Anatomy 2 lecture chapter 19 .1 and 19.8-19.14

Function of baroreceptor

Baroreceptor reflexes respond to changes in blood pressure. The Baroreceptors - located in the walls of the carotid sinuses ad aortic arch- monitor the degree of stretch at those sites. When blood pressure increases, cardiac centers decrease cardiac output and the vasomotor center is inhibited, resulting in vasodilation. When blood pressure decreases, the cardiac centers increase cardiac output and the vasomotor is stimulated resulting in vasoconstriction.

Describe the roles of the Natriuretic Peptides

Excessive streching of the right atrium during diastole causes the release of atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP). Excessive stretching of the ventricles during diastole causes the release of brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP). The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects act to decrease blood volume and pressure. As it decreases the natriuretic production ceases.

What is the respiratory pump?

the respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure of the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.

Tissue Perfusion

The blood flow through the tissues -- meets the tissue demands for oxygen and nutrients.

Describe Systemic Circuit

Transports blood to and from the rest of the body

Describe the pulmonary circuit

carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

Autoregulation and its relation to cardiac function

Involves local changes in the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluid

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on co2 levels ?

An increase in the respiratory rate reduces Co2 levels.

.8- Identify the conditions that would shift the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces

Any condition that affects either blood pressure or osmotic pressure in blood or tissues will shift the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces.

Describe the changes in cardiac output and blood flow during exercise

During exercise cardiac output increase, and blood flow to skeletal muscles increases at the expense of blood flow to less essential organs.

What is the function of chemoreceptor reflexes?

Respond to decreasing H and oxygen levels and to increasing co2 levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF) by adjusting cardiovascular and respiratory activity. These reflexes stimulate responses by the cardiovascular centers to increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction and increased increased cardiac output and stimulate responses by the respiratory centers to increase pH and and oxygen levels and decrease co2 levels.

.8- Edema

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues

Where are chemoreceptors located?

Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid bodies, in the aortic bodies, and on the ventrolateral surfaces of the medulla oblongata.

Distinguish among efferent vessels, afferent vessels, and exchange vessels.

Efferent vessels-Carry blood away from the heart ( arteries) Afferent Vessels-Carry blood toward the heart ( Veins) Exchange vessels- Are capillaries , because their thin walls allow the exchange of nutrients dissolved gasses and wastes between blood the and the surrounding fluid

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medullae provide short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure

.8- Under what conditions would fluid move into a capillary ?

Fluid moves into a capillary ( reabsorption) whenever blood colloid osmotic pressure ( BCOP) is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure ( CHP).

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit ?

The Right Atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit.

How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery

Vasoconstriction of the renal artery would decrease both blood flow and pressure at the kidney. In response, the kidney would release EPO and renin. EPO increases the rate of red blood cell formation, which leads to an increase in blood volume. The release of renin would lead to an increase in the level of angiotensin II . Angiotensin II would bring about increased blood pressure and increased blood volume.