AIC Study GUide

Types of Combustible Materials

"ASH" Type A - normal combustibles (wood, paper, trash, clothes) "BOIL" Type B - flammable liquids (fuel oil, gasoline, paint) "CIRCUIT" Type C - electrical fires "DURABLE" Type D - combustible metals (aluminum, magnesium) "KITCHEN" Type K - cooking materials (vegetable oil, animal fats)

Surveying

"Geomatics" practice of determining the positions of points on and beneath the earth of points - geometry in practice - dramatically increased with the development of GPS satellites and smart instruments

Form 301

"Injury and Illness Incident Report" form - used to record the information on how and why a specific accident occurred - includes the substances, objects and people involved, and what part of the body was affected

Form 300

"Log of injuries and illnesses" form - record all reportable injuries and illnesses that occur in the workplace - specifically record where and when the accident occurred, the nature of the incident, job title of employees, and the number of days away from work or on modified assignments

Conceptual Estimates

"Rough order of magnitude estimate" - used when very little info is available or even before design has started - margin of error is high - but relatively easy and inexpensive to create

Form 300-A

"Summary of Work Related Injuries and Illnesses" form - means of informing employees of the injuries and illnesses that occurred at their workplace in the past year - required to be compiled and certified by a company executive and posted in a conspicuous place for three months (Feb 1st- April 30th)

Injury and Illness

"abnormal condition or disorder" - Include: cuts, fractures, sprains, skin diseases, respiratory conditions - Symptoms: aches or pains - Logs maintained for: days away from work, restricted work or transfer to another job; medical treatment beyond first aid; loss of consciousness; diagnosed by a licensed health care provider

Invitation to Bid (ITB)

"advertisement for bids"; invites bidders to bid on a particular project - provide general info about the project including type, size, location of the project, and bid date - GC will use these documents to send to the subs (typically the first thing they do)

Crew Leader

"field superintendent" - support the superintendent in the field - lead crews for a specific task, prepare daily time cards, conduct safety inspections, perform manual labor in support of crews, and training new personnel

Payment Bond

"labor and material bonds"; guarantees the obligee that the principal will pay their bills for labor and materials provided on the project

"Pass Through Clause"

"pass" the obligations and restrictions of the general contractor from their contract with the owner on to the subcontractor - commonly used with pay applications when an owner may "cut" or reduce the general contractors pay application which then allows the general to cut the subcontractors payment - these kinds of clauses also link when the general contractor receives funds from the owner to when they are required to pay their subcontractors - often referred to as a "pay when paid clause"

Project Acceleration

"schedule compression" or "crashing"; the shortening of the normal duration of a schedule

Section View

"section" of the building is cut away to expose hidden areas - cutting plane is typically vertical to the building - window details and rebar in footing are commonly shown - location of cutting plane should always be provided to the reader on the floor plan, elevation, or other section

Competent Person

"who is responsible for overseeing safety" - OSHA standard 29 CFR 1926 requires that every job site have at least one competent person responsible for overseeing the health and safety of a project - subject matter knowledge must be demonstrated through formal education and/or past experience - must have the authority to stop the work and take prompt corrective measures to eliminate the hazard

14 Principles of Lean Construction

#1 - "Base your management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals" #2 - "Create a continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface" #3 - "Use 'pull' systems to avoid overproduction" #4 - "Level out the workload" #5 - "Build a culture of stopping to fix problems, to get quality right the first time" #6 - "Standardized tasks and processes are the foundation for continuous improvement and employee empowerment" #7 - "Use visual controls so no problems are hidden" #8 - "Use only reliable, throughly tested technology that serves your people and process" #9 - "Grow leaders who throughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others" #10 - "Develop exceptional people and teams who follow your company's philosophy" #11 - "Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improve" #12 - "Go and see for yourself to throughly understand the situation" #13 - "Make decisions slowly by consensus, throughly considering all options; implement decisions rapidly" #14 - "Become a learning organization through relentless reflection and continuous improvement"

What would the cost of a hotel built in 2013 be if it costs 10 million dollars in 1999?

$10,000,000 * (100/59.5) = $16,806,723

16 Divisions

00: Procurement/contracting requirements 01: General Requirements 02: Site Construction 03: Concrete 04: Masonry 05: Metals 06: Wood and Plastics 07: Thermal and Moisture Protection 08: Doors and Windows 09: Finishes 10: Specialities 11: Equipment 12: Furnishings 13: Special Construction 14: Conveying Systems 15: Mechanical 16: Electrical

Core Commitments

1) A constructor shall have full regard to the public interest in fulfilling his or her responsibilities to the employer or client 2) A constructor shall not engage in any deceptive practice, or in any practice which creates an unfair advantage for the constructor or another 3) A constructor shall not maliciously or recklessly injure or attempt to injure, whether directly or indirectly, the professional reputation of others 4) A constructor shall ensure that when providing a service which includes advice, such advice shall be fair and unbiased 5) A constructor shall not divulge to any person, firm, or company, information of a confidential nature acquired during the course of professional activities 6) A constructor shall carry out responsibilities inn accordance with current professional practice, so far as it lies within his or her power 7) A constructor shall keep informed of new thoughts and development in the construction process appropriate to the type and level of his or her responsibilities and shall support research and the educational processes associated with the construction profession

3 Parts to a Balance Sheet

1) Company's assets: cash, equipment, and inventory - Current Assets: cash, inventory, accounts receivables - Other Assets: buildings, equipment, other capital expenses 2) Company's liabilities: debt or other obligations for future payment - current liabilities such as accounts payable long-term liabilities such as long-term debt 3) Owner's Equity or Net Worth: book value of the company (Assets - Liabilities) Total assets = total liability + net worth

Six Major Aspects of LEED

1) Energy and Atmosphere (highest priority) 2) Location and transportation 3) Sustainable Sites 4) Water Efficiency 5) Material and Resources 6) Indoor Environmental Quality

Claim Resolution

1) Negotiation 2) Mediation 3) Arbitration 4) Litigation

OSHA Documents that need to be posted

1) OSHA Job Safety and Health Poster 2) OSHA Form 300-A (Summary of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses) 3) copies of all OSHA citations - must be posted for 3 days or until the hazard has been abated, whichever is longer

Schedule Acceleration Steps

1) Review the logic - to reduce the projected duration by removing errors or unnecessary restrictions on the activities 2) Fast-track - decision to fast-track typically must be made before construction has started; have design and preconstruction happening concurrently 3) Work Over Time - overtime wages are increased from normal hours (time and half or more) but the productivity is most often significantly less 4) Offer Incentives - care should be taken to ensure quality doesn't suffer as workers are rushing to complete measurable units of work 5) Increased Labor Force - this can increase productivity; however, workers new to the job may not be as efficient as the seasoned work force who will also be less productive having to train the new hires; could lead to "trade stacking" which can decrease individual productivity 6) Communication - improve communication, management, or site logistics of a site can improve productivity of the work force and reduce overall schedule duration

Main Components of the Income Statement

1) The revenue a company has earned over the accounting period 2) All direct costs such as labor, material, subcontracts, and equipment costs 3) It provides the gross profit (the revenue - direct costs) 4) It indicates all indirect costs which are not directly attributable to performance of work such as overhead and administrative cost 5) It calculates net profit (gross profit - indirect costs)

Calculating Projected Costs

1) Use the straight line projection method where the "To Date Unit Cost" is multiplied by the "Budgeted Quantities"; used with self perform work 2) Using the "Expended Total Cost" column as the "Current Projected Costs"; used with subcontract cost codes 3) Use the "Revised Budget" column as the "Current Projected Costs"; used early in the project when little productivity or progress has been made to indicate a change from what has been budgeted

Benefits of Retainage to Owner

1) holding retainage incentivizes the contractor to finish the project and complete all of the final activities that may not have a high dollar value but essential to allow the owner to use the building 2) creates a pool of money that the owner can use in the event the contractor fails to meet their contractural obligations and another contractor is used to complete the work - 10% is typically held - often reduced as the project is completed

Most Common Claims

1) slow change order, RFI, and submittal processing 2) unresolved construction change pricing 3) differing site conditions 4) extreme or unusual weather conditions 5) productivity loss from excessive change orders or miscoordination from owner/designer

Steps of Procurement

1. Bid Scope of Work - once the design is complete, contract documents should be sent to several contractors (3+ is generally acceptable), to price a specific scope of work 2. Award - the bids from the contractors are evaluated to ensure they are in compliance with the bid documents. the successful contractor is notified that their bid was accepted with a "letter of intent" or "notice of award". the receipt starts pre-contract administrative activities such as submittals and acquiring insurance/bonds 3. Contract - after the bids are evaluated, a formal contract with the scope of work is negotiated and agreed to by the parties. specific conditions such as freight costs, taxes, bonding, accounting terms, warranty terms, and insurance costs must be allocated to the appropriate party 4. Submittals - the submittals, which include product/material data, shop drawings, and samples are provided by the sub and reviewed by the prime contractor and the design team. the contractor and designer check for general consistency to the contract document 5. Order Material and Equipment - only after the submittals have been reviewed can material be ordered. the document used with freight companies (common carriers) is called "bill of landing" the shipping term "Freight on Board" (FOB) means that the vendor has ownership of the material until it arrives at the job site 6. Install/Invoice - once the material is on site it can be installed. typically, the contractor can bill for the material even if it isn't installed in their next billing cycle

Advantages of CM Agency

1. CM can foster good communication between owner, designer, and construction teams early in the project and help guide the parties to the mutual objective 2. BC the CM can be involved early in design, value engineering, life cycle costing and constructibility reviews can be incorporated into the design 3. the owner can contract directly with the contractors and subcontractors and avoid a "middle man" administration fee 4. fast tracking the project is an option

Why a schedule would be accelerated

1. Delay events occur causing the normal finish date to extend past the contractual completion date 2. Contract has an acceleration clause which provides a monetary incentive for the contractor to finish early 3. Contractors team can start another project and earn fee on it 4. Save general conditions and other expenses increasing their profit on the project

Relationships used with Network Diagrams

1. Finish to Start - where the finishing of a preceding activity will allow the successor activity to start 2. Start to Start - the start of one activity triggers the start of another - activities would be occurring concurrently - a lag or delay is often imposed 3. Finish to Finish - the finish of an activity triggers the finish of an activity - used for concurrent activities

Management Systems

1. ISO 9000 2. Six Sigma 3. TQM 4. Lean Construction

4 Elements of a Contract

1. Mutual Agreement (offer and acceptance) 2. Capacity 3. Consideration 4. Lawful

5 Steps of the Bidding Process

1. RFQ 2. Invitation to Bid 3. Estimating Costs 4. Submitting the Bid 5. Award by the Owner

We have a wall that is 20' long and the spacing is 16" on center. How many 2x4 studs are needed?

