AP LAst test till final!
Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse (2) synapse with target tissues (3) preganglionic neuron (4) postganglionic neuron 2, 3, 4, 1 4, 1, 3, 2 4, 3, 1, 2 1, 3, 2, 4 3, 1, 4, 2
3, 1, 4, 2
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves. 30; 10 12; 31 31; 12 10; 30 12; 32
12; 31
Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have muscarinic receptors. adrenergic receptors. nicotinic receptors. macrotinic receptors. somatotrophic receptors.
muscarinic receptors.
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following? abdominal muscles muscles of the lower limb intercostal muscles the diaphragm muscles of the arm and forearm
muscles of the arm and forearm
Using the biceps brachii to flex the forearm requires innervation of the _____ nerve. radial median musculocutaneous axillary ulnar
musculocutaneous
Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus? peroneal musculocutaneous femoral ansa cervicalis ischiadic (sciatic)
musculocutaneous
If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut nerves. gray matter. ganglia. nerve tracts. nuclei.
nerves.
The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have somatotrophic receptors. macrotinic receptors. adrenergic receptors. muscarinic receptors. nicotinic receptors.
nicotinic receptors.
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called tight junctions. gap junctions. nodes of Ranvier. internodes. neurofilaments.
nodes of Ranvier.
Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called nuclei. cortices. ganglia. nerves.
nuclei.
In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called peduncles. tracts. pyramids. nuclei. ganglia.
nuclei.
Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus? musculocutaneous median phrenic ulnar obturator
obturator
Adduction of the thigh involves the obturator nerve. tibial nerve. pudendal nerve. femoral nerve. peroneal nerve.
obturator nerve.
The part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain is the pons. cerebellum. hypothalamus. thalamus. cerebral peduncle.
pons
Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic? preganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic postganglionic somatic motor postganglionic parasympathetic preganglionic sympathetic
postganglionic sympathetic
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action. prefrontal area auditory association area premotor area visual cortex visual association area
premotor area
Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the dendrites. axolemma. trigger zone. presynaptic terminals. cell body.
presynaptic terminals.
The perception of position and movement of body parts is sensation. kinesthesia. proprioception. All of the choices are correct.
proprioception.
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the basal nuclei. vermis. thalamic nuclei. reticular formation. cerebellum.
reticular formation.
Which of the following is NOT a neuroglia of the CNS? astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal cells satellite cells
satellite cells
When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve. sciatic pudendal ulnar obturator femoral
sciatic
If an animal has had its cerebrum removed, it cannot regulate heart rate. see. regulate body temperature. live. breathe.
see.
A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n) motor neuron. association neuron. interneuron. efferent neuron. sensory or afferent neuron.
sensory or afferent neuron.
The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by long postganglionic axons. the absence of postganglionic axons. short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate. the absence of preganglionic fibers. short preganglionic axons near the spinal cord.
short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.
A stimulus that results in a local potential that does not reach threshold is called a supramaximal stimulus. local stimulus. threshold stimulus. maximal stimulus. subthreshold stimulus.
subthreshold stimulus.
Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ____ division of the ANS. parasympathetic ganglionic sympathetic central somatic motor
sympathetic
The junction between two neurons is a ganglia. node of Ranvier. neuromuscular junction. fascicle. synapse.
synapse.
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? falx cerebri - longitudinal fissure tentorium cerebelli - base of brain dural venous sinus - collects blood that returns from the brain falx cerebelli - between the cerebellar hemispheres pia mater - surface of the brain
tentorium cerebelli - base of brain
A person with a lesion in the brain exhibited the following manifestations: normal tension in skeletal muscle, disturbed fine motor control, exhibited tremors when reaching for objects. What part of the brain is most likely damaged? the cerebellum the prefrontal lobe the basal ganglia the frontal lobe the pyramids
the cerebellum
Gray matter on the surface of the brain is/are called the cortex. nuclei. tracts. ganglia.
the cortex.
The most superficial meningeal layer is the epidural sinus. the pia mater. the arachnoid layer. the dura mater. the skull.
the dura mater.
The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the lacrimal glands. smooth muscle of the eyes. thyroid gland. thoracic and abdominal viscera. salivary glands.
thoracic and abdominal viscera.
The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system regulates the digestion of food. transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle. detects a stimulus. has nerve cell bodies located in ganglia near the spinal cord and brain. is a division of the CNS.
transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle.
When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively hit you. turn their head toward the right. sneeze. turn their head toward the left. raise their arms.
turn their head toward the right.
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera? facial nerve accessory nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve trigeminal nerve
vagus nerve
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the sensory root. ventral root. afferent root. dorsal root. posterior root.
ventral root.
