AP Biology Final
the engery required to run the calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?
a. ATP and NADPH
Which of the following correctly uses the data to justify the claim that the phosphagen system is an immediate, short term source of ATP for muscle cells?
a. ATP producion by the phosphagen system increases and decreases rapidly following the start of the exercise period
The illustration shows the active transport of hydrogen ions through a membrane protein. Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?
a. H+ ions will stop moving through the protein
Which of the following best descibes the numbered areas?
a. areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules
Which statement describes how ater is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant?
a. as water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below
the diagram below shows energy changes in a specific chemical reaction with and without the addition of an enzyme to the reaction. Which of the following questions can be best answered by the diagram?
a. does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?
*question about tobacco seeds and germination* according to the results of this experiment, germination of tobacco seeed during the first week is
a. increased by exposure to light
the site where the synthesis of ATP takes place
a. mitochondria
which of the following experimental designs should the students use as a control group for this experiment?
a. place a catalase soaked disc in a beaker of water
Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of mitochondria in muscle cells should be different than it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of mitochondria?
a. the inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface area, allowing more ATP to be synthesized
a researcher claims that the synthesis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential to cellular function. Which of the following statements helps justify the researcher's claim?
b. ATP hydrolysis is an energy releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy
mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and conain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?
b. an ancestral cell most likely engulfed anaerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells
*Question about vertebrae muscle and pyruvic acid* It is the most reasonable to hypothesize that, in the breakdown of glucose, substance X is
b. an inhibitor
the site that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
b. chloroplast
simple diffusion and facilitate diffusion are both related in that both
b. depend on a concentration grandient
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both
b. depend on concentration gradient
a scientist clams that Elysia Chlorotica, a species of sea slud is capable of photosynthesis. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence to support the claim?
b. elysia chlorotica grows when exposed to light in the absence of other food sources
the enzyme peroxidase is found in many organisms. It catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. The rate of peroxidase activity at different pH values was assessed by students in the lab. The students' results are shown in graph. If the experiment is repeated at pH , the observed activity level of the enzyme will most likely be
b. lower than the level at pH 9
Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules
b. lysosomes
using the diagram to the right, which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules?
b. rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules
the figure to the right represents a nucleic acid fragment that is made up of four nucleotides linked together in a chain. Which of the following characteristics of the figure best shows that the fragment is RNA and not DNA?
b. the identity of each nitrogen base
which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein?
b. the interactions of the different R-groups with other R-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of a protein
using the figure above of water and its interaction with ammonia, which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure?
b. the nitrogen has a partial positive charge, and hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge
which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates?
b. they occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures
the pH scale is a range between _____________ an measures____________.
c. 0-14, H+
The four ATP concentrations used in the experiment. . . which procedure should be done next to gather data needed to meet the scientist's objective?
c. Incubate samples containing 1.0/mL of ATP at four temperatures other than 25 degrees celsius
______________________ is usd to build proteins and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is used to build _____________ and certain ________.
c. Nitrogen, Nucleic acids, and lipids
*question about protein digestion* Which of the following best predicts how the structure and function of pepsin will change as it enters the small intestine?
c. Pepsin will change in shape because of the basic environment of the small intestine; therefore, its enzymatic activity will decrease
which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of a oxygen in muscle cells?
c. a buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation
The graph to the riht shows the oxygen binding saturation of each protein at different concentrations of oxygen. Which of the following statements is correct?
c. at 40 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has.
a feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of
c. carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other
Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell
c. golgi apparatus
ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because
c. its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work
membrane-bound organelles have been important component in the evolution of complex, multiceullular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?
c. organelles isolate specific reaction, increasing metabolic efficency
the molecular structure of linoleic acid, two naturally occuring substances, are shown above. Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature (linoleic or palmitic acid)?
c. palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together
If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?
c. passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
c. polar covalent bonds
which of the following is a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make a protein?
c. some amino acids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient?
c. the cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically to the cells from the blood
when hydrogen ions are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the spave between the inner and outer membrane, the result is
c. the creation of a proton gradient
researchers claimed that a particular organelle orginated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell as shown in figure one
c. the organelle has a double membrane
The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archea and bacteria?
c. the organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material
which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme?
c. the shape and change of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme
The figure to the right represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labled y?
c. the structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized
*question with a cell in pond water, cell in sugar solution, and cell in distilled water* Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in figure 1?
c. there was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water.
Additional observations were made on day 21, and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because
c. yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to convert light energy to chemical energy
The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?
d. Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth in plants. Which of the following statements best supports the researchers' claim?
d. atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.
Aquaporins are channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane. One group of researchers hypothesizes that without functional aquaporins, no water will be able to enter the cell. A different group proposes that an alternative hypothesis stating that even with nonfunctional aquaporins, a small amount of water will still cross the cell membrane. An experiment is set up in which plant cells with mutated (nonfunctional) aquaporins and plant cells with normally functioning aquaporins are both placed in distilled water. Which of the following data would support the alternative hypothesis?
d. cells with mutated aquaporins exhibit moderate turgor pressure and are hypertonic
which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true?
d. heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain
Polypeptrides are continuously being formed and degraded. One process is shown above. Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown above?
d. it represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction
polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. one process is shown above. which statement is the most accurate decription of the reaction shown above?
d. it represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction
Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?
d. it will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein
changing the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shap of the inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?
d. mitochondria will become less efficent because the surface area of the inner membrane will decrease
which of the following conclusions is the ost clearly supported by the representations of the nucleic acids to the left?
d. nucleic acid #1 contains adenine-thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2 does not
the site that acts as a selective barrier regulating the cell's chemical compostition
d. plasma membrane
which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
d. protein
Which of the following functional differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum is explained by the structural differences between them?
d. rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export and smooth ER cannot
the figure above represents a common process that occurs in organisms. Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in the figure?
d. the formation of a covalent peptde bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction
Which of the following is an important difference betwen ligh-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
d. the light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH ; the light-independent reactions use energy stored in ATP and NADPH
which of the following statements about buffer solutions is true?
d. they maintain a relativelly constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them
*Question with dialysis tubes* A net movement of water into the beaker occurs n which of the following dialysis tubes?
e. 6
the site of a membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells
e. vacuole
which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation?
glycolysis
which of the following best depicts the tertiary structures of the two proteins in water? (picture shows a primary structure with two hydrophobic tails, and a primary structure of a mutated protein with only one hydrophobic tail)
original protein (one shaped like a ball) and mutated protein (one shaped like a ball NOT the one with the black dots at the top)
Which of the following large biological molecules will self-assemble into a bilayer when mixed with water?
phospholipids
in a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
polar covalent bonds
The complexes must be moved into the body cells before the cholesterol molecules can be incorporated into the phospholipid biluater of cell membranes. Based on the info above, which of the following is most likely the explanation for a buildup of cholesterol in the blood of an animal?
the animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis