APHG: Chapter 7 - Ethnicities (Ki3&4) & Chapter 8 - Political Geography

What territories of the world do the UN not consider colonies? Why?

-Uninhabited territories: • Baker & Midway Islands: Controlled by the U.S. -territories with considerable autonomy in self-governance: • Puerto Rico: a commonwealth of the United States, citizens of PR are citizens of the US but they don't vote in our elections. • Greenland: An autonomous unit in the kingdom of Denmark. Greenland controls its internal affairs and Denmark controls its foreign affairs and defense. • Hong Kong & Macau: Attached to the mainland of China as special administrative regions. Hong Kong was a colony of the UK until it was returned in 1997. A year later, Portugal return Macau. Both control their own economics, but China controls foreign affairs and defense.

What are the 5 types of genetic-origin-based boundaries? Describe each & give examples.

1. Antecedent boundaries Boundaries that were drawn before the area was populated/had a cultural landscape. Established before people, with treaties. Ex: the boundary between Indonesia and Malaysia; the boundary between the United States and Alaska between Canada. 2. Subsequent boundaries Boundaries drawn after an area has been settled. Can be cultural or economic. Ex: the boundary between Vietnam and China (ethnic), the boundary between Pakistan and India (religious), the boundaries between Yugoslavian countries (ethno-linguistic). 3. Consequent boundaries Subsequent boundaries that accommodate cultural features. 4. Superimposed boundaries Boundaries drawn after an area has been settled, but disregards pre-existing cultural patterns. Ex: the DMZ separating North and South Korea (Both are Ethnic Koreans), African ethnic homelands separated by colonial powers. 5. Relic boundaries Boundaries that no longer function as borders. Ex: the Berlin wall (West V. East Berlin): After WWIII, Germany was defeated and all of its territory had no government. The four main allies: France, UK, US, and USSR divided German territory and occupied it. When USSR and Democratic sides could not come to an agreement, they split and put in a superimposed boundary. West Germany = France, UK, US, & East Germany = USSR. Berlin, the capital, was also divided the same. East Germans went across to West Germany for the airport. To stop this, the East German government built the Berlin wall. In the 1980s, both sides broke down the wall. The boundary between west and east Germany was erased.

What are the 5 shapes of states?

1. Compact 2. Elongated 3. Prorupted 4. Perforated 5. Fragmented

What are the 3 types of boundaries? Define each.

1. Cultural Boundaries: Boundaries between countries where they are separated by language, religion, or different ethnicities. Follows cultural features. 2. Geometric Boundaries: Boundaries created by using straight lines with latitude and longitude. Based on human constructs. 3. Physical Boundaries: Boundaries formed by earths physical features. Such as deserts, mountains, and water.

What are the 4 principal forms of boundary disputes? Describe each.

1. Definitional Bounchary Disputes (positional): Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement. Ex: If the boundary is marked by the river, it may change. -Serious arguments between countries occur. -Solution refines the definition to suit both countries. 2. Locational Bounchary Disputes (territorial): Focus on the delimitation & demarkation of the border (superimposed) • The definition (which may be vague and cartographically "wrong") is NOT in dispute, but the interpretation is. Ex: division of colonial Africa divides a homogenous pop; the border between Saudi Arabia & Yemen. 3. Operational Boundary Disputes (Functional): Neighbor differ over how boundaries should function. Ex: 2 countries that share a border must agree on Migration • Problem occurs if one state wishes to limit migration & the other does not Ex: US & Canada post 9/11; US & Mexico • Problem occurs if effort between countries is unmatched. 4. Allocatonal Bounchary Disputes (resource): Problem occurs when resources Span borders (Iraq & Kuwait, Netherlands & Germany) • Involves International boundaries at sea - difficult to delimit exact boundary. Ex: Oil reserves in the North Sea - Problems can occur over water Supplies Ex: When a river craves international boundaries, the rights of upstream/downstream users conflict.

Evolution of Boundaries

1. Definiton: The exact location of a boundary (Latitude and Longitude)is established with treaties, legal documents being drawn up. 2. Delimination: Cartographers put the boundary on the map. 3. Demarkation: Marking the boundary on the physical landscape. This is very expensive and difficult, making it very rare.

How to democracies and autocracies differ?

