AP PSYCH UNIT 5 TEST- States of Conciousness

Nicholas Spanos

"the overt behaviors of hypnotic subjects are well within normal limits"

what is wrong with information processing

"why do we sometimes dream about things we haven't experienced"

DRUG: Alcohol

- depressant -reaction: initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition -effects: depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions, reduced self awareness/control, expectancy effects

What are other functions of dreams?

- develop/preserve neural pathways - make sense of neural static - reflect cognitive development--> REM REBOUND

Barbiturates

- drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment - large doses impair memory or judgement - can be lethal if combined with alcohol

DRUG: Marijuana

- mild hallucinogen - reaction: enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation - effects: impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke

DRUG: Nicotine

- stimulant - reaction: arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being - effects: heart disease, cancer

DRUG: Methamphetamine

- stimulant - reaction: euphoria, alertness, energy -effects: irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures

DRUG: Cocaine

- stimulant - reaction: rush of euphoria, confidence, energy - effects: cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

DRUG: Ecstasy (MDMA)

- stimulant/mild hallucinogen - reaction: emotional elevation, disinhibition - effects: dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning

Ernest Hilgard

1) dissociation is a split between levels of consciousness (form of dual processing) 2) physiological theory as to why hypnosis works= vivid form of everyday mind spirits, not hyper aware of what you are doing (easily swayed to altered consciousness)

EEG

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface

How does an EEG work?

Auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli even during sleep (Kutas)

sleeping brain

Five stages of sleep (active)

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

In response to decreasing the light the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

How does the circadian rhythm effect body temperature?

Morning: Body Temp Rises Afternoon: Body Temp Dips (naps) Night: Body Temp Drops

neural activation theory

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

REM sleep (4th stage)

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur (also paradoxical sleep)

Function of Dreams: satisfy our own wishes **SAME AS FREUDIAN DREAM THEORY**

Sigmund Freud, dreams provide safety value - manifest content= the remembered storyline - latent content= unconsciousness drives that would be threatening if expressed directly

Hypnotic Induction/ Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur (altered state of consciousness)

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Stimulant: examples

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

Depressants: functions

calm neural activity and slow body functions, is a disinhibitor

How does the Surprachiasmatic Nucleus work?

causes brains pineal gland to decrease production of sleep inducing hormone (melatonin)

Withdrawl

comes from fighting addiction, the discomfort/distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

addiction

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

Sleep theory: helps us recuperate by restoring and repairing brain tissue

connects to biological school of thought

sleep theory: sleep supports growth (to a certain extent: FALSE)

connects to biological school of thought)

Sleep theory: sleep helps restore/rebuild fading memories of days experiences by strengthening neural memory traces; "sleep on it"

connects to cognitive school of thought

sleep theory: sleep feeds creative thinking

connects to cognitive school of thought

substance use disorder

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

How do retinal proteins control the circadian ryhtm?

by triggering the surprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

John Watson

psych must discard all reference to consciousness

Stimulant effects on the body

pupils dilate, heart/breathing rates increases, blood sugar levels drop--> drop in apetite, energy/self confidence rise

physiological function theory

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

Micheal Doucette

safest driving teen in 1989, fell asleep driving at weel in 1990

Stanley Corren

semi-annual manipulation experiment (daylight savings/spring forward)

LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the "feel good" neurotransmitter:

serotonin

Jackie's doctor has advised her to lose weight. Among his concerns are that obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders

sleep apnea

obesity is a risk factor for developing what sleep disorder

sleep apnea

Night terrors

sleep disorders characterized by high arousal/appearance of being terrified

Evolutionary sleep theory

sleep protects: people would sleep rather than venture at night

the rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called

sleep spindles

NREM-3

sleep stage that lasts about 30 minutes and your brain emits large, slow delta waves, and you are hard to awaken. DEEPEST STAGE OF SLEEP, brain and body agree that sleep is happening

