Ap bio midterm

During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volume metric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental set up should include which of the following?

A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas.

(A) Glycolysis (B) Krebs cycle (C) Calvin cycle (D) light dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) chemiosmosis Process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvate acid

A. Glycolysis

Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid in the optimal position to form a tripeptide?

A. demonstrates an ability to refine and/or interpret a representation to explain the synthesis of a biological polymer

The figure shows a model of how a channel protein influences the movement of a particle across a cell's plasma membrane. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?

Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of particle movement

What is the identity of protein X (based on the radioactive counts protein X table)"?

An enzyme that participates in the degradation and recycling of cell components

A researcher claims the increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants. Which of the following statements best supports the researchers claim?

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the wrong material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.

Refer to the diagram (unit 2 number 28) has a picture of a cell. The site of glucose synthesis

B (chloroplast?)

Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?

Bar graph

A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?

C. Bacterium getting engulfed and the lysosomes working

The student decrease the intensity of the late hourly and recorded the corresponding changes an accident concentration. The graph (as time increases oxygen concentration decreases) below shows the results from the recording device. An increase in the rate of oxygen production by algae would be accompanied by a comparable increase in the rate of production of which of the following substances?

C6H12O6

Two different models of a living cell are represented. Of the two cells represented in the figure, which would likely be more efficient and exchanging substances with the surrounding environment?

Cell A, because it has the larger surface area to volume ratio

(A) Glycolysis (B) Krebs cycle (C) Calvin cycle (D) light dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) chemiosmosis Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions

D. Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?

DNA

A researcher claims that different metabolic pathways allow bacteria to use different molecules as sources of matter and energy. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researchers claim by providing a relevant example?

E.coli bacteria reproduce in liquid media containing either glucose or galactose

Is scientist claims that Elysia chlorotica, a species of sea slug, is capable of photosynthesis. Which of the following obeservations provides the best evidence to support the claim?

Elysia chlorotica grows when exposed to light in the absence of other food sources

When is serve since moved across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as

Facilitated diffusion

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes...hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

Golgi Complex

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

Golgi apparatus

The illustration shows the active transport of hydrogen ions through a membrane protein. Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?

H+ ions will stop moving through the protein

Based on Figure 1, which of the following best describes how the properties of water at an air-water interface enable an insect to walk on the water's surface?

Hydrogen bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide surface tension, which allows the water surface to deform but not break under the insect.

In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following? I. ribosomes II. mitochondria III. chloroplasts

II and III only

The image has four ATP concentrations used in the experiment. Which procedure should be done next to gather data needed to meet the scientist's objective?

Incubate sampling's containing 1.0 um/mL of ATP at four temperatures other than 25 degrees Celsius

Which of the following questions will bust directed investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?

Is the fast for elation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?

An experiment for investigating the effect of pH on amylase function. Which of the following best justifies the inclusion of the test tube V as a control in the experiment?

It will show the color change that occurs in the absence of enzyme activity.

If, instead of the bag, a potato slice were placed in the beaker of distilled water, which of the following would be true of the potato slice?

It would gain mass

Contains hydro lyric enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Lysosome

Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?

Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease

The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen?

Mitochondrion

In chloroplasts, ATP is synthesized from ADP plus inorganic phosphate in a reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase molecules that are embedded into the thylakoid membrane. Which of the following statements provides evidence to support the claim that no ATP will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

No ATP is synthesized one channel proteins that allow the free passage of protons are inserted into the thylakoid membrane.

Which of the following conclusions is most clearly supported by the representations of nucleic acid #1 and nucleic acid #2?

Nucleic acid #1 contains adenine-thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2 does not.

Researchers claim that a particular organelle originated from a free- living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cellWhich of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers claim? (Cell engulfing a smaller cell)

Organelle has double membrane

Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?

Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.

Which of the statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?

Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy

Well most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above? (Oxygen concentration in the water of the lake)

Photosynthesis produces more oxygen then is consumed by respiration during the day.

