ENVS Chapter 8

Which aspect of antibiotic resistance development in microbes is depicted in this image?

Random genetic mutations create antibiotic-resistant individuals that survive and multiply to develop into an antibiotic-resistant colony.

Solubility is important in determining how a substance travels and is absorbed. Which type(s) of chemicals travel through the environment most easily?

Water-soluble

Which of the following correctly describe the toxicity testing of chemicals on animals? (Select all that apply.)

Which of the following correctly describe the toxicity testing of chemicals on animals? (Select all that apply.)

The process of bioaccumulation is ______.

a cell absorbing and accumulating molecules

A pandemic is ______.

a worldwide (or very widespread) epidemic

Which source of toxins generally causes the most ill health effects?

airborne

Fetal_______syndrome is caused by drinking during pregnancy and can lead to behavior problems and mental impairments that last through a child's life.

alcohol

The human body can be considered an ecosystem because ______.

of the approximately 100 trillion cells that make up the human body, only about 10% are actually human

Biomagnification, in the case of a fish-eating osprey, refers to the fact that the ______.

osprey accumulates compounds stored by all prey lower in the food chain

The Black Death, the 1918 influenza, and the H1N1 flu virus caused widespread infections on a worldwide basis; we call these ______.

pandemics

Disease-causing organisms are known as ______

pathogens

POPs, or _________ organic pollutants, are those that do not easily degrade; this makes them useful but also allows them to accumulate and reach toxic concentrations in many environments.

persistent

Another term for toxin is ______.

poison

Additive reactions are those in which the toxicity of two or more chemicals add together for a greater effect. Alternatively, ______ reactions interfere with or stimulate the breakdown of other chemicals.

antagonistic

Some allergens work indirectly to cause an immune response. Those allergens that work directly to cause an immune response are called ______.

antigens

By definition, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are compounds that ______. (Select all that apply.)

are found in nearly every geographic location on earth do not degrade readily accumulate in the environment

Cells absorb and store a variety of molecules through the process of _________. It is essential to accumulate nutrients, but can result in the storage of harmful chemicals.

bioaccumulation

The emerging discipline that attempts to understand how our environmental changes threaten our own health as well as that of the natural communities on which we depend for ecological services is called ________medicine.

conservation

An attempt to quantify the burden caused by disease is known as the ______.

disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

Pathogens are ______.

disease causing organisms

The saying, "The dose makes the poison," is reminding us that ______.

every material can be poisonous under some conditions

Antibiotic resistance, in which infectious bacteria are not controlled by antibiotic drugs, is a growing concern for _____.

hospitals and schools feedlots

Toxicology involves many different lines of study including ______. (Choose all that apply.)

how diet might affect an organism the movement of chemicals through an ecosystem how a substance might enter an organism

Match representative concentrations of DDT to stages of biomagnification. Note that it is the order that is important and not the precise numbers.

0.003 ppb=In water 0.04 ppm=In zooplankton 0.5 ppm=In small fish 2 ppm=in larger fish 25 ppm=In osprey

What is the current worldwide 5-year survival rate of children?

95%

Which of the following statements correctly describes how factors related to the individual influence how she or he responds to toxins in the environment? (Select all that apply.)

Age affects susceptibility to toxins, as chemicals that might be relatively harmless to adults may be dangerous to young children. Immunological status affects susceptibility to toxins. A healthy individual may be insensitive to doses of toxins dangerous to someone who is ill.

Choose the correct statement below concerning the relationship between allergens and antigens.

All antigens are allergens, but not all allergens are antigens.

Match each group of toxic substances to a description of their effects.

Allergens=Activate responses in the immune system Neurotoxins=Attack nerve cells or the nervous system Carcinogens=Cause cancer (uncontrolled cell growth resulting in tumors) Mutagens=Damage or alter genetic material

Chemicals that interrupt the normal endocrine hormone functions of the body are called endocrine hormone disrupters. Select all the well-known endocrine hormone disrupters from the list below.

DDT BPA PCBs

What infectious disease caused by a virus and carried by other mammals and transmittable to humans emerged in an outbreak in West Africa in 2014?

Ebola`

Epidemics that affect animals and wildlife are referred to as ________diseases.

Ecological

What specific field of study deals with the interactions of toxic materials in ecosystems?

Ecotoxicology

A(n) ________ disease is one that has been absent for at least 20 years.

Emergent

There is new research that suggests high rates of obesity may be linked to _______hormone disrupters.

Endocrine

Which of the following statements are true about toxins? (Select all that apply.)

Extremely small amounts of some toxins can cause damage. Toxins react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions or cellular processes.

