are typically the ones who are most harmed by doing so.
Scaffolding
Supports to help learners develop skill (hints, clues, strategies)
Dynamic Systems Theory
Systems constantly change, adolescents must adapt to the changes of their systems.
Attachment
The emotional bond with primary caregiver.
Conditional
When and how to use the procedural or declarative knowledge
Self-Concept
Tied to specific areas like academics
Storm and Stress
Understanding of adolescence impulsivity and crime being a period linked to emotionality and stress
Kohlberg Stage 6
Universal ethical Principles= base decisions on own judgements of right vs. wrong based on justice and human rights.
Systems Theories
Views adolescents as parts of complex systems
Independent Self
Western view of self defined through autonomy, self sufficiency
Chrystallized Intelligence
What has been learned over whole life experience
Kisspeptin
a brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty
Pheromones
a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in the other members of the species
The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:
a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.
Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that _____ may be effective.
a comprehensive sex education
All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:
a decrease in the size of their peer groups.
serotonin
a neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods
Emerging Adulthood
a new developmental life stage? or part of adolescence?
The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique is called:
a personal fable.
A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:
a reference group.
As used in the study of adolescence, the term "intimacy" refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following, except:
a sexual and/or physical relationship.
EEG
a technique for measuring electrical activity at different locations of the scalp
DTI
a technique used to produce images of the brain that show connections among different regions
fMRI
a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task
Adolescence
a time of social redefinition. a process of becoming an adult, redefining one's status and role in society, is universal
Who is most likely to have close opposite-sex friends?
a) Ben, who is socially competent, popular, and has many same-sex friends b) Brian, who is socially incompetent and unpopular with his same-sex peers Correct Response c) both Ben and Brian
Larry is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and also has low self-esteem. One explanation for these two characteristics is that:
a) Larry might be low in self-esteem because he knowingly puts on a false front b) Larry might engage in false-self behavior because he is low in self-esteem Correct Response d) Both A and B are correct
The first sign of puberty in girls is generally:
a) budding of the breasts.
Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment?
a) need for part-time workers b) abundance of low wage positions c) short shift schedules Correct Response d) all of the above
Optimal social development during adolescence may require healthy relationships with:
a) parents b) peers Correct Response d) both A and B are correct
According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:
a) their lessons are within their zone of proximal development. b) a more experienced instructor is present. c) the instructor engages in scaffolding. Correct Response d) All of the above
The field of behavior genetics examines all of the following, except:
a) whether and how much given traits are genetically versus environmentally determined. b) whether the same environment affects people with different genetic make-ups in different ways. c) whether people with different genetic make-ups evoke different reactions from their environment. Correct Response d) Behavioral genetics examines all of these issues.
Identity
attainment of adult status causes adolescents to feel more mature and to think more seriously about future work and family roles
meta-cognition
ability to reflect on and evaluate knowledge and cognitive processes
Adolescent Relativism
ability to see things as relative rather than simply black and white ->leads to skepticism, loneliness, and self doubt
Pseudostupidity
ability to use formal operation giving its ability to think of options
Organizational strategies
able to make more use of strategies such as chunking, nemonic devices, etc
Piaget theorists believe that the use of _____ is the chief feature of adolescent thinking that differentiates it from the type of thinking employed by children.
abstract logical reasoning
Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is:
accepting responsibility for oneself.
How development occurs
accommodation and assimilation
Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by:
adolescents' ability to formulate counterarguments.
Autonomy
adult status leads to shifts in responsibility, independence and freedom
The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:
age grading.
Early gender stereotypes
are quite rigid, but become more flexible after age 8, intensify again during adolescence
Self-evaluations
are the judgments people make about their own characteristics
Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who:
argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention.
Implications for behavior
argumentation, decision making, perspective taking
How are adolescents depicted in the media?
argumentative, strong-will, "know it all" men more sex drive, women more catty
Americanization
associated with worse outcomes compared to immigrants
Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?
authoritative
The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called:
autonomy.
The most virulent threats to adolescent health come from all of the following, except:
b) chronic disabilities, such as cancer and arthritis.
Piagetian notion of equilibration
balance between assimilation and accomadation
Rosenberg's concept of self-esteem
baseline is stable, barometric fluctuates over time with situations
Elder's study of the Great Depression revealed that adolescents who experienced hardship during those years were more likely to:
be involved in adult-like tasks at an earlier age.