1. convert 16" to feet 16"/12" = 1.3' 2. length of wall/spacing 20'/1.3' = 15.38 3. Add 1 15.38 + 1 = 16.38 4. round up 17 studs will be needed

Advantages of DB

1. everyone is under the same contract so there is seamless communication between design and construction teams 2. it allows for expedited, fast-track, design and construction schedule 3. allows for easier incorporation of changes in work 4. bc the contractor is involved early it allows for value engineering and constructibility reviews during pre-construction 5. for the owner, there is a single point of fault for building failures

Disadvantages of DBB

1. if contract documents are poor the owner may be exposed to a high volume of change orders 2. fast tracking the project where the design and construction run concurrently is not possible 3. there is a lack of contractor involvement during pre-construction reducing the value engineering potential 4. contract type lends itself more to an adversarial type relationship between all parties

However, IPD is...

1. newer and less tested than the other 3 traditional delivery methods 2. has little case law in place in the event of disputes 3. most contractors have little to no experience with this delivery method 4. getting all of the parties to move from a mind set of self serving decisions to community risk sharing can be difficult

Disadvantages of CM Agency

1. owner is responsible for contracting with multiple contractors and vendors which they may not be familiar with and can incur significant administrative costs 2. there is no cap to the cost; a poor design or unforeseen conditions can cause the cost to escalate beyond the available funds

Disadvantages of DB

1. owners usually won't have a firm fixed price before the project begins 2. if the project is fast tracked the owner may have limited time to make decisions without affecting costs 3. there are less checks and balances with design build than the other delivery methods; the owner must rely heavily on the quality and ethics of the design build contractor

A successful IPD project will...

1. reduce individual risk 2. increase project efficiency, especially with more unusual or sophisticated projects 3. reduces waste and maximizes value to the owner

4 Guiding Principles when Developing a WBS

1. there shouldn't be any overlap of scope of work between packages 2. each work package should have a definitive start and end date 3. there shouldn't be any overlap of cost between work packages 4. the breakdown of work packages should be at the level where progress can be measured precisely

Crane Capacity

1. type of crane 2. length of boom/jib 3. counterweight 4. weight of the load 5. distance of load to pivot point 6. speed/direction which the load is moved * the heavier and further from the crane the load is, the less the crane's capacity

Advantages of DBB

1. well established delivery method and process and roles of each party is well known and understood 2. projects are typically competitively bid giving the owner the lowest initial price the market will allow 3. the price for work described in the contract documents is known before the work starts 4. the owner doesn't have to be involved in the day-to-day operations of the construction process if they don't choose to be

Within how many days must a Notice of Contest (NOC) be filed for an OSHA citation?

15 days from date of citation

Now assume the studs are 9' long. How many board feet are needed?

17 studs that are 9' long 17 x 9 = 153' ((2" x 4")/12) * 153' = 102 board feet

Which of the following parts of the CFR Title 29 addresses safety and health regulations for construction?

1926

USGBC Credentialing Individuals

1st Level - LEED Green Associate 2nd Level - LEED Accredited Professional (AP) 3rd Level - LEED AP Fellow (for those who have a distinguished career in green building and sustainability

2x4x8

2" by 4" by 8' long

CSI Update

2004, format was updated to a 50-division format - most common method of construction scope organization 21: Fire Suppression 22: Plumbing 23: Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning 26: Electrical 31: Earthwork 32: Exterior Improvements 33: Utilities

What is the minimum load that a suspension scaffold must be designed to?

4 times the intended load

How many board feet of studs are required in a 2"x8"x9' wall that is 55' long. The studs are space 24" on center.

24"/12" = 2' 55'/2' = 27.5' = 28 28 + 1 = 29 studs 29 * 9' = 261' ((2" * 8")/12") * 261 = 348 board feet

What is the furthest away that an egress ladder can be located from a worker in a trench excavation greater than 4' in depth?

25'

How much bank soil do you need to excavate if you are creating a building pad that needs 5,000 cubic yards of compacted soil. The compaction factor is 0.85.

5,000 cy/0.85 = 5,882 bcy

OCIP and CCIP

(owner controlled insurance programs) and (contractor controlled insurance programs) are where the owner or contractor purchases a single "wrap up" policy for all of the trades - can have reduced premiums due to purchasing economies of scale and they have greater control of the insurance held by the trades - disadvantages are increased administration burden by the owner or contractor and potential for non-project related fraudulent claims

Integrated Project Delivery Method

- a single multi-party contract aligns the goals of the owner, designer and contractors with the success of the project - typically done by the owner providing a pool of money which is shared equally with all parties - the more successful the project is the more of the reward pool is shared with all parties - if the project is not successful, the financial pool would not be shared but instead be used to resolve the challenges with the project - this shared-risk reward delivery method is intended to promote collaboration and encourage project focused decision making - all major parties, including subs, are selected and involved early in the project, intensifying the design and allowing for collaborative decision making

Unit Price Contract

- contractors provide a fixed price for a unit of work - final price is based on the total number of units installed multiplied by the unit price - typically only used when exact quantities cannot be determined in advance - unit price includes all labor, material, and equipment costs needed to complete one unit of work plus the contractors overhead and profit - contractor and owner share the risk - contractor has risk of accurately estimating the unit cost - owner has the risk of an unknown quantity of work

Electrocutions

- direct electrocution, electrical burns and falls - isolate electrified components through fully enclosed junction boxes, cabinets, and fittings (fill all knockout holes in boxes) - keep a minimum of 10' away from all power lines; use warning signs - replace all damaged extension cords and tools (cords that have damaged insulation, been stretched, are missing grounds, not marked for hard or extra hard duty) - make sure that all 120V loads are plugged into a GFCI outlet - ensure power tools have either a 3-wire cord with ground, be double insulated, or be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer - implement an appropriate "lock out tag out" program where all equipment is de-energized and remains de-energized while being worked on - always have appropriate PPE such as proper foot protection and nonconductive hard hats

Dealing with Citations

- formally appeal a citation, penalty, or the duration given to abate the hazard - informal meetings can be arranged between the employer and OSHA's are director where the area director has the authority to revise the citation before an official appeal is filed - if that doesn't resolve it, they can file a petition for modification of abatement or a notice of contest

Why soils are compacted

- increase density and shear strength - decrease future settlement

Fall Hazards

- leading cause of fatal accidents - OSHA mandates that protection for falls > than 6' must be in place - commonly used for: ramps, wall openings, holes, excavations, roods - comes in personal fall arrest systems (PFAS), guardrails and safety nets

Type C Soil

- least stable soil and has a maximum confined strength of 0.5 tons per sq ft - sand and gravel maximum allowable slop which are less than 20' is 1.5:1

Contour Lines

- lightly shaded or dashed contour lines used to show the elevations of the existing grade - bolded or solid lines show the proposed elevation - lines close together denote a steep elevation change - lines far apart show a more gradual slope

Specifications

- make up the bulk of the project manual - provide detailed descriptions of the material and equipment - define the nature of the materials, procedures, and minimum installation standards - needed to know the design intent of the project - divided by construction specifications institute (CSI)

Piling

- may be steel, concrete, or composite material - piles can be driven, jetted, drilled & poured, and vibration 1. Drop Hammer: heavy weight raised by a cable along a guided track and then dropped freely onto the head of the pile driving it into the earth 2. Mechanical Hammer: mechanically actuated piston and hammer to drive pile into the ground; piston may be powered by internal combustion, steam, compressed air, or hydraulics 3. Vibratory Hammer: rapidly vibrates the head of the pile in up and down cycles while placing downward pressure; causes soil and piling to expand and contract, relieving friction and driving the piling downward; fastest type of pile driver, but tend to disturb adjacent soils

Type B Soil

- moderately stable and has a compressive strength between 0.5 - 1.5 tons per sq ft - sandy loam, silt loam, angular gravel - maximum allowable slope which are less than 20' in depth is 1:1

US Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

- most common commercial building green rating system in the U.S. - first pilot version of LEED dates back to 1998 and continues to evolve - latest version (V4) was in 2013 - point based system where buildings are awarded levels of certification (certified, silver, gold, platinum) based on the number of points earned - includes categories for innovation and regional property - LEED establishes minimum green requirements referred to as prereqs that must be met to earn any certification

Lump Sum Contract

- most common type of contract - the contractor gives the owner a single price, or lump sum, to complete the contracted scope of work - any changes in the scope are addressed by change orders - how profitable the contractor is is entirely dependent upon the contractors ability to complete the contracted work within the lump sum contract price - additional funds are not given or taken away regardless of the contractors final profit or loss - the contractors have the highest amount of risk whereas owners have the lowest

