AP English Semester 1 study guide
independent clause
A clause that can stand alone as a sentence
valetudinarians
a person who is unduly anxious about their health
credentials
a qualification, achievement, personal quality, or aspect of a person's background, typically when used to indicate that they are suitable for something.
potent allusion
a reference to something else (especially famous things) that is especially powerful
reflective aside
a remark or passage in a play that is intended to be heard bu the audience but unheard bu the other characters in the play, said in a way that is contemplating something.
defiant rejoinder
a reply, especially a sharp or witty one, bit in this case showing a resistant mood
claim
a statement that asserts a belief or truth. In arguments, most claims require supporting evidence
appeal to the audience's emotions and experiences (aka Pathos)
a strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions (such as fear, envy, anger, or pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim.
appeal to logic
a strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince audience member to accept a claim
line of reasoning
a strategy or an approach used in an argument. Argumentative strategies include appeals to the heart(emotion) to character (ethical appeals,) and to facts (logical appeals).
innuendo
a subtle, insulting comment or gesture, hinting something negative
anecdote
a very short story that is significant to the topic at hand; usually adding personal knowledge or experience to the topic
precise (diction)
being very particular and exactly or sharply defined in what you are saying
common boast
bragging in ordinary everyday language
disavow
deny any responsibility or support for
drab
dull and without color; not cheerful or colorful
reconciliation of opposing positions
finding common areas of agreement between two opposite opinions
commentary
giving your opinion, interpretation, insight, analysis, explication, personal reaction, evaluation or reflection about a concrete detail in an essay
self-depreciating irony
in simple words, it is a difference between appearance an reality. In this case, it is used to put yourself down like saying i'm so smart when you fail a test.
parallel sentence structure
parallel structure(also called parallelism) is the repetition of a chosen grammatical pattern, you create a parallel construction.
refuted
prove to be wrong or false; disprove
Audience
the person or persons to whom an argument is directed
underscore
to emphasize
Orient the audience
to explain at the outset of a writing where the writing is going
bolster
to support
concrete imagery
vivid descriptions to communicate conceps and scenes with sensory language (words that represent colors, objects, textures, and sounds etc.)
discourse
written or spoken communication or debate