AP English midterm
What does Thoreau say our life is like?
A German confederacy
What is a "papist"
A catholic
Topic addressed in "why don't we complain"
Americans feeling like they were unable to speak up
Used in descriptive writing and visual arts.
Caricature
Efficacy: satire that doesn't unnerve an audience..........
Doesn't succeed as satire
How does swift want the reader to view his speaker?
He wants them to see the speaker as reasonable
Emerson says envy is
Ignorance
Transcendentalism was inspired by
Immanuel Kent
Bitterest of all satire
Invective
What does Thoreau mean when he says, "Still we live meanly, like ants?"
It implies that we lead the same routine , mindless lives that we think of ants as leading. We don't truly consider what we are doing or how it affects us or others.
Suitability: Satire of an underlying object is
Mean/dumb
"To be great is to be _________"
Misunderstood
Father of Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson
What is the tone of "a modest proposal"
Satirical
ex of syntax
Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Parallelism Loose sentence/ cumulative Periodic sentence Elliptical sentence Inverted sentence Passive sentence
"The American gov...........has not the vitality and force of a ___________?
Single living man
How does the final paragraph of the essay contribute to Swift's rhetorical purpose?
The final paragraph serves Swift's rhetorical purpose in two ways. It concludes with an ironic flourish, as if to excuse himself of the selfish motives the reader might suspect. And it effects an appeal, if an ironic one indeed, to the reader's wariness. He anticipates—or pretends to—the reader's suspicions, as if a reader might challenge him, saying, "Oh, so you're only making this proposal because you can profit by it!"
Author of Civil Disobedience
Thoreau
Author of why don't we complain
William Buckley
What kind of diction was used in "a modest proposal" and why?
Formal diction was used which makes his argument seem more serious, credible, and sophisticated.
What is Walden drawn from
From the journal he kept during his 2 year long stay in a Cabin on Walden's pond
What does Emerson say about work?
-"A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and done his best; but what he has said or done otherwise, shall give him no peace. It is a deliverance which does not deliver"
What does Emerson say about consistency
-He says it scares us from self-trust & A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds -A great person does not have to think consistently from one day to the next -Only following others ideas is foolish and the followers get nothing out of it.
What is Swift's overall purpose & why does he choose such a provocative task?
-He's trying to reform the way the English people treated the impoverished Irish of his time -He uses the extreme example as a way to depict how inhumanely the Irish are being treated as if they were not human
Why did John swift write a modest proposal
-Ireland was a colony militarily, politically, & economically dependent upon England -it was a poor country wracked by famine and full of beggars
Major tenets of transcendentalism
-believed dignity was present everywhere, in nature and person -human spirit reflected in nature -believe in the divinity of souls -that we can transcend the boundaries of ourselves through recognizing our connection to nature -that humans are innately good and society corrupts the individual
"A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and done his ________; but what he has said or done otherwise, shall give him no ______. It is a ________ which does not _______"
-best -peace -deliverance -deliver
Positive tone words
-cheery -jubilant -peaceful -soothing -Amorous -calm -relaxed
Negative tone words
-childish -aggravated -quarrelsome -melancholy -bitter -dissapointed -boorish -savage -bold -apologetic -grave -meek
"With _________ a great soul has simply _______ to do?
-consistency -nothing
"A foolish ___________ is the __________ of little minds"
-consistency -hobgoblins
how to build ethos?
-explain credentials/background -emphasize your shared values w readers
how to appeal to pathos
-figurative Lang -personal anecdotes -vivid images -humour -using strong diction
how to build logos?
-have clear main idea, use specific exs, facts, statistics, expert testimony -acknowledge a counter argument, by conceding it may be true then refuting it
Strategies used in satire
-hyperbole -Caricature -irony -parody -sarcasm -euphemisms -innuendo -wit or word play -understatement -juxtaposition -symbolism -grotesque humour -invective -comic juxtaposition
Humorous tone words
-ironic -whimsical -cynical -satiric -teasing -insulting -comical
Thoreau says the government doesn't...........
-keep the country free -settle the west -educate
Neutral tone words
-nonchalant -objective -frank -solemn -gentle -serious
Transcendentalists believed The over-soul is an ___________; every living thing has a spark of divinity; a part of the______ soul
-omnipresent divinity -universal
"Society is a joint stock company......it loves not ________ and _______, but ________ and _________
-realities and creators -names and customs
Why did Thoreau go "to the woods"
-to live deliberately -reduce life to its lowest terms -see what life could teach him
Thoreau says all news to a philosopher is what?
Gossip
Year a modest proposal was written
1729
Pathos
Appeal to emotion
Where did Ralph Waldo Emerson lecture
At lyceums around NE
Which religious group does swift identify as enemies of the nation?
Catholics
Who according to swift are the "principle breeders of the nation?"
Catholics
Who did Hawthorne think was the most guilty
Chillingworth
Satire w/o attack
Comedy
"God will not have his work made manifest by ______"
Cowards
Satire w/o humor
Criticism
Thoreau says our life is frittered away by
Detail
Author of "A Modest Proposal"
Dr. Jonathan Swift
"I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest...having no other motive than the good of my country...I have no children, by which I can propose to get a single penny... And my wife is past childbearing." Is an ex of what
Ethos
When was Henry David Thoreau born and where was he born
-1817 -concord, mass
Why did Ralph Waldo Emerson quit the church
He didn't support the administration of certain symbolic rites such as communion
How would you summarize Thoreau's attitude concerning the role of government?
He is disappointed in the government and lack of ability to do what itʼs supposed to do
What does Emerson say about conformity
He says "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist" -society demands it from us and we must not conform to what other people believe is right
Note Swift's diction in the first seven paragraphs. How does it show quantification and dehumanization? Explain the purpose of Swift's specific word choices.
