Section 5.1 Carbohydrates 1

How many sugars do simple carbs have?

2 sugars

How many sugars do complex carbs have?

3 or more sugars

How many kcal/g do carbs provide?

4 kcal/g

How much of your daily calorie intake does the Food and Nutrition board suggest be come from carbs?

45%-65%

Overall chemical reaction process of carbs in photosynthesis

6H2O+6CO2-->C6H12O6+6O2 This equation means that six molecules of water combine with six molecules of carbon dioxide to form one molecule of glucose. 6 molecules of oxygen are then released into the air.

Starch (also known as complex carbs or polysaccharides)

A carb made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form that the body can digest, it is the storage form of carbs in plants.

Disaccharide

A class of sugars formed by the chemical bonding of 2 monosaccharides

Glucose (also known as dextrose and blood sugar)

A common monosaccharide, containing 6 carbons, present in the blood, it is a component of the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose and various complex carbs.

Galactose

A common monosaccharide, containing 6 carbons, that can be converted to glucose in the body.

Fructose (also known as levulose and fruit sugar)

A common monosaccharide, containing 6 carbons, that is naturally found in fruits and honey.

High-fructose corn syrup

A common sweetener used in processed foods and beverages; it consists of 24% water, and the rest is a blend of fructose and glucose.

Lactose (milk sugar)

A disaccharide that has one molecule of glucose bonded to one molecule of galactose.

Few foods contain maltose, which are the exceptions?

Beer and liquor, where maltose plays an important role in their production.

The primary functions of carbohydrates

1. Provide energy to the brain, nervous system, and blood cells 2. Provide energy for the muscles to do intense physical activity 3. Add bulk to the diet to keep the digestive system fit

Glycogen

A complex carb made of multiple units of glucose with a highly branched structure, it is the storage form of glucose in humans and animals and is stored in the liver and muscles.

Sucrose (also known as table sugar)

A disaccharide composed of one fructose molecule and one glucose molecule bonded together.

Maltose (also known as malt sugar)

A disaccharide with 2 molecules of glucose bonded together; it seldom occurs naturally in foods.

Sugar

A simple carb with the chemical composition (CH2O)n

Monosaccharide

A simple sugar that is not broken down during digestion; the 3 monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Carbs are organic compounds that are composed of?

Atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration of 1 carbon atom, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.

First link in the food chain that supports all life on Earth?

Carbs, because plants create the carbs in foods through photosynthesis. The leaves capture the sun's energy in their cells and transforms it to chemical energy. This energy is then stored in the chemical bonds of the simple sugar glucose as it is produced from carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil.

Oligosaccharides are found in?

Found in small amounts in beans, cabbage, onions, Brussel sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, wheat, other veggies, and whole grains.

Most common monosaccharides in foods?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Major monosaccharides in the body?

Glucose, or dextrose, is the major one. Often referred to as blood glucose or blood sugar.

Galactose

Has a similar structure to glucose. Large quantities of galactose do not exist in nature. Binds to glucose to form lactose. Is metabolized in the liver and converted into glucose or further metabolized into glycogen.

Glucose

Important sources of energy for cells. Starches, sugars, and other carbs in foods are converted to glucose in the liver, which then serves as a source of fuel for cells.

Sucrose (table sugar)

Made up of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.

Lactose (milk sugar)

Made up of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose.

Maltose

Made up of two molecules of glucose.

Fructose

Occurs naturally in fruit. Most of the free fructose in the diet comes from the use of high-fructose corn syrup, which manufacturers use to sweeten candies, jams, soft drinks, and desserts.

Two most common oligosaccharides?

Raffinose and stachyose. Raffinose is composed of 3 sugar units-galactose, glucose, and fructose. Stachyose is composed of 4 sugar units-2 galactose, one glucose, and one fructose.

Carbs exist in foods as?

Simple sugars and Complex carbs

Disaccharides

Simple sugars that are formed when two monosaccharides combine.

Disaccharides in food are?

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use energy from the sun to synthesize energy-yielding compounds, such as glucose.

Fructose is absorbed by?

The small intestine and then transported to the liver where much of it is converted to glucose. The rest forms other compounds such as fat.

How are oligosaccharides broken down since the body cannot digest them?

They are broken down and fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. This fermentation produces gas or flatulence.

Does breast milk contain oligosaccharides?

Yes, it contains large amounts of complex oligosaccharides, which make the stool softer, boost the immune system, and aid in normal brain development.

All disaccharides contain?

glucose

Oligosaccharides

Short carb chains of 3-10 sugar molecules; the two most common oligosaccharides are raffinose and stachyose.

Oligosaccharides

Short carb chains that have 3 to 10 sugar molecules.

Sucrose is found naturally in?

Sugarcane, sugar beets (a special type of beet that is grown for sugar), honey, and maple sugar.

Simple carbs (also known as simple sugars)

Sugars composed of a single sugar molecule (monosaccharide) or 2 sugar molecules joined together (disaccharide)

Monosaccharides

Sugars that contain one sugar unit. They are the basic units of all carb structures.