Environmental ______ focuses on the factors that cause disease.

Health

People from ______________ take more antibiotics than any other place in the world to deal with high infection rates due to sewage.

India

Which of the following groups of people is most likely to have an increased exposure to toxic chemicals because of their job responsibilities?

Industrial workers

What infectious disease is a particular worry for public health officials because it comes from viruses that mutate rapidly and move from animals to humans?

Influenza

What characteristics define an emergent disease?

It has not been previously known or has been absent for at least 20 years.

Because it is so widely used, glyphosate, which is better know as __________, is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) of particular concern.

Roundup

Which of the following applies to ecological diseases?

They affect wildlife populations, such as bats and frogs.

The term disease refers to ______.

any abnormal change in body conditions that impairs normal functions

Disease refers to ______.

impairment of body functions

For optimal human health, it is best if our skin and bodies remain ______.

in a complex but harmonious balance with nonhuman life-forms

WHO projections are that psychiatric and neurological conditions will ______ in the future.

increase

Chloropyriifos is a POP of concern; it is ________used in agriculture, traps, greenhouses, and golf courses.

insecticide

The study of environmental toxicology ______. (Select all that apply.

involves ecosystem dynamics and functions pays special attention to movement of substances between sediment, water, organisms, and air

The 400-fold increase in cancer rates for people who are asbestos workers and smoke is an example of______.

synergism or synergy

To deal with high infection rates due to poor sanitation, people in India ______, which is leading to resistance and "superbugs."

take over-the-counter antibiotics

The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are a measurement of ______.

the burden (or total cost) of disease

The dose, route of entry, timing of exposure, and sensitivity of the organism all play a role in determining ______.

toxicity

A person who studies ____________ might investigate how a drug or radiation enters the body and then what effects the external factor has on an organism.

toxicology

Allergens are substances that affect us by ______.

triggering a response in our immune systems

Which of the following statements about global health trends are true? (Select all that apply.)

Chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes are increasing and spreading to poorer populations. Infectious diseases such as diarrhea are on the decline globally.

Match the ecological disease to the creature it affects.

Colony collapse disorder= Honey bees Dermo=Oysters Chytridiomycosis=Amphibians White-nose syndrome=Bats

Why did the 2014 outbreak of Ebola in West Africa spread so rapidly? (Choose all that apply.)

Communities affected were suspicious of foreign help. It occurred in poor, war-torn countries.

What factors contributed to the severity of the 2014 Ebola outbreak (Choose all that apply.)

Corrupt government agencies Consumption of bush meat Logging road networks Poverty

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines ________, as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health

How pervasive are depression and suicide in woman worldwide?

It is prevalent in both developing and developed regions.

How likely are you to be exposed to air pollution indoors as opposed to outdoors?

Just as likely

What factors are included in the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health? (Select all that apply.)

Mental well-being Social well-being Physical well-being

How many people currently smoke tobacco worldwide?

Over 1 billion

The poor ventilation in some buildings can lead to headaches, allergies, and fatigue associated with _______ building_______

Sick, Syndrome

Why is influenza a particular worry for public health officials? (Select all that apply).

The influenza virus can move from wild and domestic animals to humans and recombine genes rapidly making the disease very difficult to control. The influenza viruses evolve rapidly which makes it hard to develop fail safe vaccines to prevent the disease.

How do East Asian and Pacific countries compare to the United States in terms of child mortality rate?

The rates are the same.

Select the statement that best describes the difference between antagonistic and additive reactions in determining toxicity.

The toxicity of a chemical is decreased by an antagonistic reaction, whereas it is increased by an additive reaction.

True or false: Indoor air can be more polluted than outdoor air.

True

True or false: The number of smokers worldwide is expected to increase dramatically in the near future

True

Obesogens are endocrine hormone disrupters found in personal care products, food additives, and plasticizers that are linked specifically to ______.

energy storage and metabolism

Conservation medicine attempts to understand how ______.

environmental changes threaten our own health as well as the health of the natural communities on which we depend

The factors that cause disease are studied in the field of ______. Those factors include the natural, social, cultural, and technological worlds in which we live.

environmental health

Trends in obesity-related illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes show that such diseases are ______

no longer just for the wealthy, as they are now becoming common in the developing world

Sick building syndrome describes the headaches, allergies, and chronic fatigue some people experience because of the ______.

poor indoor ventilation of the chemicals released from objects in buildings and the buildings themselves

The danger of a chemical (its toxicity) is determined by the ______. (Select all that apply.)

sensitivity of the organism dose route of entry timing of the exposure