1. Democracies allow citizens to express preference over selection of leaders. Autocracies do not, and select leaders off of rules (often hereditary). 2. Democracies do not restrict citizen participation/exercise of power, while in autocracies, Citizen participation in government is heavily restricted. 3. Democracies have systems of checks and balances and civil liberties to citizens. Autocracies do not.

What are the 3 types of National Government? Describe each.

1. Democracy A country where citizens elect leaders and can run for office. Ex: The US 2. Autocracy A country ran according to rulers, not the people. Ex: North Korea 3. Anocracy A country not fully democratic or autocratic. Mix of both. Ex: Myanmar

What are the 2 main classifications of boundaries?

1. Generic 2. Genetic-Origin-Based (Hartshorne 1899-1992)

Why has the world become more democratic?

1. Monarchies being replaced with elected governments. 2. Increased voting rights and government participation in policy making by citizens. 3. Diffusion of democratic governmental structures from Europe and North America to other regions.

What are the three main types of physical boundaries?

1. Mountain Boundaries Can be effective boundaries when difficult to cross. Useful because they are permanent and sparsely inhabited. But, does not always provide amicable separation. For example, Argentina and Chile agreed to divide on the crest of Andes but could not decide where it was. They almost fought a war on this but the US stepped in and helped. EX: France and Spain are separated by the Pyrenees mountains. 2. Desert Boundaries Hard to cross and sparsely inhabited; common in Africa and Asia. Also found in South America. Very difficult to Mark. For example, the "Empty Quarter" of Saudi Arabia shifts often. EX: The Sahara separates Algeria, Libya, and Egypt from Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, and Sudan. 3. Water Boundaries Rivers, lakes, and oceans are commonly used as boundaries. Historically offered good protection against attacks of other states. Seemingly permanent but may change over time. For example, the Rio Grande (btw US & Mex.) shifted over time. When states share waters, it must also be divided. For example, the great lakes region of the US. Especially common in East Africa: DRC & Uganda between Lake Albert, Kenya & Tanzania & Uganda between Lake Victoria, Burundi & DRC & Tanzania & Zambia & between Lake Tanganyika, and Malawi & Mozambique between Lake Nyasa.

What are the 2 main types of Nation States? What are some examples of each?

1. Nation-State-Ideal: A form of political organization (state) in which a group of people with cultural similarities (nation) live in a particular area under one government, the majority of its citizens (nation) live within the boundaries/borders (state) and any citizens (nation) living outside of borders identify with that political organization. Ex: United States, UK. 2. True-Nation-State: A form of political organization under which a homogeneous population (same ethnicity) inhabits a sovereign state; A state containing one ethnicity. Ex: Iceland (93% Icelandic), Finland (90% Finnish), and Japan (98%) Japanese.

What are the 3 greatest examples of Geometric Boundaries?

1. North America: 54-40 or Fight The boundary between the US and Canada is partly a straight line. Québec's boundary with New York and Vermont is also geometric. Alaska and Yukon's boundary is geometric too. This was established through treaties between 1783 and 1803 between the US and the UK (who controlled Canada). In the 1840s, the border between Rockies and Pacific was moved north. Oregon treaty settled it. 2. North Africa: No regard to Physical/Cultural Features Boundaries between Algeria, Libya, and Egypt (N), and boundaries between Mali, Niger, Chad, and Sudan (S) are geometric. This is mostly because of European treaties that divided Africa colonies. Chad and Libya's boundary was made in 1899 by the French and British to set a northern limit of African colonies. Libya claimed the Azou strip in 1973, Chad gained back control in 1987. The lines were drawn without regard for physical or cultural features. 3. South Pole/Antarctica: Not controlled by any state Not part of any state. 7 states control geometrically divided parts. Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and the UK. Some overlap and conflict. The US, Russia, and more do not recognize countries claims to Antarctica. Antarctic Treaty in 1959 serves the legal framework for Antarctica. No military allowed but research is. The Lomonosov ridge is claimed by Russia and Denmark as an extension of their regions. Interpertations of the law of the seas. Sometimes, internal political divisions (US states) have geometric boundaries. EX: when US states have mountains or deserts.

What are the 2 types of Generic Boundaries?

1. Physical: Mountains, Desert, Water 2. Cultural: Religious, Ethnic, Linguistic, Geometric (disregards culture)

What are the 3 types of CULTURAL boundaries? Give characteristics and examples of each.