What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root? The dorsal root appears the same as the ventral root. The dorsal root has a nucleus. The dorsal root has a tract. The dorsal root has a ganglion.
The dorsal root has a ganglion.
Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation? a clock radio coming on in the morning getting a back rub a long lecture in a darkened auditorium a warm bath eating a big meal
a clock radio coming on in the morning
Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause a slight shaking of the hands or head. loss of memory. fluent but circular speech. loss of smell. uncontrolled rage.
a slight shaking of the hands or head.
Which of the following cranial nerves does not innervate the tongue? All of these would innervate the tongue glossopharyngeal accessory hypoglossal facial
accessory
Dendrites contain the trigger zone. conduct action potentials away from the cell body. form synapses with the microglia. are the input part of the neuron. are generally long and unbranched.
are the input part of the neuron.
The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the reticular formation. cortex. pia mater. cerebral medulla. arbor vitae.
cortex.
Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord? corticospinal tract spinothalamic tract trigeminothalamic tract fasciculus gracilis spinoreticular tract
corticospinal tract
A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased Pavlovian reflexes. short term memory. sensory memory. declarative memory. procedural memory.
declarative memory.
The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a microtome. superdome. dermatome. plexitome. myotome.
dermatome.
The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the digestive tract. spinal cord. brain. urinary bladder.
digestive tract.
From which germ layer does the nervous system form? endoderm mesoderm exoderm ectoderm
ectoderm
Facial expression is regulated by the trigeminal nerve. vagus nerve. accessory nerve. abducens nerve. facial nerve.
facial nerve.
If a person fell down the steps and then developed pain down his anterior thigh into the knee, which of the following spinal nerves was probably damaged? obturator tibial common fibular (peroneal) pudendal femoral
femoral
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is from internode to internode. from internode to node on a myelinated axon. on an unmyelinated axon. on a small diameter axon. from node to node on a myelinated axon.
from node to node on a myelinated axon.
The central sulcus separates the temporal and frontal lobes. occipital and temporal lobes. two parietal lobes. frontal and parietal lobes. parietal and occipital lobes.
frontal and parietal lobes.
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential (2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases (5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
5, 3, 2, 4, 1
Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs? 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 6 sacral - 1 coccygeal 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 6 lumbar - 4 sacral - 1 coccygeal 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal 7 cervical - 13 thoracic - 6 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 6 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward. (1) spinal cord (2) midbrain (3) medulla (4) pons 2, 4, 3, 1 3, 2, 4, 1 4, 2, 3, 1 1, 2, 3, 4 4, 1, 3, 2
2, 4, 3, 1
Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system? cardiac muscle smooth muscle in blood vessels skeletal muscle smooth muscle in the digestive system glands
skeletal muscle
In hyperpolarization Na+ ions enter the cell in large numbers. the plasma membrane's permeability to K+ decreases. the resting membrane potential moves closer to zero. the resting membrane potential becomes more positive. K+ ions tend to diffuse out of the cell.
K+ ions tend to diffuse out of the cell.
White matter is composed of bundles containing both myelinated axons and nerve cell bodies. collections of nerve cell bodies. bundles of myelinated axons. ganglial sheaths. collections of unmyelinated axons.
bundles of myelinated axons.
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they can be used to help locate nerve damage. locate the position of cranial nerves. can be used to detect cranial nerve damage. indicate what muscles are innervated by each spinal nerve. can be used to check for motor function.
can be used to help locate nerve damage.
Neurotransmitters stimulate presynaptic terminals. remain in the synaptic cleft for long periods of time. cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane. do not affect membrane channels in the postsynaptic membrane. bind irreversibly to the receptor molecules of the postsynaptic membrane.
cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.
Procedural memory is stored primarily in the pons and midbrain. temporal lobe and frontal lobe. cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex. central sulcus and Wernicke's area. hippocampus and amygdala.
cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex.
A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: (1) inability to maintain balance while walking (2) normal intelligence (3) can initiate voluntary movements although they are somewhat uncoordinated. (4) decreased tone in the skeletal muscles The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the cerebellum. cerebral cortex. basal ganglia. brainstem. midbrain.
cerebellum.
Nerve fibers in the phrenic nerves that innervated the diaphragm arise primarily from which plexus? cervical cranial sacral lumbar brachial
cervical
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into horns and the gray matter into columns. columns and the gray matter into horns. columns and the gray matter into tracts. horns and the gray matter into roots.
columns and the gray matter into horns.
Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of pyramidal fibers. commissural fibers. association fibers. decussation fibers. projection fibers.
commissural fibers.
