AP Euro chapter 8

The practical difficulties of the French monarchy could be attributed to its:

inadequate methods of raising revenue.

Under Catherine the Great, serfdom in Russia:

increased and became more burdensome.

All of the following are true of enlightened despotism except:

it emphasized that the monarchy was on the whole nostalgic and backward-looking.

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment embodied all of the following except:

skepticism about the regularity and harmony of nature.

For Europeans, the success of the American Revolution was a powerful factor in promoting:

the French Revolution. a rising confidence in self-government. constitutionalism.

Before 1789, the largest free-trade area on the continent was in _____.

the Habsburg Empire

The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century referred to:

the belief that Europe had emerged from a time of barbarism and darkness.

All of the following are true about eighteenth-century freemasonry except:

Masons attributed little importance to mysterious rituals and the occult.

In the eighteenth century, the aspect of British politics which provoked the most public criticism was:

the grossly inequitable system of representation to the Parliament.

The eighteenth-century Pietists and Methodists stressed:

the individual's inner spiritual consciousness.

In Russia, all of the following occurred as a result of the Enlightenment except:

the popularity of Russian thinkers spread through Europe.

The British countered the American argument that Parliament had no authority to tax them because Americans were not represented by replying that:

Americans enjoyed "virtual representation" through other members of Parliament.

During the War of American Independence, all of the following countries went to war against Britain except:

Austria

Enlightened despotism had the least success in reforming society in _____.

France

Maria Theresa undertook a program of internal consolidation of her empire in which she broke the power of local governments and guild monopolies except in _____.

Hungary

Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in progress, reason, science, and civilization, but they took divergent and inconsistent positions on many issues. Which of the following is true?

Montesquieu thought the church useful but did not believe in religion. Rousseau believed in religion but saw no need for any church. Voltaire would surrender political liberty in return for guarantees of intellectual freedom.

In order to watch over the whole structure of his enlightened reform, Joseph II created:

a secret police.

Frederick the Great did all of the following except:

abolish serfdom throughout his kingdom.

During the eighteenth century, people with a scientific view typically imagined God as:

an inconceivably intelligent Watchmaker.

In foreign affairs, Catherine's achievements included all of the following except:

conquests that included a port on the Baltic Sea.

George III sought to increase the influence of the crown and therefore:

created a new faction, the "king's friends."

Characteristic of the demands of the age of democratic revolution between 1760 and the French Revolution were:

demands for liberty and equality.

In assessing Catherine's achievements, one could conclude that

domestically, probably no ruler could have corrected the social evils of eighteenth-century Russia.

Rousseau's most direct contribution to the French Revolution was to:

estrange the upper classes from their own mode of life.

A major trend in eighteenth-century British politics was:

for the Parliament to extend its powers in a general centralization of the empire.

Edmund Burke, who virtually founded modern philosophical conservatism, favored:

government by landowners.

Enlightened despotism that grew out of earlier forms of absolutism, represented by the likes of Louis XIV and Peter the Great, differed from absolutism by:

justifying the monarch's authority on grounds of usefulness to society.

All of the following characterize Enlightenment thought except:

opposition of scientific thought and rational analysis.

Voltaire was less concerned than Montesquieu with: a. the freedom of thought.

political liberties.

Voltaire's famous polemical slogan, "Écrasez l'infâme!" or "Crush the infamous things," referred to:

religious bigotry and superstition.

Montesquieu's influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggested that good government could be obtained by:

separating the functions of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial powers. following the English example and mixing monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic elements of government. dividing power between the king and a great many intermediate bodies like the organized nobility.

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations argued for:

the reduction of barriers that hindered economic growth.

The democratic revolutions rejected:

the special representation set aside for special groups.

The partitions of Poland symbolized all of the following except:

the triumph of Polish nationalism and reform efforts.

Rousseau's ideas included all of the following except:

the true and only possible expression of the general will is a democracy.

The 1798 Irish rebellion against British rule:

united Catholic and Protestant Irish against English rule.

The great French Encyclopédie, completed between 1751 and 1772, _____.

was conceived of as a positive force for social progress

The eighteenth-century philosophes were a group of writers who:

were popularizers and publicists.

At the end of Louis XV's reign, the "Maupeou parlements" newly created by the king's chief minister:

were staffed with judges who were forbidden to reject government edicts.