AP PSYCH UNIT 5 TEST- States of Conciousness
Nicholas Spanos
"the overt behaviors of hypnotic subjects are well within normal limits"
what is wrong with information processing
"why do we sometimes dream about things we haven't experienced"
DRUG: Alcohol
- depressant -reaction: initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition -effects: depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions, reduced self awareness/control, expectancy effects
What are other functions of dreams?
- develop/preserve neural pathways - make sense of neural static - reflect cognitive development--> REM REBOUND
Barbiturates
- drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment - large doses impair memory or judgement - can be lethal if combined with alcohol
DRUG: Marijuana
- mild hallucinogen - reaction: enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation - effects: impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke
DRUG: Nicotine
- stimulant - reaction: arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being - effects: heart disease, cancer
DRUG: Methamphetamine
- stimulant - reaction: euphoria, alertness, energy -effects: irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures
DRUG: Cocaine
- stimulant - reaction: rush of euphoria, confidence, energy - effects: cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash
DRUG: Ecstasy (MDMA)
- stimulant/mild hallucinogen - reaction: emotional elevation, disinhibition - effects: dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning
Ernest Hilgard
1) dissociation is a split between levels of consciousness (form of dual processing) 2) physiological theory as to why hypnosis works= vivid form of everyday mind spirits, not hyper aware of what you are doing (easily swayed to altered consciousness)
EEG
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface
How does an EEG work?
Auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli even during sleep (Kutas)
sleeping brain
Five stages of sleep (active)
How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
In response to decreasing the light the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.
How does the circadian rhythm effect body temperature?
Morning: Body Temp Rises Afternoon: Body Temp Dips (naps) Night: Body Temp Drops
neural activation theory
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
REM sleep (4th stage)
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur (also paradoxical sleep)
Function of Dreams: satisfy our own wishes **SAME AS FREUDIAN DREAM THEORY**
Sigmund Freud, dreams provide safety value - manifest content= the remembered storyline - latent content= unconsciousness drives that would be threatening if expressed directly
Hypnotic Induction/ Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur (altered state of consciousness)
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Stimulant: examples
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines
Depressants: functions
calm neural activity and slow body functions, is a disinhibitor
How does the Surprachiasmatic Nucleus work?
causes brains pineal gland to decrease production of sleep inducing hormone (melatonin)
Withdrawl
comes from fighting addiction, the discomfort/distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior
addiction
compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
Sleep theory: helps us recuperate by restoring and repairing brain tissue
connects to biological school of thought
sleep theory: sleep supports growth (to a certain extent: FALSE)
connects to biological school of thought)
Sleep theory: sleep helps restore/rebuild fading memories of days experiences by strengthening neural memory traces; "sleep on it"
connects to cognitive school of thought
sleep theory: sleep feeds creative thinking
connects to cognitive school of thought
substance use disorder
continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
How do retinal proteins control the circadian ryhtm?
by triggering the surprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
John Watson
psych must discard all reference to consciousness
Stimulant effects on the body
pupils dilate, heart/breathing rates increases, blood sugar levels drop--> drop in apetite, energy/self confidence rise
physiological function theory
regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
Micheal Doucette
safest driving teen in 1989, fell asleep driving at weel in 1990
Stanley Corren
semi-annual manipulation experiment (daylight savings/spring forward)
LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the "feel good" neurotransmitter:
serotonin
Jackie's doctor has advised her to lose weight. Among his concerns are that obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders
sleep apnea
obesity is a risk factor for developing what sleep disorder
sleep apnea
Night terrors
sleep disorders characterized by high arousal/appearance of being terrified
Evolutionary sleep theory
sleep protects: people would sleep rather than venture at night
the rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called
sleep spindles
NREM-3
sleep stage that lasts about 30 minutes and your brain emits large, slow delta waves, and you are hard to awaken. DEEPEST STAGE OF SLEEP, brain and body agree that sleep is happening
Disinhibitior
slows brain activity that controls judgment and inhibitions **alcohol**
beta waves
smaller and faster brain waves, awake and alert
Selective Attention
spotlight of our awareness (assembling info from many sources as we reflect our past and plan for future)
sleep talking is most likely to occur during
stage 2 sleep
when brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates, it....
stops producing endoprhins
William James
stream of consciousness (each moment flows into next)
Narcolepsy
sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness, uncontrollable (only about 5 mins long)
Sleep Apnea
temporary sensations of breathing during sleep/repeated momentary awakenings
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
William Dement
the brain keeps an accurate count of sleep debt for at least two wees
Tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
whats wrong with neural activation theory
the individual's brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something specific to the dreamer's thoughts
The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of
ecstasy
Research has indicated that hypnosis
enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local anesthesia
Opiates
ex: morphine ,opium, heroin - they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Stimulants
excites neural activity and speeds up body functions
Stimulant: effects **feeling**
feel alert, loose weight, boost mood - cut off: fatigue, headaches, irritability, depression
Sleep influences
genetics, culture influences, identical twins (similar schedules)
REM Dreams
hallucinations of the sleeping mind (so vivid can be confused with reality) - dual processing also processing environment through sleep - sensory stimuli can be woven into dream - storyline incorporates traces of previous days preoccupation
Nods
head bobbing downwards in second-long "micro-sleeps"
Leptin
hunger suppressing partener
Insomnia
inability to sleep (sleeping pills or alcohol do NOT help, they reduce REM sleep)
equal opportunity drug
increases helpful AND harmful tendencies
Ghrelin hormone
increases hunger
Paradoxical sleep (part of rem sleep)
internally aroused with waking like brain activity, but asleep/calm
whats wrong with the cognitive development theory
it does not address neuroscience of dreams
what is wrong with freud's wish fulfillment theory
lacks any scientific support; dreams may be interpreted in many different ways
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of
physical dependence
Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. This finding supports which of the following dream theories?
physiological function
expectancy effects
placebo= works (if someone thinks they are drinking alcohol they will convince their brain to slow functions)
Armond Aserinsky
discovered REM sleep (90 min cycles)
Hallucinogens
distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
cognitive development theory
dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding
information processing
dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories
night terrors
typically occur during stage 4 sleep
Sigmund Freud
unconsciousness is a hiding place for our most anxious provoking ideas/emotions, uncovering those thoughts could lead to healing (the conscious is important but unconscious causes problems)
Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to
viral infections
What does the brain do in REM sleep?
- brain's motor cortex is active in REM sleep -you are essentially paralyzed in REM Sleep
whats wrong with physiological function theory
this does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams
Freud's wish-fulfillment theory
Dreams provide a "psychic safety valve"—expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content—a hidden meaning.
When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by
depleting the brain's supply of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
What does REM Sleep protect against?
depression; rem processes emotional experiences and therefore fights the chances of depression occuring
Function of Dreams: file away memories
- Info-processing perspective proposes that dreams help fix day's experiences in our memories - brain scans confirm link between REM sleep and memory
DRUG: Heroin
-depressant - reaction: rush of euphoria, relief from pain - depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawl
DRUG: Caffeine
-stimulant -reaction: increased alertness and wakefulness - effects: anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high does (uncomfortable with-drawl)
Psycho active drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
Surprachiasmatic Nucleus
a pair of grain rice sized cell clusters in hypothalamus (which is part of limbic system)
What can alter circadian rhythm?
age and experience
Depressants: examples
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates -**alcohol use disorder can shrink brain**
Bright morning tweaks circadian clock....
and activates light sensory retinal proteins
NREM-1
the point of which your crossing into sleep, Hypnagonic sensations (like hallucinations that can make your arm/body jerk)
alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state (drowsy, right before sleep)
NREM-2
the stage of sleep with no hypnagonic sensations, but with periodic SLEEP SPINDOLES (brain & body are fighting for control), eyes darting around
Rem Rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