Achievement
becoming a full-time employee; leave school of their own volition
Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk-taking?
behavioral decision theory
Brain Maturation in adolescence
behavioral, emotional, and cognitive development during this period
Perspective taking
being able to step in another person's shoes
Age 6
brain is approximately 90% of adult size
chunking
breaking down bits of information into smaller, meaningful units so that they are easier processed
Epiphysis
closing of ends of long bones -one marker of end of puberty
Fluid Intelligence
cognitive functions (increases in adolescence then kinda stops)
Typically, the social redefinition of young people occurs in groups of peers who are approximately the same age, known as:
cohorts.
Identity Foreclosure
commitment but no crisis
Research addressing difficult social situations related to adolescents' transitions into romantic relationships found _____ to be among the most frequently mentioned themes.
communicating with the opposite sex
Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that to assess an individual's intellectual capabilities it is necessary to look at three distinct, but interrelated, types of intelligence:
componential, experiential, and contextual
Feminine Traits
considerate, devotes self to others. emotional, gentle, home oriented, kind, likes children, passive
Assimilation and accommodation
constantly happening simultaneously
Median age of population
continues to increase as time goes on
Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition?
continuous
Mood fluctuations
correspond with activity changes
Self-efficacy
creates the basis for the child's sense of self-esteem
Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?
cultivation theory
In 1934, anthropologist Ruth Benedict suggested that the turmoil experienced during adolescence was caused by:
discontinuous transitions.
Life Stage that is
distinct and universal
Formal Initiation Ceremonies
distinct events help to mark the transition -often painful and strenuous and can result in permanent changes
Secondary sex characteristics
distinguish between males and females; not reproductive
James Marcia Identity State
divided the search for identity into four states. These are not stages, but rather processes that adolescents go through. All adolescents will occupy one or more of these states, at least temporarily
Horizontal decalage
doing well in one area but not another
Psychological process occurring
early developers may not be cognitively or emotionally prepared for changes
Generalizing from the text, the children who are most likely to think of themselves as being off schedule" with respect to their physical development are girls who mature _____ and boys who mature _____."
early; late
Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager?
economic freedom
According to the textbook, which of the following resulted from standards-based reform:
educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do
Psychological impact of puberty
effects are strongest in early adolescence when there is most fluctuation in hormones
Cognitive Transitions
emergence of advance thinking abilities
View of themselves
emphasis on social roles (spouse, parent) vs characteristics (self reliance, responsibility; more ambiguous)
Types of cognitive processes and abilites
encoding, learning and retrivial
Professor Radon is studying the _________ system, which produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body.
endocrine
Estrogen
estradiol: breast, uterine, bone dev
Continuity
extent to which transition is gradual or abrupt
Real or symbolic separation from parents
extrusion -summer camps, sleepover, boarding schools, college
Blended Family
family from divorce/remarriage with kids on both sides, increases strain and disruption, emotional and behavioral issues
at the gonads
females: LH & FSH activate the ovaries to produce estrogen males: LH stimulates the production of testosterone (androgen) in the testes
Adolescents increase their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of:
future orientation.
Processing speed
gets fasted until about mid-adolescence
Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns:
getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents.
Learning
getting information into long term memory
Retrival
getting information out of long term memory
Salience=
how conscious one is of their own ethnicity in a given situation
Clarity
how explicit is the transition into adulthood?
Fundamental Assumption (Piaget)
humans are active by nature -knowledge does not just unfold (innate ideas) or get placed in our heads (blank slate) rather it is transformed
Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:
inventionist perspective.
Primary sex characteristics
involved in sexual reproduction
increases in testosterone/ estrogen
irritability, impulsivity, aggression, depression
Sexual orientation
is a person's tendency to be attracted to people of the same sex (homosexual orientation), of the opposite sex (heterosexual orientation), or of both sexes (bisexual orientation)
Identity achievement
is associated with more positive psychological, emotional, and behavioral traits (such as achievement motivation, peer intimacy, moral reasoning, extraversion, and prosocial behavior
Identity diffusion
is associated with more psychological and interpersonal problems (such as social withdrawal, lack of peer intimacy, and procrastination)
Imaginary Audience
leads to being self-critical and/or self-admiring
4 changes in status
legal, political, interpersonal and economic
Sociological Theory
pubertal timing heavily influenced by social conditions, especially for females
Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests:
it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people.
knowledge
kinds of information structures in long-term memory "what"
Stages are qualitatively distinct
knowledge is transformed, not just added
3 current areas of research
knowledge, cognitive processes and capacities, meta-cognition
Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when:
lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.