1. Religious Boundaries: Religions often coincide between states, but it has been used to select boundaries in a few cases. In South Asia, Britain put Hindus in India, and Muslims in Pakistan. This also happened in Ireland, with the North being Protestant and South being Catholic. 2. Ethnic Boundaries: Cypress has two nationalities, Greek and Turkish, with most being Greek. When Cyprus gained independence from Britain in 1960, it gave Turks control over its own education, religion, and culture, But Cyprus never made peace between the two nationalities. Greek militia took control in 1974, Then Turkey invaded to protect the Turkish Cypriots. Then, Cypress was split: Turkish in the north, Greek in the south. The UK has two military bases on it. A wall and buffer zone were built. 3. Linguistic Boundaries: Language is an important cultural characteristic for drawing boundaries, especially in Europe. France, Portugal, and Spain coalesced around language before the 19th century. Germany and Italy emerged in the 19th century, unified by language. Ethno-Linguistic Boundaries: Combination of Ethnic and Linguistic boundaries. For example: in Norway, Norwegians speak Norwegian. In France, French people speak French. Switzerland, Belgium, and Austria are all exceptions.

What are the 3 types of water boundaries as defined by the UNCLOS? (United Nations Convention of the Law of the Seas)

1. Territorial Waters: Extends up to 12 miles from shore, a state can set laws regulating ship passage. 2. Contiguous Zone: Between 12-24 miles offshore, state my enforce laws with pollution, taxes, customs, and immigration. 3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Between 24-200 miles, states can fish and control marine life.

What are the 5 characteristics of a state?

1. Territory: States MUST have territory to exist. Territory is the land w/ boundaries, underneath the land, airspace, and waters. 2. Population: Can be large or small in pop. 3. Sovereignty: Political independence from any higher authority. Possess a soul authority over land, people, and affairs. 4. Central Authority/Internal Structure: A government; control over all affairs. Can be a theocracy, dictatorship, etc. 5. Diplomatic Recognition: we see you and you exist. Must be in an IGO (Intergovernmental organization), like the UN.

What are the steps of Ethnic Cleansing?

1. move military into village w/ no strategic value 2. round up the village & kill/detain all the men 3. force everyone else out of the village 4. destroy the village; light it on fire

Timeline of Crimea's History

1783 Russia took control of Crimea 1921 Crimea became an autonomous republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; A republic in a republic. 1954 Soviet government gave responsibility for Crimea to the Ukraine Soviet socialist republic, which was also part of the Soviet union. 1991 Crimea became an autonomous republic in the newly independent Ukraine. 2014 Russia invaded Crimea and annexed it, claiming the majority of Crimea's population were ethnic Russians and supported this.

What ethnic percentage is the population of Crimea?

60% Russian, 24% Ukrainian, 10% Tartar, 6% other

Prorupted State

A Disruption. Otherwise compact state with large, projecting extension. Created for one of 2 reasons: 1. To provide state w/ resources (water) Ex: DRC (Belgium) in Africa has a Proruption to access the Atlantic Ocean. 2. To separate 2 states that would share a boundary Ex: Caprivi Strip in Namibia disrupted communications among British colonies of South America, but also gave them access to the Zambezi River.

What is a Microstate? What are some examples?

A Microstate is a state with a very small land area. EX: The Vatican, Macao, Andorra, Antigua/Barbuda, Bahrain, Barbados, Grenada, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Maldives, Malta, Micronesia, Palau, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, San Marino, São Tomé e Príncipe, Seychelles, Singapore, Tonga, and Tuvalu.

Where did the terms Balkanized and Balkanization originate?

A century ago, world leaders said that the Balkanization of Balkan countries was a threat to world peace. They were right: Balkanization led to WWI because the various nationalities in the Balkans dragged their large allies into the war. After WWI and WWII and the rise and fall of communism in the 1900s, the Balkans once again were Balkanized into the 2000s. After ethnic cleansing and forced migration, ethnic homogeneity was reached and peace came to the region.

What is the balance of power?

A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

Define Balkanized

A small geographic area that can't be successfully organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex and long-standing antagonisms toward each other.

What is a Multinational State? Give an example.

A state that contains more than one ethnicity and has traditions of self-determination and self government. EX: Belgium

What is a Multiethnic State? Give an example.

