AP Euro Chapter 8 and 9 test

Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in progress, reason, science, and civilization, but they took divergent and inconsistent positions on many issues. Which of the following is true?

Montesquieu thought the church useful but did not believe in religion. Rousseau believed in religion but saw no need for any church. Voltaire would surrender political liberty in return for guarantees of intellectual freedom.

The practical difficulties of the French monarchy could be attributed to its:

inadequate methods of raising revenue.

Under Catherine the Great, serfdom in Russia:

increased and became more burdensome.

All of the following are true of enlightened despotism except:

it emphasized that the monarchy was on the whole nostalgic and backward-looking.

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment embodied all of the following except:

skepticism about the regularity and harmony of nature.

For Europeans, the success of the American Revolution was a powerful factor in promoting:

the French Revolution. a rising confidence in self-government. constitutionalism.

Before 1789, the largest free-trade area on the continent was in _____.

the Habsburg Empire

The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century referred to:

the belief that Europe had emerged from a time of barbarism and darkness.

All of the following are true about eighteenth-century freemasonry except:

Masons attributed little importance to mysterious rituals and the occult.

In the eighteenth century, the aspect of British politics which provoked the most public criticism was:

the grossly inequitable system of representation to the Parliament.

The eighteenth-century Pietists and Methodists stressed:

the individual's inner spiritual consciousness.

In Russia, all of the following occurred as a result of the Enlightenment except:

the popularity of Russian thinkers spread through Europe.

The British countered the American argument that Parliament had no authority to tax them because Americans were not represented by replying that:

Americans enjoyed "virtual representation" through other members of Parliament.

32. The 1801 Concordat between Napoleon and the pope resulted in all of the following except (384/385) A. Napoleon became head of the French church with the right to appoint and dismiss bishops B. The Vatican accepted the confiscation of its land by the revolutionary authorities C. The pope gave up his claim to Avignon D. Catholic processions in the streets were allowed

A. Napoleon became head of the French church with the right to appoint and dismiss bishops

25. The Terror came to an end largely because (374) A. Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety liquidated the Hebertists, one of the most radical revolutionary groups B. Robespierre began the Dechristanization of France C. Of the attack on the revolutionary hero, Danton D. Of the successes of the revolutinary armies, which made extreme forms of repression inside France seem less necessary

A. Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety liquidated the Hebertists, one of the most radical revolutionary groups

10. The Oath of the Tennis Court was (350) A. a virtual assumption of national sovereignty by the Third Estate and its supporters B. the last capitulation of the Third Estate to royal power C. supported by a majority of the nobility D. the king's reluctant oath to defend the new French constitution

A. a virtual assumption of national sovereignty by the Third Estate and its supporters

23. During the Reign of Terror (371) A. about 40,000 people, mostly peasants and laborers, were executed B. 90 percent of the French aristocracy, some 350,000 people, were killed together with many peasants and bourgeoisie C. nearly 500,000 were beheaded in Paris D. 10,000 people, half from the aristocracy, were executed

A. about 40,000 people, mostly peasants and laborers, were executed

11. The king responded to the fall of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, by (353) A. accepting the position of the self-styled National Assembly B. giving the Marquis de Lafayette command over the national guard C. forging a coalition of nobles and clergy in his support D. reinforcing the royal forces at Versailles

A. accepting the position of the self-styled National Assembly

1. One of the reasons that the French Revolution was so significant was that, unlike the revolutions of Russia and China in the 20th century, it (343) A. occurred in what was in many ways the most advanced country of its day B. had tremendous social, as well as political, implications C. had not been preceded by any other revolutions D. occurred in a country with a relatively small population

A. occurred in what was in many ways the most advanced country of its day

20. One of the reasons France went to war against the Habsburgs in April 1792 was because (366) A. the Girondin faction in the French assembly favored international revolution B. Leopold of Austria announced his plans to invade France C. An invasion of royalist emigres was immenent D. Prussia secretly encouraged France, since the Prussia government wished to seize part of Poland while Habsburgs were diverted in the west