Disinhibitior

slows brain activity that controls judgment and inhibitions **alcohol**

beta waves

smaller and faster brain waves, awake and alert

Selective Attention

spotlight of our awareness (assembling info from many sources as we reflect our past and plan for future)

sleep talking is most likely to occur during

stage 2 sleep

when brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates, it....

stops producing endoprhins

William James

stream of consciousness (each moment flows into next)

Narcolepsy

sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness, uncontrollable (only about 5 mins long)

Sleep Apnea

temporary sensations of breathing during sleep/repeated momentary awakenings

Circadian Rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

William Dement

the brain keeps an accurate count of sleep debt for at least two wees

Tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

whats wrong with neural activation theory

the individual's brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something specific to the dreamer's thoughts

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of

ecstasy

Research has indicated that hypnosis

enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local anesthesia

Opiates

ex: morphine ,opium, heroin - they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Stimulants

excites neural activity and speeds up body functions

Stimulant: effects **feeling**

feel alert, loose weight, boost mood - cut off: fatigue, headaches, irritability, depression

Sleep influences

genetics, culture influences, identical twins (similar schedules)

REM Dreams

hallucinations of the sleeping mind (so vivid can be confused with reality) - dual processing also processing environment through sleep - sensory stimuli can be woven into dream - storyline incorporates traces of previous days preoccupation

Nods

head bobbing downwards in second-long "micro-sleeps"

Leptin

hunger suppressing partener

Insomnia

inability to sleep (sleeping pills or alcohol do NOT help, they reduce REM sleep)

equal opportunity drug

increases helpful AND harmful tendencies

Ghrelin hormone

increases hunger

Paradoxical sleep (part of rem sleep)

internally aroused with waking like brain activity, but asleep/calm

whats wrong with the cognitive development theory

it does not address neuroscience of dreams

what is wrong with freud's wish fulfillment theory

lacks any scientific support; dreams may be interpreted in many different ways

Consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of

physical dependence

Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. This finding supports which of the following dream theories?

physiological function

expectancy effects

placebo= works (if someone thinks they are drinking alcohol they will convince their brain to slow functions)

Armond Aserinsky

discovered REM sleep (90 min cycles)

Hallucinogens

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

cognitive development theory

dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding

information processing

dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories

night terrors

typically occur during stage 4 sleep

Sigmund Freud

unconsciousness is a hiding place for our most anxious provoking ideas/emotions, uncovering those thoughts could lead to healing (the conscious is important but unconscious causes problems)

Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

viral infections

What does the brain do in REM sleep?

- brain's motor cortex is active in REM sleep -you are essentially paralyzed in REM Sleep

whats wrong with physiological function theory

this does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams

Freud's wish-fulfillment theory

Dreams provide a "psychic safety valve"—expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content—a hidden meaning.

When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by

depleting the brain's supply of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine

What does REM Sleep protect against?

depression; rem processes emotional experiences and therefore fights the chances of depression occuring

Function of Dreams: file away memories

- Info-processing perspective proposes that dreams help fix day's experiences in our memories - brain scans confirm link between REM sleep and memory

DRUG: Heroin

-depressant - reaction: rush of euphoria, relief from pain - depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawl

DRUG: Caffeine

-stimulant -reaction: increased alertness and wakefulness - effects: anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high does (uncomfortable with-drawl)

Psycho active drugs

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Surprachiasmatic Nucleus

a pair of grain rice sized cell clusters in hypothalamus (which is part of limbic system)

What can alter circadian rhythm?

age and experience

Depressants: examples

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates -**alcohol use disorder can shrink brain**

Bright morning tweaks circadian clock....

and activates light sensory retinal proteins

NREM-1

the point of which your crossing into sleep, Hypnagonic sensations (like hallucinations that can make your arm/body jerk)

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state (drowsy, right before sleep)

NREM-2

the stage of sleep with no hypnagonic sensations, but with periodic SLEEP SPINDOLES (brain & body are fighting for control), eyes darting around

Rem Rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)