A state that contains more than one ethnicity. EX: United States

What is a Landlocked state?

A state that lacks a direct outlet to the ocean. Cooperation with neighbors is necessary.

What is a nation-state?

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.

What is a stateless nation? What are some examples of stateless nations?

A stateless nation is a nation with no distinct territory. EX: Palestinians, Kurds (East Turkey & North Syria), Uighurs (W. China/Xinjiang, practice Islam and speak Turkic)

What is Ethnonationalism? Irredentism? Give Examples.

A strong feeling of belonging to a nation that is a minority within a state; may break down multinational states. Ex: Russians in Eastern Ukraine Ex: the breaking of Czechoslovakia into two countries in 1993; The Velvet Revolution. Ex: Breaking of Yugoslavia. When ethnonationalism becomes extreme and the minority (Ukrainians in E. Ukraine) wish is to join the majority (Russians) in another country (Russia). It is called irredentism. • Works the other way around two, mother country wishes to join minority land.

What are territories? What are some examples of territories? Disputed territories?

A territory is a piece of land that belongs to another state. EX: Greenland - Denmark Guam, Puerto Rico, Samoa - United States Gibraltar - United Kingdom Macao & Hong Kong - China There are also some disputed territories: territories that are not so defined. EX: The West Bank (Disputed by Palestine & Israel) Kashmir (Disputed by Pakistan & India) Crimea (Disputed by Russia & Ukraine) Western Sahara (Disputed by Morocco & r/o Africa)

What is a colony?

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent. In some cases, the state only controls their militia, but some control all affairs.

What is an Enclave? What issues do Enclaves face? What is an example of one?

An area completely surrounded by a country, but not ruled by it. Can be either self-governing or an exclave of another country (landlocked). Problems: • lack of access to natural resources (water) • must ask for air space and negotiation • relies on surrounding territory for imports and exports of most goods. Ex: Lesotho (self-governing)

What is a state, relative to the world?

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal (domestic) and foreign (external) affairs.

What is a Pene-Enclave? Whats an example?

An intrusive piece of territory with only the smallest of outlets free from surrounding country. Gave self-determination. Ex: Gambia

Describe Ancient States

Ancient States began in The Fertile Crescent in SW Asia, the center for communications in ancient times. The first states in Mesopotamia were city-states: sovereign states comprising of a town/surrounding countryside. Walls were built to define the boundaries and outside the walls. The countryside provided a line of defense against other city-states. Sometimes, one city-state or tribe would gain military dominance and form an empire. Mesopotamia had the Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian empires. In the east, it was the valley of Tigirs and Euphrates rivers. The Fertile Crescent later expanded into N. Africa, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel.

Who had control of Australia and New Zealand during colonial times?

Australia: The UK New Zealand: The UK

What is an Autonomous Region? Semiautonomous?

Autonomous Region: A subdivision of a dependent territory of a country that has some self government or right to make decisions. Semiautonomous Region: Lesser degree of ↑

What European powers had control over the countries of Africa during colonial times?

Belgium: Democratic Republic of The Congo. France: Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Molly, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Côte D'ivoire, Benin, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, gabon, Congo republic. Germany: Cameroon, Tanzania, Namibia. Italy: Libya, Eritrea, Somalia Portugal: Angola, Mozambique Spain: Western Sahara, N. Morocco United Kingdom: Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho, Eswatini.

What was the most ethnically diverse republic of former Yugoslavia? Describe it and the Ethnic Cleansing that occurred in it.

Bosnia Herzegovina was the most ethnically diverse republic of former Yugoslavia, being 44% Bosniak, 31% Serb, and 18% Croat. Instead of living in an independent multiethnic state with a Muslim plurality, Bosnian Serbs and Croats fought to unite the parts of Bosnia they inhabited. To break away from Bosnia, the serbs and croats ethnically cleansed the Bosniaks. This made sure that Bosnian Serbs and Croats were ethnically homogeneous and better candidates for Union. By ethnically cleansing Bosnians, Bosnian Serbs made a continuous area of Serb domination rather than several discontinuous ones.

What separates one country from another?

Boundaries: Invisible lines that mark the extent of a state's territory. Can be heavily populated or inhabited.

What was the disagreement over Senkaku/Daioyu Island's over sovereignty?