A. the Girondin faction in the French assembly favored international revolution

29. Following the Thermidorean reaction of July 1794, all of the following occurred except (377) A. the government secretly asked the brother of Louis XVI to return to France and become king B. the Jacobin Club was closed and the power of the Committee of Public Safety limited C. price controls were removed D. inflation resumed and prices rose, causing much discontent

A. the government secretly asked the brother of Louis XVI to return to France and become king

During the War of American Independence, all of the following countries went to war against Britain except:

Austria

8. The economic background to the French Revolution was (352) A. a century of increasing poverty finally drove the people to revolt B. a poor harvest in 1788, very high bread prices, businesses depression, and unemployment C. a decade of disastrous harvests D. deepening depression and impoverishment since the Seven Years' War (1756-63)

B. a poor harvest in 1788, very high bread prices, businesses depression, and unemployment

30. The Consulate, with Napoleon Bonaparte as the First Consul, maybe a thought of as (382) A. a constitutional monarchy B. an enlightened despotism C. a totalitarian regime D. a democratic form of government

B. an enlightened despotism

15. To secure the public debt and to pay the current expenses of government, the French Constituent Assembly (359) A. repudiated the debt of the Old Regime B. confiscated all the church property C. made forced tax collections from the middle class D. none of the above

B. confiscated all the church property C. made forced tax collections from the middle c

7. A major reason the French national debt could not be carried was (348) A. the nation was to poor to carry it B. tax exemptions and tax evasion C. the peasants refused to pay their taxes D. corruption among tax collectors

B. tax exemptions and tax evasion

2. The Old Regime of pre-1789 Europe consists of three "estates", (344) A. the monarchy, the bishops and the knights B. the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else C. the clergy, the nobility, and bourgeoisie D. the clergy, the nobility and the peasants

B. the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

26. The "Thermidorian reaction" brought (374/375) A. the grant of new, enlarged powers to the Committee of Public Safety B. the end of the terror and another attempt at constitutional government C. the end of inflation and price increases D. the working classes closer to power

B. the end of the terror and another attempt at constitutional government

3. One reason for middle class resentment of the French aristocracy was that (345) A. the aristocracy paid no taxes while the bourgeoisie paid heavily B. the middle class felt shut out of many government offices and honors C. the aristocracy was growing wealthier, while the middle class was stagnating or becoming poorer D. all of the above

B. the middle class felt shut out of many government offices and honors

16. The economic policies of the French Revolution's Constituent Assembly most closely followed the ideas of (359) A. Colbert B. Montesquieu C. Adam Smith D. Voltaire

C. Adam Smith

19. The insurrection of August 10, 1792, the "second" French Revolution, resulted in (367) A. a moderation of revolutionary radicalism B. the overthrow of the constitutional monarchy C. a declaration of war against Austria D. the rise to power of Napoleon

C. a declaration of war against Austria

34. The character of France as it has been ever since was set by the Napoleonic code in all of the following ways except (386) A. as a socially bourgeois nation B. as a legally equalitarian country C. as a politically free country D. as a administrative bureaucratic nation

C. as a politically free country

33. The Napoleonic code (386) A. gave women equality with men in questions of property B. granted important rights to minor children C. banned labor unions D. increased individual rights and limited the state's power in criminal cases

C. banned labor unions

17. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790 (361) A. separated church and state B. was agreed upon after lengthy negotiations with the Pope C. created, in effect, a French national church D. reduced the clergy to poverty, while buying off the bishops

C. created, in effect, a French national church

27. The government of the Directory was controlled by (377) A. monarchists B. representatives of the working classes and the peasantry C. substantial property owners D. Jacobins

C. substantial property owners

22. The organization appointed in 1793 by the French Convention to conduct the government of France was named (371) A. the French cabinet B. the government of national resistance C. the Committee of Public Safety D. the Executive Committee

C. the Committee of Public Safety

14. The Great Fear of 1789 was (354) A. the National Assembly's fear that the king would crush the revolution militarily B. the aristocracy's fear that it would be massacred by the peasants C. the peasants' fear of mythical brigands recruited by the nobility D. France's fear of foreign invasion