Upper motor neurons control skeletal muscles. control smooth muscle. are located in the prefrontal area. are responsible for planning voluntary movements. are found in the visual cortex.
control skeletal muscles.
There are ________ cervical spinal nerves. twelve five eight fourteen six
eight
Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the ependymal cells. astrocytes. microglial cells. macrophages. oligodendrocytes.
ependymal cells.
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth? epipial space subdural space epidural space subarachnoid space
epidural space
When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting? hypoglossal facial glossopharyngeal trigeminal abducens
facial
Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons? trigeminal facial hypoglossal spinal accessory abducens
facial
Motor control of the face is the function of the ____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve. facial, glossopharyngeal facial, trigeminal trochlear, facial trigeminal, glossopharyngeal trigeminal, facial
facial, trigeminal
Ridges of the cerebellar cortex are called folia. arbor vitae. cerebellar peduncles. the vermis.
folia.
The autonomic nervous system is involved in problem solving. stimulates skeletal muscle contractions. does not include the central nervous system. is under voluntary control. has two sets of neurons in a series.
has two sets of neurons in a series.
Axons do not have a trigger zone. do not have a resting membrane potential. have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals. are numerous extensions from each neuron. contain the nucleus.
have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers? facial vagus glossopharyngeal oculomotor hypoglossal
hypoglossal
A 13-year-old child exhibited retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. What part of the child's brain is most likely involved? thalamus primary sensory cortex medulla oblongata hypothalamus reticular formation
hypothalamus
An individual who has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures may have a dysfunction of the medulla. pons. hypothalamus. brainstem. thalamus.
hypothalamus.
The "thermostat" or nucleus that monitors blood temperature is located in the thalamus. pons. hypothalamus. brainstem. midbrain.
hypothalamus.
Which of the following is a sympathetic effect? constriction of the pupils of the eyes increased heart rate increased gastric secretions constriction of the bronchioles in the lungs contraction of the urinary bladder
increased heart rate
The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves control the production of tears. control movements of the tongue. innervate the salivary glands. carry pain from the teeth. are involved in the sense of smell.
innervate the salivary glands.
During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut between the medulla and the spinal cord. thalamus and cerebrum. pons and midbrain. medulla and pons. midbrain and diencephalon.
midbrain and diencephalon.
Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the oculomotor nerve. abducens nerve. facial nerve. optic nerve. trochlear nerve.
oculomotor nerve.
A fracture of the cribriform plate might injure the _____ cranial nerve? trigeminal optic olfactory facial glossopharyngeal
olfactory
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis? oligodendrocyte microglial cell ependymal cell Schwann cells astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibers. only sensory fibers. only afferent fibers. only motor fibers. a ganglion.
only motor fibers.
The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the inside, gray matter on the outside, and a dorsal sensory root. outside, gray matter on the inside, and a ventral sensory root. inside, gray matter on the outside, and a dorsal motor root. outside, gray matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root.
outside, gray matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root.
The _______________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions. sensory somatic parasympathetic sympathetic thoracolumbar
parasympathetic
Digestion of food is regulated by the somatic nervous system. sympathetic division of the ANS. sensory division. parasympathetic division of the ANS. None of these choices are correct.
parasympathetic division of the ANS.
A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the patient feels no sensations on the left side of his body. patient cannot voluntarily move his left eye. patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg. patient cannot voluntarily move his right arm or leg. patient's heart stops beating.
patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.
Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a cord. plexus. dermatome. ganglion. nerve.
plexus.
The blood-brain barrier prohibits the removal of waste materials from the neurons. protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood. does not prevent fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain. prohibits the transport of amino acids and glucose to the neurons. permits passage of foreign substances from the blood to the neurons.
protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.
The right cerebral hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere for speech in most people. contains no association areas. is not connected to the left cerebral hemisphere. receives sensory input from the left side of the body. tends to be smaller than the left cerebral hemisphere.
receives sensory input from the left side of the body.
Damage to pontine nuclei might affect blood pressure. heart rate. vision. talking. respiration.
respiration.
Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system? skeletal muscle smooth muscle salivary gland sweat gland the heart
skeletal muscle
During depolarization of the plasma membrane, sodium ions move rapidly out of the cell. the outside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the inside. sodium ions move rapidly into the cell. membrane permeability to sodium ions decreases. potassium ions move rapidly out of the cell.
sodium ions move rapidly into the cell.
Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of potassium ions. proteins. calcium ions. sodium ions. chloride ions.
sodium ions.
Which of the following is mismatched? peripheral nervous system - spinal nerves autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions peripheral nervous system - sensory and motor divisions somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS central nervous system - brain
somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS
The central nervous system includes the spinal cord. cranial nerves. spinal nerves. ganglia. sensory receptors.
spinal cord.