He uses cruel diction to describe women by saying "children just dropped from it dam" which dehumanizes women because its a term used for animals as a parent of infant livestock. He also refers to children as burdens. He dehumanizes iris and German immigrants through quantification by only viewing them as statistics and not as real people.
What do you think Thoreau means when he says that he went to the woods because he wished to live deliberately?
He wanted to live in the most basic and truthful way
Types of Satire
Horatian and Juvenalian
Playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle, mild, & light hearted humour. It's common in modern society
Horatian satire
Components of satire
Humour Attack Suitability Clarity Efficacy
Which targets does Swift ironically identify in paragraphs 21 and 22? Note the rhetorical progression of paragraphs 21-26. By using such a method, what is Swift satirizing?
In paragraph 21 Swift takes aim at the Protestant landowners living in England and at their prejudices against the Papists, or Catholics, who comprise most of the Irish peasantry. In paragraph 22 he addresses the absent landlords (who are actually the same people considered as occupiers rather than religion rivals) who are responsible to a large degree for the awful conditions among the poor. With the progression through the six steps, Swift satirizes the idea and nature of a proposal itself—that is, that a purely rational and quantitative solution can be applied to a human problem.
Clarity: Satire that doesn't clearly present its argument is
Ineffective
In Civil Disobedience, Thoreau says "Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes, ______________.
Inexpedient
"Nothing is at last sacred but the .........."
Integrity of your own mind
"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that _______ string"
Iron
The ability to recognize _______ is one of the surest tests of close reading sophistication
Irony
More contemptuous and abrasive. It addresses social evil through sarcasm, outrage, & savage ridicule. It's often polarizes political satire
Juvenalien satire
Strongly polarized political satire is often
Juvenilian
The satirist aims to cure folly and punish evil through what?
Laughter
"That government is best which governs _______"
Least
"I do, therefore humbly offer it to public consideration, that of the 120 thousand children, already computed, 20,000 may be reserved for breed..." is an appeal to
Logos
Author of Scarlett letter
Nathaniel Hawthorne
In Walden, Thoreau explores his interest in
Naturalism, individualism, and self sufficiency
How does swift describe children under the age of 12
Of tender disposition
What problems is swift combatting w his plan?
Overpopulation and unemployment
Relies on imitation. Borrows a pre-existing form -
Parody
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent women from sacrificing the poor innocent babes."is an appeal to
Pathos
What type of writing is satire
Persuasive
What label does swift give to the parents of the country's poor children?
Professed beggars
Self-Reliance author
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ex horatian satire
SNL
saying one thing when you mean the opposite
Sarcasm
How did Thoreau want to live?
Spartan like
What social group does the speaker of "a modest proposal" identify himself
Speaker is Protestant and a member of the Irish upper class
RhetoricalTriangle -
Speaker, audience, subject
Satire of an underlying objects is mean/dumb
Suitability
Identify examples of appeals to values such as thrift and patriotism. Explain the rhetorical strategy behind each example.
Swift appeals to patriotism and to religious prejudice simultaneously in the first paragraph with his reference to the treachery of supporting "the pretender in Spain." He makes a similar appeal at the end of paragraph 2, suggesting that anyone who could solve the problem of poverty could "have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation." The appeal to patriotism returns in paragraph 17 with the "very worthy person, a true lover of his country." Swift distinguishes between economy, meaning efficient use of resources, and thrift, which refers to frugality. He appeals to the resourcefulness of his proposal in paragraphs 22-25 by pointing out that the poor will have their own "capital," that the economy will be increasingly robust, that the restaurant industry (as it were) will prosper. Swift appeals to thrift by discussing "a fair, cheap, and easy method." He continues his appeal in paragraph 10, concluding with a mention of "two dishes at an entertainment for friends," and in paragraph 15 (here he uses the word "thrifty), where he appeals to gentility. Additional appeals to economy appear in paragraph 14, where he mentions "four dishes of excellent meat," and in his discussion of economy in paragraph 23. Other appeals that bear investigation are to gentility, which appears in paragraphs 25 and 28 with the "fine gentlemen" and "gentlemen of the kingdom;" to sociability, which comes up in paragraph 10; and to family values, perhaps his most sardonic appeal, which crops up in paragraph 26.
What does Ralph Waldo Emerson say about imitation
That it's suicide
What evidence does Swift offer for the disinterestedness of his proposal
The fact that he is childless
What was "why don't we complain" about
The purpose was to convince Americans that it is time to start complaining. Rather than sitting passively when a movie is out of focus or a bus is too hot, Americans should say something to someone with the power to change the problem, so he or she and everyone around him or her can benefit from the needed change.
What do the changes in tone reveal in "a modest proposal"
They are a break in Swift's persona
The purpose of "civil disobedience"
Thoreau's imprisonment was a protest against slavery, "Civil Disobedience" was written after the outbreak of the Mexican-American war and protests both slavery and war
Though he laughs, the satirist tells the
Truth
What kind of minister was Ralph Waldo Emerson
Unitarian
What is Thoreau best known for
Walden
Arguments solely based on pathos are
Weak
Diction
author's word choice
Ethos
credibility, ethical appeal
Techniques or statire
exaggeration, incongruity, parody, and reversal (irony or sarcasm).
Deductive
general to specific
Purpose of "Walden"
he intends to answer questions people have asked about his reasons for living alone in a cabin in the woods near Walden Pond for two year
Logos
logic
inexpedient
not practical, suitable, or advisable.
Inductive
specific to general