Excavations

- most hazardous - cave-ins highest risk - also include: asphyzlation, inhalation of toxic materials (fuel fumes), fires, and electrocution by serving underground utility lines - employees are required to be protected from cave-ins through sloping, shoring, and shielding for all trenches 5' in depth or more - trenches over 20' in depth must have the protection systems designed by a professional engineer

Type A Soil

- most stable with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per sq ft - clay, clay loam, and sandy clay - maximum allowable slope which are less than 20' in depth is 3/4:1

Cranes

- move and lift materials - increase profitability, worker productivity, and jobsite safety

Ladders

- must be provided when there is break in elevation of 19" or more - required to support at least 4 times the maximum intended load - however, this can be reduced to 3.3 times for extra-heavy duty, 1A ladders - Non-self supporting ladders (ladders that lean up against walls) should be positioned at an angle where the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is 1/4 the working length of the ladder - when using portable ladders to access the upper landing surface, the side rails must extend at least 3' above the upper landing surface

Stairs

- must be provided when there is break in elevation of 19" or more - stairways with 4 or more rises or 30" in height must be equipped with at least one handrail - handrails are also required on all unprotected sides or edges of stairways - stairs should be installed between 30 and 50 degrees with a uniform height and depth of the treads and risers

Cost Control

- must control labor, material, equipment and subcontracts - labor is one of the most critical as it fluctuates greatly and can greatly exceed the budget - compare the actual labor costs to the budgeted labor costs and project the final cost - budgeted labor costs are obtained from the estimate created during preconstruction - the actual labor costs are obtained from labor reports often provided by the project accountant

Excavation QTO

- soil in natural state is referred to as "bank" - unit of measure for soil is "bank cubic yards" (bcy) - soil that has been compacted is referred to as "compacted soil" (ccy) - soil that was disturbed from bank, such as when excavated, it is referred to as "loose" (lcy) - a "swell" or shrinkage factor is provided to determine how much the soil is compacted or how loose it is

Sustainability

- somethings ability to maintain or sustain itself indefinitely - "... sustainable construction most comprehensively address the ecological, social, and economic issues of a building in the context of its community" - Charles Kibert - "green" or "high performance" buildings that provide incremental improvements towards sustainability are fairly common and are becoming much more mainstream - green buildings use energy, water, and material more efficiently than traditional buildings and attempt to provide a healthier indoor environment for the occupants

Project Staff

- staffed with personnel in a supervisor-subordinate relationship - arranged so that the PM is responsible for the entire site - superintendent is in charge of the field

Purchasing

- subcontractors are responsible for purchasing the material and equipment associated with their scope of work - EXCEPTION: when the owner or CM will order long lead time material or equipment while the rest of the scope is bid out; this has the advantage of accelerating the overall schedule as well as saving the sub's overhead and profit on the equipment - Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipment (FF&E) is often either owner furnished/owner installed (OFOI) or owner furnished/contractor installed (OFCI) - in both cases, the contractor's scope of work is limited; however, the contractor is still required to coordinate the material installation with the owner

Construction Management Delivery Method

- the construction manager acts as the owner's agent and manages the construction project on the owners behalf - the owner will pay for all the construction costs plus a fee for the CM's services

Cost Plus Contract

- the contractor is paid for all direct costs such as labor, material, equipment, subcontractors, and field supervision plus an agreed upon fee - the fee is typically a percentage of the cost of the work - normally used in cases where the scope of work is not easily defined - have the advantage of having the owner only pay for what the project needs without a premium for the contractors risk - bc of the low risk, contractors fee is typically lower than on a lump sum - contracts may be solely based on the "time and material" needed to complete the job without any set limit to the costs of have a GMP which caps the costs the owner will be responsible for

Design Build Delivery Method

- the owner contracts with a single entity for both design and construction services - entities may be a single design-build firm with in-house design and construction employees, or a temporary partnership between a design and construction firm (through a joint venture)

Substantial Completion

- triggers the release of retainage - release of retainage can concern owners as this eliminates the financial leverage over the contractor

Differential Leveling

- where the elevations of points on a map or survey are determined - telescope with magnification to read dimensions on a grade rod in reference to known elevations - transpose an elevation from a known benchmark elevation to other points whose elevations are not known - level with the datum plane and can read the measurements of grade rods that are in its line of sight and its horizontal plane

Long Term Competitiveness

- workers compensation - owners often look at a company's safety record

Partnership

Entity owned by two or more people - the percent ownership of each partner is determined by legal agreement or contract - The percent ownership may be based upon the amount of money, hard assets or skills brought into the company by each of the partners - there should be an agreement that outlines how the partnership can be terminated - if a partner dies, the partnership is legally terminated unless prior terms for such an event were included in the partnership agreement - taxed at the individual level based on personal income and earnings - partners are personally liable for losses - amount of liability for each partner is based on the percent ownership

Sole Proprietorship

Entity owned, operated, and managed by a single person - only one owner, the sole proprietor - simplest form of ownership; can be started or terminated without formal documentation - they are taxed at the individual level based on personal income and earnings - DISADVANTAGE: the owner of the company is personally liable for all losses; any debt that exceeds the company's assets must be paid for with the owner's private funds

Safety Culture

Everyone on the jobsite should be able to go home in the same condition in which they arrived

Types of Rods

Florida, California, Detroit Rod - most common is Philadelphia rod

Approving Submittals

GC will put a stamp on the drawings indicating the status of the submittal 1) Accepted 2) Accepted with Comments 3) Revise and Resubmit 4) Rejected - Contractors will use GREEN ink for their review - Architects will use RED - Engineers will use BLUE - if the GC accepts the submittal, they will transmit it to the architect - if the submittal involves a trade system for which the architect has hired an engineer to design, it will be forwarded to the engineer - engineer will approve and send to the architect who sends to the GC and then back to the sub - all parties have to accept the submittal before material can be ordered

Joint Venture

Agreement between two or more companies which form a partnership to complete a single business enterprise - parties combine strengths and share assets, revenues, expenses, and risks - often temporary arrangements - design build firms are often joint ventures between a designer and contractor - both parties combine their strengths to complete a project that neither would be able to do individually

Design Bid Build Delivery Method

Also referred to as: Hard bid, stipulated sum, fixed price - the owner has separate contracts directly with the architect and contractor - architect will complete all construction docs - then project will be set out to bid and a contractor will be selected to build the project - contract is largely awarded based on price, however contractor qualifications may be considered - contractor is responsible for constructing the project in accordance with the contract documents - contractor and architect remain solely responsible to the owner - contractor and architect will take responsibility for faults made by the subs they hire - contractor has the highest risk - owner has the lowest risk as they have a fixed price for a fixed quantity of work (with the exception of change orders due to poor design)

Which of the following alternative dispute methods is often required by contract to resolve a claim?

Arbitration

Uniformat A-G

A - Substructure B - Shell C - Interiors D - Services E - Equipment & Furnishings F - Special Construction & Demolition G - Building Site work

Differential Leveling Terms

BS - Backsight located on top of the known benchmark point HI - Height of Instrument FS - Foresight is reading the dimension on the rod on the unknown elevation point

Which of the following pieces of equipment would be most appropriate for excavating shallow and narrow trenches for the installation of utility lines?

Backhoe best for SHALLOW and NARROW

Capacity

Both parties must be legally competent and have the authority to enter into a contract on their companies behalf

Masonry

Brick, block, stone held together with mortar Natural (stone) Man Made (concrete blocks) most common = CMU Nominal = 8"x8"x16" Actual = 7 5/8"x7 5/8"x15 5/8" 3/8" Mortar Joint

PPE and hazards associated

Bright Color Durable Clothing/Vest: Struck-by; cuts; burns Gloves: burns; abrasions; punctures; chemical Boots: crushing; punctures; molten metal; slips Ear Protection: excessive noise exposure (85db average) Hard Hat: struck by; falling objects Eye Protection: flying particles; intense light; chemicals spray

Project Cost Summary Report Explained

Budget - original: reflects the costs developed during preconstruction - scope: reflects changes in the budget through change orders - revised: current budget inclusive of all change orders Expended - period: reflects the cost for the specific cost code during the current period - week: all cost for the specific cost code since the project began Committed Cost: cost items that the contractor has not paid yet but has either a contract or purchase order committing them to pay off at some point in the future Expended Total Costs: what has either been spent or committed to spend through the contract to date Current Projected Cost: what is expected to spend in each cost code at the end of the project Projected Gain/Loss: how much over/under budget each cost code is expected to be

Which of the following pieces of equipment does not measure vertical angles?

Builders Level

Type N Mortar

General purpose with normal loading used with normal loading and above grade application

Differential Leveling Formulas

HI = elevation + BS Elevation = HI - FS backsight is added while foresight is subtracted

Which of the following is a temporary enclosure primarily used to hold back water in an excavation?

Cofferdam

Type S Mortar

High strength & below grade used with normal to moderate loads and when the masonry is below grade

Type M Mortar

Highest strength & below grade used in high load areas and when the masonry is below grade

Grout

Highly fluid mixture of cement, sand, and water used to fill CMU cores and encase reinforcement

Type O Mortar

Low strength and Non-Load Bearing easy to use and appropriate to prepare walls that are still structurally sound or interior and non-load bearing system

3 Part Technical Specfication Format

Part 1: General Part 2: Products Part 3: Execution

Bond Patterns

Running Bond, Stacked Bond, Common Bond, English Bond, Flemish Bond

Advantages of CM at Risk

Same as CM agency 1. the risk of cost overruns is capped with the GMP 2. the owner is only contracting with the CM for construction services and not multiple general contractors and subcontractors

Where is the best location to look to determine the electrical requirements for a projects chillers?