The endoneurium surrounds nerve cell bodies. surrounds nerve tracts in the spinal cord. bundles axons into fascicles. surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells. bundles fascicles into nerves.
surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells.
The ________________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations. sensory craniosacral parasympathetic somatic sympathetic
sympathetic
John sees Martha; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is(are) involved? parasympathetic division neither sympathetic division nor parasympathetic division sympathetic division both sympathetic division and parasympathetic division somatic motor division
sympathetic division
The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an ganglion. synapse. effector. receptor.
synapse.
The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in the prefrontal cortex. Wernicke's gyrus. the prefrontal gyrus. the precentral gyrus. the postcentral gyrus.
the postcentral gyrus.
The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in the superior temporal gyrus. the central sulcus. the prefrontal gyrus. the precentral gyrus. the postcentral gyrus.
the postcentral gyrus.
Chemical synapses are characterized by the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal. receptors located only on the presynaptic terminal. the presence of receptors for neurotransmitters on the presynaptic terminal. connexons that connect the pre- and postsynaptic cells. the absence of gap junctions.
the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.
The Roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect the complexity of each nerve, with complex nerves having higher numbers. the sequence from posterior to anterior in which they emerge from the brain. the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain. the order of their discovery. their importance, with highest numbers being the most important.
the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
The gastrocnemius muscle is most likely to be innervated by the _____ nerve. median tibial femoral common fibular (peroneal) obturator
tibial
Which nerve is involved when a dancer points his/her toes? obturator femoral pudendal tibial common fibular (peroneal)
tibial
The sciatic nerve is composed of the femoral nerve and the obturator nerve. tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve. common fibular nerve and the pudendal nerve. superior gluteal and inferior gluteal. femoral nerve and the tibial nerve.
tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve.
Action potentials at a chemical synapse travel from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane. travel from presynaptic terminal to presynaptic membrane. travel back and forth from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane. stop at the presynaptic terminal and are regenerated on the postsynaptic membrane. travel from postsynaptic membrane to presynaptic terminal.
travel from presynaptic terminal to presynaptic membrane.
Difficulty with chewing or an inability to chew might result from damage to the hypoglossal nerve. vagus nerve. vestibulocochlear nerve. trochlear nerve. trigeminal nerve.
trigeminal nerve.
The same neurotransmitter may produce different effects on neurons because of differences in the potassium channels. amount of neurotransmitter. type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons. size of the neurons. strength of the action potential.
type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons.
When a person hits their funny bone, they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve. ulnar median axillary musculocutaneous radial
ulnar
Intercostal nerves are formed from the rami communicans of the thoracic spinal nerves. cervical plexus. thoracic plexus. dorsal rami of thoracic spinal nerves. ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves.
ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves.
A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve? trigeminal hypoglossal vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus
vestibulocochlear
Association fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex with areas of the midbrain. one cerebral hemisphere to another. areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. the cerebrum with the spinal cord. areas of the cerebral cortex with areas of the spinal cord.
areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.
What type of white fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere? basal fibers association fibers commissural fibers projection fibers
association fibers
A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the oligodendrocyte. ependymal cell. macrophage. microglial cell. astrocyte.
astrocyte.
Brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are ____ waves. delta beta kappa alpha theta
beta
What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain? myelin sheath blood-brain barrier Circle of Willis meninges
blood-brain barrier
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus. radial sacral lumbar brachial cervical
brachial
The epineurium bundles fascicles into nerves. bundles fascicles into axons. surrounds nerve cell bodies. surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells. bundles axons into fascicles.
bundles fascicles into nerves.
The nervous system maintains homeostasis. interprets or assesses information. transmits information in the form of action potentials. All of these choices are correct. monitors internal and external stimuli.
All of these choices are correct.
Neurotransmitter is being released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs last? Calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal. An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter by exocytosis. Neurotransmitter binds with the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitter flows rapidly across the synaptic cleft.
An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane.
Which of the following statements regarding neuroglia is false? Neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid. Neuroglia serve as the major supporting tissue in the CNS. Neuroglia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles. Neuroglia form part of the blood-brain barrier. Neuroglia form myelin sheaths around some axons.
Neuroglia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.
Which of the following is false? The dorsal and ventral roots unite to form spinal nerves. The ventral root of the spinal cord conveys motor (efferent) nerve impulses away from the spinal cord. The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons. The ventral root is formed by the axons of neurons in the lateral and anterior horns. The dorsal root of the spinal cord conveys sensory (afferent) nerve impulses to the spinal cord.