C. the peasants' fear of mythical brigands recruited by the nobility

6. The major factor in the financial collapse of the French government on the eve of the revolution was (348) A. the enormous expense of building palaces like Versailles B. the extravagant lifestyle of Queen Marie Antoninette C. war costs D. huge welfare payments to the poor and needy

C. war costs

5. In France, on the eve of the revolution, land was (346) A. almost entirely in the hands of the monarch and the aristocracy B. divided equally between aristocracy, bourgeoisie and peasantry C. almost entirely owned by peasants D. about 40% peasant-owned

D. about 40% peasant-owned

4. In France, the noble owner of a manor retained certain rights from the feudal age, including (345) A. the right to hunt on the peasants' land B. a monopoly over the milling of grain C. the right to certain annual rents D. all of the above

D. all of the above

9. When in September 1788 the noble controlled Parliament of Paris ruled that the forthcoming Estates General should meet at three separate orders, the Third Estate saw this as (350) A. a victory for the middle classes B. a partial victory for themselves and the nobility C. a victory for the entire country and a blow to the monarchy D. an unprovoked class insult by the nobility against it

D. an unprovoked class insult by the nobility against it

31. As First Consul, Napoleon combined what he conceived to be the best of the Revolution and of the Old Regime. This led to all of the following reforms except (385/386) A. careers in government service were determined by talent, not pedigree B. the creation of the Bank of France and the establishment of a solid currency and public credit C. the codification of French law D. equal rights for women

D. equal rights for women

24. The Committee of Public Safety did all of the following except (372/373) A. impose a general maximum on all prices and wages B. proclaim mass conscription for the war effort C. try to facilitate the purchase of land by peasants D. launch a program to suppress Christianity in France

D. launch a program to suppress Christianity in France

12. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was significant because it proclaimed all of the following except (359) A. freedom of thought and religion B. no arrests or punishments except by process of law C. public offices were open to all D. taxes could be raised only by the king

D. taxes could be raised only by the king

Enlightened despotism had the least success in reforming society in _____.

France

Maria Theresa undertook a program of internal consolidation of her empire in which she broke the power of local governments and guild monopolies except in _____.

Hungary

In order to watch over the whole structure of his enlightened reform, Joseph II created:

a secret police.

Frederick the Great did all of the following except:

abolish serfdom throughout his kingdom.

During the eighteenth century, people with a scientific view typically imagined God as:

an inconceivably intelligent Watchmaker.

In foreign affairs, Catherine's achievements included all of the following except:

conquests that included a port on the Baltic Sea.

Characteristic of the demands of the age of democratic revolution between 1760 and the French Revolution were:

demands for liberty and equality.

Rousseau's most direct contribution to the French Revolution was to:

estrange the upper classes from their own mode of life.

A major trend in eighteenth-century British politics was:

for the Parliament to extend its powers in a general centralization of the empire.

Edmund Burke, who virtually founded modern philosophical conservatism, favored:

government by landowners.

Enlightened despotism that grew out of earlier forms of absolutism, represented by the likes of Louis XIV and Peter the Great, differed from absolutism by:

justifying the monarch's authority on grounds of usefulness to society.

All of the following characterize Enlightenment thought except:

opposition of scientific thought and rational analysis.

Voltaire was less concerned than Montesquieu with: a. the freedom of thought.

political liberties.

Voltaire's famous polemical slogan, "Écrasez l'infâme!" or "Crush the infamous things," referred to:

religious bigotry and superstition.

Montesquieu's influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggested that good government could be obtained by:

separating the functions of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial powers. following the English example and mixing monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic elements of government. dividing power between the king and a great many intermediate bodies like the organized nobility.

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations argued for:

the reduction of barriers that hindered economic growth.

The democratic revolutions rejected:

the special representation set aside for special groups.

The partitions of Poland symbolized all of the following except:

the triumph of Polish nationalism and reform efforts.

Rousseau's ideas included all of the following except:

the true and only possible expression of the general will is a democracy.

The 1798 Irish rebellion against British rule:

united Catholic and Protestant Irish against English rule.

The great French Encyclopédie, completed between 1751 and 1772, _____.

was conceived of as a positive force for social progress

The eighteenth-century philosophes were a group of writers who:

were popularizers and publicists.