Schedule

Which document is commonly used with the contractors progress payment request?

Schedule of Values

Which type of equipment would be most suitable for compacting a large site with a high concentration of clays?

Sheepsfoot Roller

Steps to Create a Project Schedule

Step 1: Break the project down into manageable activities (phases, job location, who is responsible, major cost items, activity duration, lead times, critical path) Step 2: Determine the duration of each activities Step 3: Determine the relationships and constraints between the activities

Concrete

Strong in compression Weak in tension and shear weighs 150 pcf cures 28 days General use 3,000 - 5,000 psi High-Strength 6,000 - 20,000 psi

Offer

Proposed Terms

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Protective equipment that blocks exposure to a pathogen or a hazardous material - employer is required to provide PPE to minimize the impacts of a hazard when they exist - free of charge with minor exceptions such as safety-toe footwear, prescription eyewear and everyday or weather specific clothing

Labor Cost Report

Quantity column: the budgeted quantities comes from the estimate; the units used during the current week are provided; the "to date" indicates all of the units used so far Expended Cost: the costs that have actually been incurred; these costs are reported typically from the project accountant and include fringe Budget Total: comes from the estimate and is what the activity was expected to cost during pre-construction Unit Cost: gives the PM an idea of the costs to produce 1 unit of work and a flavor for the overall productivity Projected Completion: forecast of what the total labor cost is expected to be when estimated quantities are 100% in place (Quantities (budget) * Unit Cost (to date) Projected Gain/Loss: shows whether the contractor is expected to complete the activity over or under budget

Stationary Cranes

erected and fixed to a single location - tower crane: tower, counterweight, cab, jib, and fall block & hook

Benchmark

established and used as a reference point throughout the project - commonly a mark or nail placed on some object that will not be disturbed throughout the life of the project such as a utility pole, concrete curb, or other fixed point - point will be in reference to a major plane of the future building (slab on grade of the first floor) - major plane will be given an arbitrary elevation such as 0'-0" or 100.0' for easier calculations by the contractors

Conceptual Estimate - Square Foot Estimate

estimates the cost of the building by multiplying its size by a predetermined square foot cost - sq ft cost will come from a data base of what similar buildings cost per square foot in the past - if the height of the building is known, the CF cost may be a better estimate of the true construction costs

Benching

excavates the sides of a trench to form on of a series of horizontal levels or steps usually with vertical or near vertical surfaces between the levels - the maximum benching angle is the same as sloped soil and dependent on the soil type - depending on soil, combos of sloping and benching can be used - type C soil cannot ever be benched

Serious Violation

exists when the workplace hazard could cause an accident or illness that would most likely result in death or serious physical harm, unless the employer did not know or could not have known of the violation

Civil Rights Act of 1965

expanded with Wage Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 - protect employees from discrimination and harassment in the workplace on the basis of age, color, disability, gender, pregnancy, national origin, race, religious, sexual orientation, veteran status, and genetic info

Relative Humidity

expressed as a percentage and represent how much moisture the air is holding compared to how much it can hold EX: air that is holding 0.08 lbs of water but has the capacity of holding 0.10 lbs would have a relative humidity of 80%

Project Engineer

field engineer or assistant project manager - support the PM and super - manage submittals, RFI's and meeting minutes, take field dimensions, negotiate minor change orders, schedule updates, coordinate BIM files, track and document LEED points, punch lists, close out documents, and anything else required by the PM or super

Notice of Contest (NOC)

filed with the employer contests the citation, penalty or duration of abatement - the NOC must be filed within 15 days of issuing the citation

Award the Contract

final stage in the process - with hard bids, price is often the most influential factor - but qualifications of the contractor may also impact which contractor is awarded the contract

Life Cycle Cost

financial analysis that evaluates the cost of a building component or system over its useful life - specifically includes energy and water costs and maintenance and replacement costs

Current (I)

flow of electrons UNIT OF MEASURE = ampere

Electricity Flow

flow of energy from one point to another - measured in amperes - pushed by electrical pressure - measured by the volt - through an electrical path called a circuit

Request for Information (RFI)

formally documents a question or request for clarification by the contractor to the designer - does not formally alter the scope, time or price of the contract and should not be used as a substitute for a change order

Bidding Information

found in the beginning of the project manual includes - the invitation to bid - instructions to bidders - bid form - contract agreement - general conditions - supplementary conditions - alternates - addendas

Income

generally recognized in the same period in which the expenses are incurred

Welded Wire Fabrics

grids of wire spaced 2 to 12 inches apart, welded together and fabricated into sheets or rolls for ease of use sizing of welded wire fabric is designated based on its grid spacing in inches and wire size in cross sectional area of hundredths of a square in EX: 6x6 W1.4/1.4 has a grid spacing of 6 inches and a wire cross sectional area of 1.4 hundredths of a square inch

Excavator

heavy equipment used in excavation of soils and demolition and material handling - may be track or wheel mounted - consist of an under carriage, housing, cab, two-part articulated arm and bucket - hydraulically powered - manufactured in a variety of sizes and have easily removable buckets that can be interchanged with a variety of bucket sizes and attachments

OSHA Type - Type A

highest strength greater than or equal to 1.5 ton/sqft described as undisturbed cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength

Rebar

hot rolled, ribbed, round rods of steed that are typically shipped in 60' lengths that are then cut, bent, and shaped into limitless configurations sized based on diameter in eighths of an inch EX. #5 bar has a diameter of 5/8"

Free Float

how much an activity can be delayed before it delays the subsequent activity - all critical path activities have zero free float; however not all activities with zero free float are critical

Total Float

how much an activity can be delayed before the critical path is delayed - critical path activities have zero float as any delay in them will increase the overall duration of the project Late Start - Early Start or Late Finish - Early Finish

Repeated Violation

if the agency has been cited previously for the same or a substantially similar condition within the past 5 years - citations that are being contested or appealed may not be included as the original violation which is being cited as repeated

Air Entraining

improves concretes ability to resist freeze/thaw cycles and increase workability of wet concrete commonly used in cold weather climates

Type 1A, 2A, and 3A Cement - Air Entraining

improves resistance to freeze/thaw cycles

Draft of Contract Agreement

included in bid documents so any specific requirements and allocation of risk can be included with the bid

Alternates

includes a scope of work separate from the main project

Rough Carpentry

includes: wooden framing, trusses, joists, flooring - there are many framing members that range in size, length, species of wood, and connection types - steel straps, connections and ties are used in addition to nails to connect structural wood members - carpentry can be taken off by the linear feet of individual members or often by the board foot

Superplasticizers

increase the fluidity of concrete without adding additional water commonly used for applications requiring very high slump, such as heavily reinforced structures

Water Reducers

increases workability of wet concrete without the addition of water commonly used in concrete overlays and patching

Corporations

independent, legal, business entities - a company must file documentation and pay fees to the state in which they will do business in - Individual owners of a corporation are referred to as stockholders - the percent ownership of a corporation is determined by the amount of stock or number of shares a stockholder owns - the number of shares a stockholder has also reflects the amount of voting power they have - the greater the shares, the greater the voting power a stockholder has

Balance Sheet

indicates the financial position of a company at a particular point in time - incorporates the income statements - indicates resources and liability the company has in its future operations

Income Statement

indicates the results of a company's financial operations over one accounting period

OSHA Job safety and Health Poster

informs workers of their rights - available free to all employers

Negotiation

involve all parties working out a solution amongst themselves without expensive outside involvement - first best option when dispute arises - compromises - enter negotiations with the understanding that all parties are probably going to have to give something up - "cooler heads prevail" is applicable - all proposed settlements should be weighed against the cost of counsel, court fees, and other legal expenses

Performance Bond

is a guarantee ensuring the obligee that the principal will perform all work in accordance with the terms of agreement

1/10 Net 30

is payment is provided within 10 days a 1% discount is given, but regardless full payment is due in 30 days

Humidity Ratio

is the amount of water in one pound of dry air expressed as either grains of moisture per pound of dry air or pounds of water per pound of dry air

Late Finish

latest an activity can finish without delaying the critical path

Late Start

latest an activity can start without extending the critical path's duration - difference between the early start and the late start is the "total float"

Punch List

list of minor incomplete items or items that are unacceptable to the owner or designer - occurs when contractor is nearing project completion and they have done internal quality checks, they will call the owner and designer to walk the project and generate their punch list

OSHA Type - Type B

lower unconfined compressive strength between 0.5 and 1.5 ton/sqft also include cohesionless soils, previously disturbed soils, and unstable rock

OSHA Type - Type C

lowest strength with an unconfined compressive strength less than or equal to 0.5 ton/sqft include saturated or unstable soils

Lean Construction

management system derived from the Toyota Production System - provide value to the owner by removing waste within the production line

Forward Pass

calculated with early start (ES) and early finish (EF) Early Finish = Early Start + Duration - when there are multiple preceding activities, you take the LARGER of the EF dates to carry over the ES

Backward Pass

calculated with late finish (LF) and late start (LS) and total float - starts at the last activity and moves backwards through the schedule *last activity is always critical - the LF is carried back from the late start of the succeeding activity - the activity with the smaller LS is driving the schedule, the smaller LS is carried back to the LF of the preceding activities Late Start = Duration - Late Finish

Type 3 Cement - High Early

can cure faster and reaches its design strength in a shorter period of time often used for elevated decks so crews can begin working on the next floor faster

Lawful

cannot compel or require a party to do an illegal act

Mobile Cranes

capable of moving from one place to another without being dissembled - crawler cranes and vehicle mounted cranes - lattice/truss style boom or telescoping hydraulic boom that can be raised lowered and rotated around the base of the crane - fixed or telescoping job may also be added to the end of the boom for greater radius and boom clearance