According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors is the recipe for delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination?
lower then average intelligence
Which of the following is not a characteristic of deductive reasoning in adolescence, as described by the text?
making an inference based on accumulated evidence
Behavioral Autonomy
mature decision making
Sternberg's Successful Intelligence
measured by how many skills people have that their region deems valuable/needed
Implications for thought
metaphor, irony, satire, double entendres
Biological Transitions
onset of puberty
Biological definition of adolescence
onset of puberty to sexual maturation
All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except:
organized youth movements.
Brofenbrenner's bioecological model
places individual in content of the microsystem (family, schools, close friends), mesosystem (links of microsystems), ecosystem (extended family, neighborhood), and microsystem (society/culture).
Decision Making
planning ahead and thinking about consequences
Hostile attributional bias:
plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.
Extrusion
practice of sending child to sleep away from home
According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy develops during:
preadolescence.
According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:
preconventional.
Critical points and periods of development
prenatal and neonatal
Smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the idea of:
psychosocial moratorium.
cognitive processes and capacities
process we apply to our knowledge "how"
According to the Ford and Beach sexual socialization research, societies can fall into any of the following categories, except:
progressive
Long-term memory
recalling things from long ago
Stereotypes of Adolescence
reckless, awkward, moody, adventurous, etc
Dating among adolescents today is largely a:
recreational activity.
Rejection sensitivity
result of insecure attachment= increased sensitivity and fear of rejection
Supreme Court Ruling (2010)
ruled against life w/o parole for non-murder crimes committed by minors
Supreme Court Ruling (2005)
ruled that capital punishment against anyone under 18 was "cruel and unusual"
Multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand:
sarcasm.
Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This has been referred to as the:
secular trend.
Early in adolescence, moral guidelines are:
seen as subjective.
Collective Self
self defined by connections to others and roles within a group
On Steve's 13th birthday, his father wants to educate him about sex, so they sit down to have a "man to man" talk about the "birds and the bees." This process is called:
sexual socialization.
Accomodation
shifting thinking when faced with new information
Sarah is an excellent writer, but her younger sister Jane has always hated writing classes and instead has focused on developing gymnastic abilities. Sarah readily expresses disdain for gymnastics, so the girls feel that they are different enough to avoid direct competition. One explanation for this type of sibling behavior is called:
sibling deidentification.
Rapid acceleration in height and growth
simultaneously release growth hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens
Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the:
sleeper effect of divorce.
Endocrine system
system of glands in body that produces, circulates and regulates hormones -informational distribution system
A limitation in children's ability to ____ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships.
take another person's perspective
Assimilation
taking in outside information and fitting it into our already existing schema
adrenarche
the maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence
Androgen
testosterone: responsible for hair, voice changes, sexual desire
The most common trigger of the first episode of major depression is:
the breakup of a romantic relationship.
self-esteem
the emotions people feel about themselves
Timing of puberty
the individual stages of puberty are based on physical development -relative index: refers to when an individual starts puberty relative to peers (early, on time, late)
All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except:
the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent
Cognitive or "value" autonomy
thinking independently from own moral, religious, and political options.
Capacity for criminal intent
thought to be in place by 14
At the time of peak height velocity, adolescents grow at about the same rate as:
toddlers.
Sociological definition of adolescence
tradition in social status dependency-> self sufficient
Social Transitions
transition into new roles in society, rites of passage
Adolescent Egocentricism
unable to take others perspective
Abstract thinking
understand concepts that are not concrete and directly observable
Second order understanding
understand others' perspective on one's own point of view and take a third party point of view
Deductive reasoning
understanding that conclusions necessarily follow from premises
Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are:
universalistic.
Satire
use of humor (often irony or sarcasm) to bring attention to vice on folly
Irony and Sarcasm
use of words to convey meaning opposite if its literal meaning
"Rouge Test"
used to determine whether a toddler has a sense of the physical self
Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:
viewed as having potential benefit.
Do stereotypes about adolescents change?
yes, they are dependent on time/era, culture, etc.