The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons.
Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system? The ANS innervates skeletal muscle. ANS functions are consciously controlled. The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic. A single neuron from the spinal cord carries action potentials to effector organs in the ANS. The ANS controls unconscious movement of skeletal muscles.
The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic.
Which of the following statements concerning the structure of spinal nerves is true? The ventral root has a prominent root ganglion. Rootlets from the surface of the spinal cord form the dorsal and ventral rami. Spinal nerves do not have specific cutaneous distributions. Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of a cranial nerve and a spinal nerve. The ventral root contains motor or efferent fibers.
The ventral root contains motor or efferent fibers.
What is the only neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction? serotonin dopamine acetylcholine glutamate
acetylcholine
Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called phantom pain. adaptation. translation. projection. conduction.
adaptation.
The oculomotor nerve innervates two of the six muscles that move the eyeball. adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting. innervates all the muscles that move the eyeball. transmits action potentials from the retina. controls the organ of balance.
adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting.
The two classes of adrenergic receptors are muscarinic and terminal. splanchnic and terminal. alpha and beta. muscarinic and nicotinic. nicotinic and cholinergic.
alpha and beta.
Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node. once one action potential is created, it moves down the axon. the whole axon depolarizes at the same time. one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site.
an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.
The pineal body connects the two cerebral hemispheres. causes hot and cold flashes. appears to play a role in controlling the onset of puberty. plays a role in the production of cerebrospinal fluid. modifies mood.
appears to play a role in controlling the onset of puberty.
The mammillary bodies are involved in emotional responses to odors. influence the onset of puberty. produce reproductive hormones. are found in the thalamus. influence breast milk production.
are involved in emotional responses to odors.
The abducens nerves slow the heart rate. are involved in eye movement. transmit pain impulses from the teeth. control size of the pupil. dilate blood vessels in the skin.
are involved in eye movement.
Microglia form myelin sheaths. are part of the blood-brain barrier. are phagocytic cells in the CNS. produce cerebrospinal fluid. are part of the choroid plexus.
are phagocytic cells in the CNS.
Nissl bodies are areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum. part of a dendrite. part of the Golgi apparatus. lipid droplets. also called gemmules.
areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum? control skeletal muscles to maintain balance coordinate control of voluntary movements help in the maintenance of muscle tone control the heart rate control of posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination.
control the heart rate
When two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a(n) _______ pathway is formed. somatic sensory divergent reverberating convergent
convergent
The peripheral nervous system includes the cerebellum. cranial nerves. blood-brain barrier. brain. spinal cord.
cranial nerves.
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the decussation of the pyramids in the medulla. division of the cerebrum into two hemispheres. brainstem being below the midbrain. need for contra-lateral control of body function. division of the cerebellum into two hemispheres.
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.
Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in an inability to swallow. a decreased heart rate. an increased heart rate. the loss of motor activity in the arms. difficulty breathing.
difficulty breathing.
Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect? decreased heart rate increased gastric secretions dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs constriction of the pupils of the eye contraction of the urinary bladder
dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as dorsal root. lateral root. efferent root. ventral root. anterior root.
dorsal root.
The corpus callosum connects the frontal lobe to the parietal lobe. connects the frontal lobe to the occipital lobe. is a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere. is found at the base of the transverse fissure. consists of a broad band of gray matter.
is a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.
The reticular formation is responsible for pain interpretation. is composed of nuclei scattered throughout the cerebrum. is composed of nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem. is composed of nuclei scattered throughout the cerebellum. coordinates fine motor movements.
is composed of nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem.
The glossopharyngeal nerve transmits sensory information from the abdominal viscera. innervates the larynx. controls facial expressions. is involved in the sense of taste. innervates intrinsic tongue muscles.
is involved in the sense of taste.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the location of the preganglionic cell bodies. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, location of the preganglionic cell bodies, and position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse. position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, and location of the preganglionic cell bodies. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons.
length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, location of the preganglionic cell bodies, and position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.
The spinal cord controls the reticular activating system. forms memory engrams. is characterized by conscious activity. links the peripheral nervous system to the brain. stores reflexive memory.
links the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
The extrapyramidal system projects sensory information from the medulla to the cerebrum. maintains control of unconscious movements. interprets cutaneous perception. control facial expression, mastication, and tongue movements. controls the speed of skilled movements.
maintains control of unconscious movements.
The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the pink ramus communicans. terminal ganglia. splanchnic nerve. gray ramus communicans. white ramus communicans.
white ramus communicans.
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the crossed extensor reflex. Golgi tendon reflex. alternating reflex. stretch reflex. withdrawal reflex
withdrawal reflex