Employee Withholding Exemption Certificate W-4

deals with paycheck tax withholdings

Accelerators

decreases the curing time of concrete commonly used to reduce setting time in cold weather applications

Part 1: General

description of the work, submittals required and any inspection or testing needed

Detailed Estimates

design that is between 90% - 100% complete - QTO's are used to price material and estimate the labor and equipment costs - include: direct costs, bonds, insurance, taxes, overhead, profit - most labor intensive to create but has the lowest margin of error (+/- 2%-4% from true costs)

Sheet Pile

designed to stabilize the sides of open excavations by resisting the lateral pressure of soil and water - used in systems or series of interconnecting piles - interlock to one another alone their vertical joints and are installed similarly to other piles - depth and length is determined by amount of pressure to be resisted - may be installed temporarily or designed to remain permanently in place

Six Sigma

developed by Motorola in 1988 and incorporated into General Electric's operational strategy in the mid 90's - if product defects are quantifies they can be systematically removed - the goal is a "zero defects" product line

Electricity

The flow of electrons through a conductor

Psychrometrics

Thermodynamic properties of air mixed with water vapor

Gantt Chart

a bar chart where each of the bars represents a task or activity - the activities that the bars represent may include periods of inactivity (indicated by dashed lines) - used to show other time dependent information besides the progress of an activity - greatest strengths: its simplicity in creation and how it displays information - greatest disadvantage: lack of logic or relationships between the activities; limits the number of activities and the complexity of information shown

Histogram

a chart used to show the relative frequency of an observation - the width of the bar is proportional to the size of the category or bin - the height of the bar corresponds to the distribution of the observations - used when tracking differences in frequency and magnitude of the grouped data

Pie Chart

a circular graph where sections or slices represent a portion of the whole - the area of the section is proportional to the frequency or magnitude of the data being represented - best used when comparing parts of the whole

Work Break Down Structure (WBS)

a common tool to manage a project; hierarchy of tasks needed to complete the project - divides the project into manageable work packages - work packages can be defined as the fundamental elements needed to complete the work that is under contract - not a schedule, but a way of managing tasks that need to be completed - the activities are not in order of completion

Soil

a composition of organic and inorganic solids, water, an air classified by category (cohesive, cohesion-less, organic) or OSHA type

Value Engineering

a function analysis that seeks lower cost alternatives for the services provided by a new building - will provide the owner the same function as the original building without sacrificing any quality or building services

Topography

a graphical representation of natural and man-made features in a fixed area - maps show elevations of the earth, property lines, existing buildings and any other relevant information for the builder - civil engineer is responsible for obtaining an existing topo survey of the site if it exists or developing a new one for the builder - sometimes the incline or slope of grade is given as a % - % is calculated by dividing the horizontal increase in height (rise) over the same horizontal length (run) and then multiplying it by 100 - generally a maximum of 6% grade is allowed for U.S. highways - show the elevations of the existing grade and the proposed grade

Overhead

a grouping of costs for items needed to construct a project that aren't directly associated with the building itself - range from 10% - 40% of the total project costs - superintendent, job trailer, temporary toilets, and job utilities

E-Verify

a new internet based system created by the federal government that verifies the I-9 and supporting documentation with the records of the Department of Homeland Security, Social Security Administration, and other gov agencies - much aster and more accurate way of verifying the employment status of all workers - does not replace I-9 but improves the way it is filed

Critical Path Method

a scheduling technique used to manage the project schedule and determine the overall duration

Critical Path

a series of activities, linked by logical relationships, whose total duration is the minimum time needed to complete the project

Tamper

a simple pole with a flat, heavy metal plate affixed to the end - compacts material by manually delivering vertical blows

Cost Code

a small manageable portion of the overall budget - most construction projects will have hundreds if not thousands of cost codes - lump sun costs, square foot estimates, and allowances are broken down into labor, material, equipment and subcontractor costs and assigned a unique cost code

Schedule Activity

a task to complete - categorized as design, procurement, or construction

Addenda

additional information about the project not included with the original bid documents - often created as a response to preconstruction RFI

Title 29 Part 1926

addresses all safety and health regulation for construction - subparts A-Z which are specific hazards related to the construction industry 1903 - OSHA inspection 1904 - OSHA record keeping 1910 - general industry

Conceptual Estimate - Location Cost Indices Estimate

adjust costs for different locations - database of location indices is needed to adjust the costs - location adjusted costs = city index of unknown cost building / city index of known cost building * known costs

Construction Phase

all activities that occur after procurement - typically make up the majority of the construction schedule and end with turning over the project to the owner or the warranty period

Procurement Phase

all activities that occur after the design but before the items or components are put into place at the jobsite - EX: preparing bid package, request price quotations, select and award the contract to the vendor; when the vendor prepares and submits the submittals which includes the shop drawings, product data, and samples as outlines in the technical specifications; the contractor reviewing and approving the shop submittals; the arch or engineer comparing the submittals with the contract drawings and ensuring it meets with the design intent; the vendor or sub will add the work to their fabrication schedule; the vendor will arrange for shipment and delivery of the material to the job site

Design Phase

all activities to develop the program of the building and the contract documents needed to build it - EX: the architect and owner develop building program; preparing the schematic or process diagrams; preparing the design development drawings packages; formalizing the final design and develop the contract documents; when the client approves the final design and bid plans; the formal issuing of the bid plans to the contracts

Open Bids

all contractors are allowed to bid - may be more bids available for the owner to choose from which may drive down initial cost - owner will absorb more risk with a contractor that hasn't proven their ability to successfully finish the project

Fire Protection

all projects are required to have portable fire extinguishers - labeled based on type of combustible material - OSHA requires fire extinguisher rated not less than 2A shall be provided for each 3,000 square feet of protected building area - 2A refers to a type A fire extinguisher with an extinguishing capacity equivalent of 2.5 gallons of water - travel distance from any point of the protected area to the nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 ft - portable fire extinguishers should be mounted 3.5' - 5' above the floor

Series Circuit

all resisters are in line or in series total resistance is the addition of all the resisters in the circuit

Percentage of Completion (Accrual) Method

all revenue, expenses, income and/or losses are recognized based upon an estimate of completed progress at the end of the fiscal period - most common because most large construction projects have durations that extend beyond a single fiscal period

Product/Material Data

also called "cut sheets" are produced by the manufacturer of the material - provide specific tests and standards that the material meets - includes various options the material or equipment has and may be used by the sub to order the material from the vendor

Uniformat

alternative to CSI format; uniformat standard for classifying building components and systems - created by AIA and GSA in the 1970's and breaks down the various components into 7 categories (A-G) and 5 additional levels (1-5) - advantages to conceptual estimating and BIM modeling

Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

an act of congress to bolster existing immigration laws and ensure an applicant's eligibility is verified with I-9 form which must be filed within 3 business days of the employee's first day

Builders Risk Insurance

an insurance that builders purchase that protects them from building damage that occurs while under construction - typically includes the temporary structures such as trailers and storage containers that are located on the project site - indemnifies against fire, storm, theft, and vandalism - doesn't cover flooding or earthquakes unless a rider policy is purchased

Claims

an unresolved request by the contractor for additional time or money as a result of a condition they believe is outside of the contract terms - rushed designs, compressed design budget/schedule, boilerplate specifications, and excessive design changes often lead to design documents that fail to adequately define the work and can lead to claims and disputes - often systems and materials are described by both the plans and specs - this arrangement creates a situation where discrepancies are easy to create - as a rule, when there is a discrepancy between the plans and specs, the SPECS will govern

Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)

anchor point, lifeline, and body harness - designed to minimize the impact of fall if it occurs - single anchorage point may be used for multiple workers, but must support 5,000 lbs for each worker or twice the impact load, whichever is greater

Network Diagram - Activity on the Arrow

arrows are used to represent an activity and a node to represent a point in time which an activity ends and another can begin

Soil State - Loose

bank soil that is moved or excavated and becomes loose

Datum Elevation (Vertical Datum)

base plane from which all other points and elevations are referenced - all points shown are either above or below the datum plane - the most common datum elevation used is mean sea level (MSL)

Methods for Measuring Progression Toward Sustainability

US - LEED rating system Canada - Green Globe United Kingdom - BREEAM Australia - Green Star Japan - CASBEE - all have similar goals but different methods for weighting and evaluating green building design

Acceptance

Unconditional Agreement of the Terms

Which of the following contract types is most appropriate if the scope of work is well defined but not the quantities of material?

