Anthropology Quiz 11, 12, 13 (Final Exam Review)

Humans in which modern-day area of the world did NOT domesticate plants during the Neolithic?

Australia

Select the two factors related to the origin of domestication.

1. Population growth 2. Decrease in the number of wild plant and animal species available for foraging

In this graph, the carrying capacity of the population is represented by what number on the y (vertical) axis?

10000

The earliest fossil remains of modern Homo sapiens date to __________ years ago and were found in __________.

230,000; Omo, Ethiopia

The masticatory-functional hypothesis states what?

A reduction in the size of the face, jaws, and length of the skull occurred as the result of a diet of soft foods.

An occipital bun is __________

A thick, circular projection on the back of the cranium.

The tools represented in this image are typical of the Levallois Technique of removing flakes from flint cobbles. These tools are are called __________ and are associated with __________.

Acheulean ; modern Homo sapiens

Population growth during the Neolithic transition was associated with what primary factor?

An increase in birth rates due to earlier weaning and shorter interbirth intervals

Some of the earliest evidence of Homo erectus outside of African comes from __________

Dmanisi

Compared to hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists show __________ Iron deficiency (porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia) → Infection (periosteal reactions) → Enamel hypoplasias → Cavities (dental caries) →

Higher

In this image, the skulls on the top and bottom left most likely come from __________, while the skulls on the top and bottom right most likely come from __________.

Homo erectus ; Homo sapiens

Which hominin is associated with Oldowan tool technology?

Homo habilis

The Neandertals' disappearance after 30,000 years ago likely involved

Genetic assimilation into modern Homo sapiens populations

The Acheulean Complex is characterized by __________, one of which is shown in this image.

Handaxes

The individuals represented by the Denisova fossils likely interbred with

Modern Homo sapiens

What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in brain and body size among Homo erectus?

Increased meat consumption

Out of Africa Model →

Modern humans appeared in Africa about 200,000 yBP and then spread throughout the Old World, replacing (not interbreeding with) existing archaic populations in Asia and Europe.

Multiregional Continuity Model →

Modern humans arose regionally in the Old World (Africa, Asia, and Europe); gene flow between consecutive populations maintained the continuity of phenotypic traits among humans across the continents.

Assimilation Model →

Modern humans first evolved in Africa around 200,000 yBP and then spread to Asia and Europe, where they exchanged genes (interbred) with Neandertals and Denisovans.

The skeletal feature on the BACK of the skull found in Homo erectus is called what?

Nuchal torus

Based on the archaeological record from various regions, an initial effect of the transition to agriculture was that

People became shorter

Some cases of anemia, which cause red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss, may lead to _______________________, shown in this image.

Porotic hyperostosis

Compared to hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists show __________ Height → Bone mass → Growth and development in children →

Reduced

At the beginning of the Neolithic, the global human population numbered around ____________________.

Several million

Fossil remains found at this site demonstrated that this individual had a healed fracture in the bone above his eye, a missing or amputated lower arm, healed infection in his clavicle (collar bone), arthritis in his feet, and hearing loss. Ouch!

Shanidar, Iraq

Compared to Neandertals, modern Homo sapiens exhibit the presence of what anatomical features? (Select all that apply.)

Smaller teeth and jaws Chin Vertical forehead Rounded skull

Scholars who regard fossils from Africa, Asia, and Europe as belonging to the separate species Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Homo antecessor respectively, might identify as what in terms of their ideas about species variation?

Splitters

Significant wear on anterior teeth has been identified in Late Archaic and modern Homo sapiens, sometimes down to where the gum line would be in a living individual. Which statement about tooth wear identified in archaic and modern humans is TRUE?

The front teeth were used as a tool for grasping and holding objects

One of the skulls found at the Dmanisi site showed evidence that this individual's teeth had fallen out prior to death. Which of the following statements about this individual is TRUE?

This specimen suggests that others in the social group assisted with procuring and processing food.

Which of the following descriptions of Neandertals is FALSE?

Though similar phenotypically, Neandertals are not considered fully human

The Nariokotome skeleton....

Was essentially "human below the neck".

Dental caries in the New World increased at the same time that populations started growing ________.

corn