During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

Protons down a concentration gradient.

Which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules?

Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules

In graphing the data from this experiment (radioactive counts protein X)m the sampling would be shown on the x-axis because

Sampling time is the independent variable

The sequences for two short fragments of DNA are shown above. Which of the following is one way in which these two segments would differ?

Segment 1 would become denatured at a lower temperature than would segment 2 because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds whereas G-C base pairs have three.

In addition to the pigments commonly associated with photosynthesis, a certain photosynthetic species contains two additional pigment types. Which of the following best supports the claim that the species is better adapted to environmental changes and other photosynthetic species are?

The additional pigments allow the species containing them to harvest energy from wavelength of light that the other photosynthetic species cannot use.

Which of the following best describes a structural difference between DNA and RNA?

The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

A spherical cell has a radius of 3 um. The human egg cell has a radius of 100 um. Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?

The bacteria cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio

Which of the following statements about glucose, galactose, and fructose is most likely true?

The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Which of the following best describes the effect of a greater number of cysteine amino acids on the stability of the proteins?

The change leads to increased protein stability because of an increased number of S-S bonds in the tertiary structure of the proteins.

rate of contraction(y) and osmorality(x) graph. Paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?

The concentration rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases

A new drug is developed. One group hypothesizes that the drug is incapable of freely passing through the plasma membrane. Another group says the drug can diffuse passively across the membrane. Which of the following if true about the drug best supports the alternative hypothesis that the new drug will exhibit simple diffusion across the plasma membrane?

The drug is a small non polar molecule

Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in Figure 1 ?

The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction

The model shows the structure of a portion of a plasma membrane in an animal style. Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model?

The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments

Which of the following characteristics of Figure 1 best shows that the fragment is RNA and not DNA?

The identity of each nitrogenous base

Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme?

The shape in charge of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme

Which of the following best depicts the tertiary structures of the two proteins in water? The diagrams in the options are not drawn to the same scale as those in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

The two images looking bunched up

Which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates?

They occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures.

And experiment for investigating the influence of bacterial factors an enzyme function. Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tubes 3 and 7 in the experiment?

They will show whether the isolated cellular contents have enzymatic activity.

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both

depend on a concentration gradient

Relative salinity of environment (x) ; Relative use of ATP (y) // which investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution?

increasing salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum

A researcher claims that the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is essential to cellular function. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researchers claim?

ATP hydrolysis is an energy releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy.

The model is based on the idea that the reactant passes through a transition state within the enzyme substrate complex before the reactant is converted to the product. Which of the following statements best helps explain how the enzymes speed up the reaction?

The enzymes active site binds to and stabilizes the transition state, which decreases the activation energy of the reaction

The image shows a section of a cell's plasma membrane, showing ion concentrations in membrane proteins. Based on the model, which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the loss of protein X function

The membrane potential will be distracted by an increase in K+ concentration inside the cell.

According to the data (of an experiment to measure the rate of respiration and crickets and mice), the mice at 10°C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue the end of the mice at 25°C. This is most likely explain by which of the following statements?

The mice at 10°C had a higher rate of ATP production in the mice at 25°C

Which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure?

The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge.

The table of effect of water soluble pollutants on membrane permeability; The results of the experiment or shown in the table above. Which of the following is it dependant variable in the experiment?

The observance of 460 nm light by the treatment solutions

The contents in which dialysis tube are initially isotonic to the distilled water in the beaker?

Tube 5 with distilled water in both the dialysis tube and beaker

Dialysis conc data table. A net movement of water into the beaker occurs in which of the following dialysis tubes?

Tube 6 with distilled water 40% sucrose

Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function?

Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate

A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of

carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?

competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active site occupied by substrate will increase

Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is

necessary for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?

ribosomes

Which of the following best represents the amount of starch water and glucose in te dialysis bag over the course of the investigation?

the graph with glucose decreasing, starch the same, water increasing