Unit Price Contract BC the scope if known, but not the quantities

Immediate Financial Cost of Accidents

direct cost pale in comparison to indirect costs - downtime - liquidate damages - addition admin time - new hire training - negative publicity

Change Orders

discrepancies or scope gaps from the contract documents or owner requested changes, sales tax savings through owner direct purchasing, shared saving through value engineering - punitive change orders: back charges or liquidated damages

Cohesionless Soils

do not stick together (gravel, sand, silt)

Architect Supplemental Instruction (ASI)

document included with AIA contracts and used for minor changes in scope without any changes in schedule or costs

Certificate of Occupancy

document issued by the municipality having jurisdiction indicating that the building is safe to occupy and formally closes out the permit - does not mean the building is finished and is often a prerequisite for substantial completion - allows the owner to start installing their FF&E

Notice to Proceed

document issued by the owner after the contract is signed and is the formal start of the project - date of the document is the formal start of the project and used to calculate when it is contractually required to be finished - certification from the owner that the cite is clear of encumbrances and ready for the contractor to start their work unimpeded

Construction Change Directive (CDD)

document issued by the owner/designer directing the contractor to proceed with changes to the work without necessarily agreeing to a price - advantage of these is that work can proceed without having to wait for the change order to be formally processed - if there are disputes on the price, the contractor has lost much of their negotiating leverage if the work has already been completed - with AIA contracts, construction change directives require agreement by the owner and architect to be valid

Certificate of Substantial Completion

document that indicates that the owner has accepted the building and that it can be used for its intended purpose - starts the warranty period - does not mean the project is finished as there is often a punch list and close out documentation to complete

Stop Work Order

document typically issued by the owner ordering the contractor to stop all work on the project - justification could range from owner financial issues, labor concerns, unsatisfied liens, or contractor's poor performance

Record or As-Built Drawings

documents maintained by the contractor that show all the deviations and changes in installation of the work from how it was shown on the contract documents

Notice of Award or Letter of Intent

documents provided by the owner after the bid has been awarded but before a contract is issued - used to start the administrative process of going to contract while the final terms of the contract are negotiated - acquiring insurance, obtaining the bonds, and starting the submittals

Soil

doesn't have a constant volume volume is dependent on how well compacted it is

Litigation

done formally through the courts - generally considered the last resort due to the high cost of legal and court fees - if a claim goes to litigation, it isn't a matter of winning but of who loses the least - formally recorded and may be viewed by clients as a black eye and deter them from giving the contractor future work

Safety Net Drop Test

dropping a 400 lb bag of sand at the highest surface of the potential fall, but not less than 42'

Seven Properties of Air

dry bulb, wet bulb, dew point, relative humidity, humidity ratio, specific volume, enthalpy

Voltage (E)

electrical potential or pressure UNIT OF MEASURE = volt

Scaffolding

elevated temporary work platform - most common hazards: falls, being struck by falling debris, electrocutions from overhead utilities, scaffold collapse by overloading, and poor planking - workers on a scaffold elevated 10' or more must be protected by guardrails, nets, and/or personal fall arrest systems - inspected by the competent person after each shift and after any alterations

Project Controls

the collection of data, organization of the data so that it can be analyzed, the analysis of the data and using the information learned to benefit a project - an effective way of communication large amounts of data is through charts

Estimating Costs

the contractor estimates the cost of the project - GC will solicit proposals for portions of the work from the subcontractors - GC will compile the subcontractor bids, cost for all the work self performed, include a budget for contingency and a mark up for overhead and profit

Early Finish

the earliest an activity can finish and is based on the earliest an activity can start and its duration

Parallel Circuit

the electrons go through multiple resisters the total resistance is calculated using the formula where the inverse of the total resistance is the addition of the inverse of all resisters in the simple circuit

Consideration

the exchange of something of value

Close Out

the final phase of the construction project - the period of time where the punch list is completed, the building is operated and used by the owner and the contractor receives their final payment - contractors often lament that getting the last 5% of their money is the hardest - "substantial completion" & "punch list"

Insurance Policy

the insurance company is responsible for the cost in the event of the claim - premiums may go up, or the insurance company may cancel the policy, but the insurance company pays for the claim and doesn't seek to be compensated by the contractor

Resistance (R)

the internal property of matter that resist the flow of electrons UNIT OF MEASURE = ohms

Conceptual Estimate - Time Cost Indices Estimate

the known costs of previously constructed projects are adjusted to reflect current construction costs in a different location - requires a data base of historic and location indices - present construction costs = (known construction costs * present day cost index)/ the index from when the known building was constructed

Liquidated Damages

set a fixed amount of damages the contractor must reimburse the owner for each day they are late - amounts should not be arbitrary but based on the actual damages expected to be incurred

Morality and Ethics

share common value where nothing is worth someone getting hurt over

Elevation View

shown as if you are looking toward the horizon - can be of the interior or exterior - give dimensions of heights - exterior windows or cabinets - exterior elevations are commonly named by their compass direction or relation to the front of the building such as west elevation

Line Chart

shows data points on a graph at the intersection of the data descriptors shown on the x-axis and y-axis - they are commonly used to track changes

Mediation

similar to negotiation but include a neutral third party mediator who assists with the negotiation - non-binding and any party can stop the process at any time - mediator is often skilled at negotiating and looks for ways both parties to reach an acceptable settlement - cost for mediator can range from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars a day - less than arbitration and litigation

Retarders

slows the curing time of concrete commonly used in hot weather to reduce the effects of high temperature on curing

Cohesive Soils

small particle size, stick together (clay)

Soil State - Compacted

soil that has been compressed to reduce the air in the soil which decreases its volume

Soil State - Bank

soil that is in its natural undisturbed state will swell in size and becomes loose soil when it is moved or excavated

Scheduling

specifically addresses the "when" aspect of planning - a subset of planning

CSI Divisions and Sections

standardized arrangement of construction activities and scopes of work - 16 division format - Sections: more specific areas of scope within the division

Fiber Reinforcement

steel, fiberglass, synthetic, or natural fibers added in the concrete mix to increase strength, control cracking, and/or improve freeze-thaw resistance in concrete.

Advantage of Corporation

stockholders are not personally liable for company losses. Only the assets that belong to the corporation may be used in settlements - while the corporate shield can be pierced in cases of extreme negligence or illegal activity, these incidents are fairly rare - a price for this added protection comes in the form of taxes - the profits of corporations are taxed and then taxed again at the individual earnings level when distributed as dividends

Project Cost Summary Report

sums up all actual and projected costs for the project by cost code and compares them to the budget - shows the latest prediction of a profit or loss for the overall project - highlights to management specific work items that must be scrutinized closely to minimize losses - can be used to implement corrective actions before the costs exceed the available budget - reviewed by the PM and their supervisor at least once a month

Shoring

support system to protect trenches from cave-ins - either timber construction or metal hydraulic - timber shoring is made of wood sheeting, wales, and struts - hydraulic shoring is made of aluminum or steel and composed or prefabricated sheets, wales, and struts

Ethics

system of ethical competence, management excellence, and fair dealing in undertaking complex works to serve the public with safety, efficiency, and economy

Pre and Post-tension

system where steel cables are placed in the concrete and put in tension when cables are in tension, they put a compressive load on the concrete which counteracts the concretes tensile loads pre-tension means the cables were put in tension before the concrete is cured whereas with post-tension they are put in tension after

Sloping

technique that requires a maximum angle on the sides of the trench - angle depends on the soil type and other job site factors

Wet Bulb

temperature air would have to be cooled to for 100% saturation except when the air has a relative humidity of 100% and is completely saturated, the wet bulb temperature will always be less than the dry bulb temperature

Cofferdams

temporary enclosures primarily used to hold back water for activities requiring requiring dry work area - constructed by driving sheet piles through water or mud and into stable soil below, forming a watertight boxlike structure - once sheet piles are placed, they are structurally braced and the water is pumped out - stone or concrete can be placed in the bottom to provide additional lateral support and a firm working surface

Bid Shopping or Bid Peddling

the act of showing subcontractors the price of their competitors in the hope that they will lower their bid - very unethical; in some states illegal - to limit bid shopping, some owners (especially on publicly funded projects) will require the GC to list their subcontractors on the bid form and require their use as a condition of the award

Planning

the all-encompassing approach to completing a project - addresses the specifics of who, what, where, when, and how a project will be constructed

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938

minimum wage law - establishes a minimum wage, overtime pay, record keeping requirements, and youth employment standards

Steel

mostly iron & < 2% carbon high carbon = hard/brittle low carbon = soft/weak universally high tensile and compressive strength; also good in shear

Aerial Lift

motorized scaffolding such as a cherry picker or boom truck - must have proper fall protection which includes guardrails and personal fall arrest systems - workers in the basket should be tied off to the boom or basket but never to an adjacent structure, pole or other piece of equipment

Dumpy Level

mounted to a tripod and can move 360 degrees horizontally - level is mounted so that it is plumb and level with the horizontal plane of the earth (some are automatic leveling or self-leveling) - surveyors can then look through the lens of the level and turn it 360 degrees - horizontal angle can be recorded with this instrument - a leveling rod, sometimes called a grade rod, is a long stick with dimensions that extend from the base to the top of the rod and is used as a target for the level - level is then used in combination with the rod to determine the elevation of two points in relation to each other in a process called differential leveling (the elevation of a fixed/known point is used to calculate the elevation of a second unknown point)

Scraper

multi-purpose equipment designed to excavate, load, haul, and discharge soil - large wheels and center mounted blade - self-propelled or towed behind another piece of equipment - used to quickly excavate large areas

OSHA Type - Stable Rock

natural, solid, remain intact while exposed

Dry Bulb

normal temperature measured with common thermometer

Arbitration

often included in the contract as a required alternative to litigation - American Arbitration Association is the most well recognized certifying body for arbitrators and is often referenced in contracts - Clauses in contracts, agreed to before the dispute occurred, often require arbitration as the means for formal dispute resolution and make their decisions legally binding - widely accepted as a faster and less costly alternative to litigation

Organic Soils

organic materials (peat, decaying vegetation)

Supplemental Conditions

outline any project specific conditions such as wage scales, geotechnical reports, insurance and bond requirements, and temporary facilities requirements

General Conditions

outline the rights, responsibilities, obligations, and authority of the project participants

Project Executive

oversees multiple projects and has many project managers report up to them - make sure the project is going well from a high level - look at overall profitability, scheduling trends, and the relationship with the owner - rarely involved in day-to-day operations but may attend OAC meetings occasionally - salaries are part of office overhead and not part of the site specific general conditions - involved with senior leadership to set strategic goals and the direction of the company - vice president of operations, construction manager, project executive

Collection on Delivery (COD)

payment be made in full at the time of delivery - payment typically isn't due for 30 days from the date the material is received - to improve cash flow, vendors may provide an incentive to the contractor for early payment - "1/10 Net 30"

Cast-In-Place

piles are drilled using large steel auger to bore a hole into the ground that are then filled with concrete - steel or composite casing may be placed using pipe drillers for soils incapable of maintaining the bored hole without collapse or where risk of the soil contaminating the concrete is high

Supported Scaffold

platform supported by rigged load bearing members (poles, legs, frames, and outriggers) - platforms must be fully planked or decked with no more than a 1" gap between adjacent planks - must be able to support 4 times the maximum intended load and be 18" wide - must have planks overlap no less than 12" and be located above support unless restrained to prevent movement - unless restrained by hooks, cleats, or other means, the ends of the planks must extend past the end of the support by 6" but no more than 12" to prevent an excessive cantilever - unless braced or tied, the scaffold height should not be more than 4 times the dimension of the base

Suspended Scaffold

platform suspended by ropes or cables or other non-rigid overhead supports such as a swing stage or bosun's chair - must be designed to support 4 times the maximum intended load - counterweights must be made of non-flowable material such as sand, gravel, or metal eights - all tiebacks must be secured to structurally sound anchor points which are most typically the building's structure

Geotechnical Report

preliminary soil survey that includes geologic and topographical information obtained from agencies subsurface soil exploration is critical located in project manual methods for testing, description of site geology, map of site, analysis, design and construction recommendations

ISO 9000

produced by The International Organization for Standardization in 1987 - it is a family of standards that provides management concepts and guidelines primarily for the manufacturing and service industries - focuses on quality to ensure they meet the customers needs

Errors and Omission

protects designers from incomplete, incorrect, and faulty design documents - have this with a design-build contract

General Liability

protects the contractor from claims by a 3rd party of bodily injury, injury to person, and property damage as a result of ongoing operations

Schedule

provide detailed information about specific building components or pieces of equipment - commonly used to describe structural footings and provide info such as length, depth, and width, rebar size, location, and direction - describe size, capacity, connections, and electrical requirements of equipment

Prescriptive Specifications

provides a complete design to the contractor - includes: specific equipment, materials, means and methods of installation, and acceptable quality standards

Performance Specifications

provides a general performance criteria that the contractor must then meet - designer will provide info on the final function of the system and some general requirements but NOT the specific design - involves hiring an engineer to complete the design - EX: common with complicated systems that are often customized like fire sprinkler design, security or electrical systems

Part 3: Execution

provides clarification on how material and equipment is to be installed - minimum workmanship standards are provided along with approved installation procedures

Instructions to Bidders

provides specific instructions on how the contractors are to bid - provides more detailed information about the bid due date, location to deliver the bid, instructions for filling out the bid form, how the contracts will be awarded and other important info regarding the bid

Total Station

provides the function of the measuring tape, level, and theodolite - lasers are used to determine the distance between two points - can determine the angle between them - internal programming calculates other information based on the recorded distance and angles - robotic total stations have servos which allow the instrument to move on its own and be remote controlled by the operator - allows a single surveyor to operate the total station remotely

Part 2: Products

provides the technical specification of all of the material or equipment described in the spec

Submittal

refers to product/material data, shop drawings, and samples required by the designer to be reviewed prior to installation - which materials required to be submitted, the number of copies, and the specific information to be provided can be found in the technical specification section of the project manual - to verify that the contractor has understood the design intent and/or to complete the design to fulfill the designers intent - first assembled by the subcontractor - once the sub assembles the product data, shop drawings, and samples the package is submitted to the GC - GC reviews it and verifies that what is submitted is consistent with the contract documents - GC's responsibility to coordinate all trades submittals to avoid conflicts

Senior Superintendent

reports to the SPM or PM - plan and schedule construction activities, coordinate with subs, maintain daily logs and records, coordinate changes in the field, manage inspections, quality control and assurance, safety inspections, and all activities related to putting work in place

Schedule of Values

required at the beginning of the project and provide a breakdown of the cost of work - SOV is most often used for progress payments

Senior Project Manager

responsible for the overall success of the project - could be several small ones or one big one - develop / manage the overall project plan, drafting subs and purchase orders, process progress payments, scheduling, change orders, negotiate claims, manage relationships with owner and designer - job site HR responsibilities such as evaluations and disciplinary actions

Project Manager

same as senior project manager for small to midsize projects - large projects may have many PM's to support the SPM - assigned specific aspects of the project to manage such as core and shell or the MEP's

Superintendent

same as senior superintendent but on small to midsize projects - larger projects may have multiple - assigned to a particular aspect of the job - several trades such as concrete and steel or a particular area or phase of the project

Cost Loaded Schedule

schedules that have the cost of the work broken down and linked to the activities on the project schedule - the costs associated with the schedule activities typically include the cost of the work plus the contractor's general conditions, overhead, and profit - often used for progress payments - can also be used by the contractor to show cash flow when the baseline schedule is compared to the most current schedule reflecting actual work in place

Safety Nets

screens used to catch falling employees - used around the perimeter of buildings - placed as close as possible to where employees are working but no more than 30' - must extend horizontal 8' for falls up to 5' - 10' for falls up to 10' - 13' for falls greater than 10' - must be drop tested after initial installation, whenever relocated, after a major repair, or after 6 months in one location - should be inspected weekly, after fall events, and after major alterations or repair

Procurement

the overall process of finding and purchasing materials and hiring the best subcontracts to build the project - often referred to as "bidding and award" phase - the time between the design and construction phases - GC's often "pre-qualify" subcontractors prior to allowing them to bid their projects - prequalifying subs make sure they have the financial stability, past experience, safety record and overall competence needed to successfully carry out all work

Request for Qualifications (RFQ)

the owner asked the contractor to submit a package outlining their qualifications - things that are evaluated are: past experience, history of litigation, bonding capacity and EMR

Specific Volume

the physical size or volume of one pound of air as air is warmed and humidified it gets larger as it cools and dehumidifies, the same mass of air gets smaller

Quantity Take Offs

the process of determining the amount of material that will be used in a project - most tedious and time consuming part of the estimating process - essential as material quantities are used to determine material, labor, and equipment costs as well as activity durations

Dewatering

the process of removing ground or surface water so construction activities can take place - important when excavating as water can accumulate in trenches which may make placing concrete, utilities, or other activities impossible - water is removed by pumps

Temporary Spoils

the soils removed from the trench - must be placed no closer than 2' from the surface edge of the excavation - measurement is taken to the edge of the base of the spoil to the edge of the excavation

Early Start

the soonest an activity can begin with the relationship links assigned to it

OSHA Standards

the specific rules that OSHA enforces - included as one of many "titles" in the U.S Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) published by the office of the Federal Register - all OSHA standards are included in "Title 29" of the CFR

Bonds

the surety company fulfills the contractor's obligation when a claim occurs, but still holds the contractor financial responsible for any payments they make on the contractors behalf - anything they pay out, they will seek to be reimbursed for and in the case of company default, can go after company assets and even the company's owners' personal assets to be made whole

Dew Point

the temperature at which the water vapor in the air begins to condense

Enthalpy

the total amount of thermal energy, both sensible and latent, in the air it is measured in BTU's per pound of dry air

Total Quality Management (TQM)

way to create an environment where companies could provide higher quality products and services to their customers - the core of the system is to focus on improves quality as a means to increase business and market shares

Loader

wheel or track mounted with a wide front bucket that can be raised or lowered and dumped - excavate loose materials but also used for landscaping, material handling, and loading of stockpiled materials into trucks to be hauled - skid steer loaders - wheel loaders - track loaders - skid steel loaders are very common bc of their smaller size, versatile use, interchangeable bucket and greater affordability

Grader

wheeled piece of equipment with a center-mounted angled blade - used to finish-level grade

Invitation to Bid

when the owner distributes the bid documents to the contractors - documents include: plans and specs, instruction to bidders, bid form, draft of the contract and other key documents

Resource Leveling

when the scheduler determines if moving existing resources from non-critical path activities to the critical path will decrease the overall duration of the schedule - it will reduce the float in some activities, however, it may decrease the duration of the critical path * critical path activities with the lowest acceleration costs which occur earlier in the schedule should be accelerated first

Completed Contract Method

where all revenue, expenses, income, and/or losses are recognized in the same fiscal period the project is completed in

Plan View

where the building is shown as if standing from above - overall dimensions, wall types, room dimensions, and locations of sections, site plans, footing layout, and life safety plans

Milestone

zero day duration activities that mark important events in the project schedule - EX: notice to proceed; substantial completion

Studs

Number of Studs = (Length of wall/Spacing) + 1 You need to add 1 to accommodate for the initial stud in the row

OSHA Forms

OSHA requires that employers with 10 or more full time employees maintain specific safety logs and record accidents - Forms 300 & 300-A & 301 - contractors are required to keep these logs for 5 years and they must be made available to all employees at any time

OSH Act of 1970

Occupational Safety and Health Act - assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safety and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources - gave congress the charter to create OSHA under the U.S. Department of Labor - covers almost all employers except: self-employed; work on family farms; coal miners, work for gov agency

Type 4 Cement - Low Heat of Hydration

controls the heat of hydration curing process of concrete is a chemical reaction with this cement and water called hydration this reaction is exothermic (it creates heat) cement is used when the rate and amount of heat during hydration needs to be minimized

Indirect Overhead (Home Office Overhead)

costs incurred by the company independent of any particular job - home office rent, marketing, and executive salaries - costs shared by all projects and typically added to the budget as a percentage of the work - calculated by dividing the annual home office overhead costs by the estimated sales volume

Positive Displacement Pumps

create a vacuum internally and are used for low volume applications

Insurance & Bonds

used to protect owners and/or contractors against risk

Plumb Bob & String

used to show a line that is perfectly perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the earth - have a heavy weight suspended by a string - as gravity pulls it straight down, the line created can be used as a reference plane for other vertical surfaces

Type 2 Cement - Moderate Sulfate Resistance

used when concrete is in contact with water that has a moderate sulfate concentration

Type 5 Cement - High Sulfate Resistance

used when in contact with water with high sulfate concentrations

Semi-Detailed Estimates/Preliminary Estimate

used when the construction documents are between 30% - 90% complete - most major systems are fairly complete aside from HVAC and electrical which are roughly outlined - used as budget updates throughout the design process to make sure the design is aligned with the owners budget - expected margin of error will range from +/- 5%-10%)

Petition for Modification of Abatement (PMA)

used when the employer intends to abate the hazard but needs more time than what the citation allows

Shielding

uses 2 flat plates or sidewalls in which are supported by struts to prevent soil from collapsing in on the trench - typically a premanufactured box that acts as a shield to protect from cave-ins but doesn't necessarily support the trench wall itself

Pile Jetting

uses pipes to deliver a concentrated jet of water or air to loosen the soil directly beneath the piling, relieving friction and driving the piling downward - used with or separate from other pile driving equipment - can be used to install wood, steel, or precast concrete

Bar Chart

uses rectangular bars over a category to show the magnitude or frequency of grouped data - best used to compare differences between grouped data

Shop Drawings

usually custom documents for the specific project - resemble the designer's drawings except have a great deal more detail - purpose is to show the designer the specific means and methods for meeting the design intent of the contract drawings - approved shop drawings are then used to fabricate and install the material

Willful Violation

violation in which the employer either knowingly failed to comply with a legal requirement with purposeful disregard or acted with plain indifference to employee safety - penalty may be reduced depending on the company's size and its past safety record

Other-than-Serious Violation

violation that has a direct relationship to job safety and health, but is not serious in nature - penalty for this may be reduced by 95% depending on the company and their good faith effort to remediate the hazard

Ohm's Law

voltage = current x resistance or E=IR

Board Foot

volume of wood that is equal to a piece of lumber 12" wide, by 1" deep by 1' long (Nominal width (in) * Nominal depth (in)/12") * length (ft)

Calculate Board Feet of a 2x8 that is 8' long

((2" x 8")/12) * 8 = 10.67 board ft

Type 2 - Construction Management at Risk

- CM will absorb more of the risk of construction - the owner contracts directly with the designer(s) and construction manager just like with CM agency - However, the CM hires the contractors or subs directly and is responsible for the completion of the work - it is a cost plus contract so the owner pays for the cost of the work plus the CM's fees - there isn't a cap on the cost or maximum on how much the owner will pay for the project - this cap is referred to as a "guaranteed maximum price" (GMP) - costs incurred on the job that exceed the GMP are paid by the CM (THE GMP IS WHY THE CM IS "AT RISK")

Changes to CSI Format

- Division 02: Site Construction is now 02: Existing Conditions and Division 30 -39 - Division 15: Mechanical is now Division 20-23 - Division 16: Electrical is now Division 25-28

Construction Drawings

- Drawings, Plans, and Blueprints - graphical representation of what the contractor is to build - most used by the contractor on a day-to-day basis - drawings contain different views, schedules, sections, and notes to describe the design intent

Rammer tamper

- "jumping jack" self-propelled, gas power tamper that mechanically delivers blows to the earth compacting the soil under it

Plate Compactors

- "plate tampers" - hand or machine operated devices consisting of a flat heavy metal plate that is vibrated up and down to compact material - used for compacting a wide variety of materials like soils, aggregates, and asphalt in small narrow areas like patios, sidewalks, small driveways and trenches

Type 1 - Construction Management Agency

- CM acts as the owner consultant and coordinates work between the design and construction teams - the owner contracts directly with the designers, construction manager and the general and sub contractors - the CM agency does not hold any subcontracts and is purely in a consulting role with the owner - lowest risk of any delivery method and typically the lowest fee - the construction manager provides the construction administration for the owner and the architect plays an advisory role

CM at Risk vs CM Agency

- CM at risk contracts with the contractors and subcontractor directly and doesn't just manage them on the owners behalf - CM at risk provides a GMP and that the CM is "at risk" if the actual construction cost exceed it

Which of the following documents starts the contractor's schedule to complete the project?

Notice to Proceed

What is the process of screening subs before they bid a project to ensure they are capable of completing the work called?

Pre-qualifying

What classification of activity would "shop drawing rejection" be?

Procurement

Structural Steel Sizing

W8x18 8 in tall 18lb per linear foot

Front End Loading of the Cash Flow

a technique used to increase the cash flow of the contractors - this practice over-values items that occur earlier in the project on the schedule of values - essentially over-bills the owner in the initial stages of the project to help improve the contractors cash flow - sometimes raises ethical issues and should be avoided

Workers Compensation Insurance

a type of insurance that compensates a worker for a portion of their lost wages (commonly 67%) and medical expenses for injuries that occurred at work - in exchange for this benefit, employees forgo their right to sue their employer for tort negligence - regulated by state - the rate employers pay can be adjusted by an employer's Experience Modification Rate (EMR)

Schedule of Values

contractors and construction managers are reimbursed for their services as the work is completed on a pre-agreed payment schedule - commercial: paid monthly -residential: paid bi-weekly - developed at the beginning of a project by the contractor and approved by the owner and/or designer - includes. major components of the building and an assigned value for each item - at the end of each pay period, the contractor submits a request for payment based on the SOV and the estimated amount of work completed

Submitting the Bid

bid is sent to the owner for evaluation - late bids are often considered non-responsive and discarded - public agencies open the bids publicly where the apparent low bidder is known immediately - private organizations open them behind closed doors and may take several days or weeks before the low bidder is known

Conceptual Estimate - Assemblies Cost Estimate

breaks out major assemblies such as foundations, finishes, and mechanical systems - quantity is multiplied by the unit price for each individual assembly - the cost of each individual assembly is then added to estimate the total cost of the building - more accurate than SF estimates but require more info about the building (done later in the design process)

Mortar

buttered on the side of the unit and is used to secure masonry units together

Type 1 Cement - General Purpose

common cement

Pneumatic Rollers

compact material by use of ballast (heavy weights) placed of several inflated rubber tires - may be self-propelled or pulled by another piece of equipment - may be combined with other types of rollers - used in compacting asphalt courses, clay and silty materials, or granular material containing small amounts of fines

Smooth Wheel Rollers

compact material by use of heavy-smooth metal rollers and often used to cover large areas quickly - large rollers used in compacting paving courses or provide a smooth ground surface - sometimes combined with pneumatic rollers or vibratory

Vibratory Roller

compact material by vibrating a roller up and down as it moves across the surface - compacting asphalt courses and granular materials like clean sands and gravels

Sheepsfoot Roller

compact material with a heavy metal drum with projecting metal knobs or "feet" - feet create a kneading action that is effective when compacting fine grained soils like clay - used to cover large areas - may be combined with vibratory rollers

Technical Specifications (Specs)

complement the drawings and provide information on how the work is to be put in place - can be either prescriptive or performance

Safety Procedures and Interpretations

construction industry makes up approximately 20% of all work place fatalities ~ "Focus Four" ~ - Falls (makes up the majority) - Caught-In/Between - Electrocutions - Struck-By

Bid Documents

contain bidding information and specific info to the project - consist of bidding information, technical specifications, and bid drawings

Retainage

to withhold a percentage of the progress payment from the contractor as an incentive for the contractor to complete the project - typically released once the contractor is substantially complete

Backhoe

tractor like piece of equipment that has a two-part articulated arm and bucket mounted to the back and a loader bucket equipped to the front - used in shallow and narrow trench excavations, utilities, and material handling

Dozer

tractor-like piece of equipment with a front-mounted blade - may be wheel mounted but are most often track mounted - used in clearing and leveling of a jobsite and in pushing/spreading large quantities of materials

Excavation Egress

trenches 4' or more must have a fixed mean of egress - ladder: top must extend 3' above the top of the trench - worker must not have to travel more than 25' to the nearest ladder or other means of egress - multiple ladders are spaced no more than 50' apart

Bid Form

typically a 1-2 page sheet where the contractor provides the amount of the bid, price breakdowns, alternate prices, list of key subs, and acknowledgement of addendum received

Back Charges

typically deductive change orders caused as a result of one contractor causing additional costs to be incurred by another

Network Diagram - Activity on the Node

use arrows to represent the logic or relationship between the activities - activities are represented by the nodes - much more commonly used in construction

Hydraulic Submersible Pumps

use hydraulics to power the pumps and are ideal when the pump can't be physically placed near the water source

Centrifugal Pumps

used for open water with high concentrations of debris and trash

Surveyor's Measuring Tape

used to determine the distance between 2 points; most typically in the horizontal direction - come in 100', 200', and 300' lengths and are often made of fiberglass, PVC or steel - steel is durable but expands in heat and may give an inaccurate reading - correction factors to account for expansion at high temperatures may be included with the instrument

Bid Bond

used to ensure that the principal will honor their bid and enter into a contract with the obligee for the bid amount after the bid opening - usually covers the difference between the low bid and the second lowest bid - typically up to 10% of the bid price

Transits & Theodolites

used to measure horizontal and vertical angles - more modern and have a few automatic functions

Guardrails

used to protect against falls on leading edges of floors, stairs, and other surfaces - must include a top rail and mid rail - toe boards may be required if used for falling object protection - TOP RAIL: between 42" +/- 3" - MID RAIL: 21" +/- 3" - TOE BOARD: at least 3.5" in height - guardrail must resist a lateral load of 200 lbs at the top, 150 lbs at the mid and 50 lbs at the toe - cable can be used if they are flagged every 6'; maximum sag of 3" and same dimensions provided for traditional guardrails are maintained