China, Taiwan, and Japan all claimed the small, uninhabited islands in the East China Sea. China calls it Diaoyu, Taiwan calls it Diaoyutai, and Japan calls it Senkaku. The 5 islands were controlled by Japan since 1895 except between 1948 to 1972 when the US administered them after beating Japan in WWIII. China and Japan claimed the islands historically belonged to China until the Japanese government illegally seized them in 1895. Japan says that China did not state sovereignty over the islands. Both China and Japan established airzones in the East China Sea with conflicting boundaries.

What is colonialism?

Colonialism is an effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory.

Why do boundary disputes occur?

Countries may become territorial if they feel that their space has been violated. 1. Sometimes their written description is imprecise (Chile v. Argentina). 2. Change of regime may leave a country weak and influence a bordering country to challenge its territory (Iraq). 3. Sometimes physical geography of a borderland may change (river/desert). 4. Sometimes resources span borders (oil: Iraq vs Kuwait)

Compact States

Efficient. Distance from the center of the state to any boundary does not vary significantly. An ideal theoretical example would be circle-shaped with the capital in the center. • Extremely Beneficial for communication, transportation, and defense, but does not always mean peacefulness. Ex: Poland, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Uruguay

What are Marchlands? Give an example of one from the past.

Empty borders between two entities that were replaced with frontiers because they were expensive and difficult to demarcate. EX: England & Scotland, England & Wales

How has Ethnic Cleansing occurred in Yugoslavia?

Ethnic Cleansing (The mass moving of an ethnicity; ex: Uighurs in W. China) occurred after the breakup of Yugoslavia, primarily where the territories occupied by the various ethnic groups didn't match the boundaries of new countries.

What states have the least diversity? Why?

Europe, East Asia, N. Africa, and Australia The states with the least diversity are China, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Australia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Yemen, Egypt, Libya, Italy, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Tunisia, Portugal, Ireland, Scandinavia, Uruguay, Paraguay, Honduras, and Cuba. This is because the states may be self-determinated by their ethnicities that are the majority.

What was a frontier and what was its purpose? Give an example.

Frontier is a zone where no state exercises complete political control. Unlike a boundary, it is a tangible geographic area. Frontier areas are uninhabited and sparsely populated, and they separate countries without boundaries. EX: Afghanistan- made to separate the British Empire from Russia.

What are satellite states? How were they made?

If buffer states fall to one of the more powerful states or lose their independence, they become satellite states, under the control of a more powerful nation (Soviet Union and Eastern Europe) Democracies in Europe separated from the USSR by Eastern Europe after WWI. After WWII, USSR took over Eastern Europe, making Eastern European satellite states. (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Other communist countries)

Where did the concept of a state first emerge?

In ancient times in Southwest Asia and North Africa. However, most of Earth's surface historically was either unorganized or organized in other ways, such as empires and kingdoms. In modern times, the concept of a state first emerged in Europe.

Why do ethnicities coexist peacefully in some multinational states? Whats an example of this?

In some multinational states, ethnicities coexist peacefully because they recognize and respect the distinctive traditions of other ethnicities. In some of these peaceful multinational states, each ethnic group may control the government of the region of the state they inhabit. In other cases, ALL ethnicities contribute cultural features of forming a single nationality. For example, the United States has multiple ethnic groups that all consider themselves as the nationality "American".

Describe States in 20th Century Europe

In the 20th century, Europe was ruled by a handful of emperors, kings, or queens. After WWI, leaders of the victorious countries met at the Versailles Palace Conference to redraw the map of Europe. President Wilson and geographer Bowman played a major role. The goal was to divide Europe into a collection of nation-states, using language to identify ethnic groups. New states were made and boundaries changed to conform to territory occupied by speakers of different languages this made many clear cut nation-states, but many did not survive.

What are some examples of internal affairs? foreign affairs?

Internal: Social Security, Taxes, Laws, Currency Foreign: Immigration, war, trade, treaties

What is the largest state? What is the smallest?

Largest State: Russia Smallest State: The Vatican

Who was Josip Broz Tito?

Leader of Yugoslavia from 1953-1980. Yugoslavia fell apart after his death.

Elongated State

Least Efficient. A long, narrow state that may suffer from poor internal communications and isolated regions. Ex: Malawi, Gambia, Chile, Panama, Norway, Italy

What was the order of Marchlands-Satellite States?

Marchlands ⬇︎ Frontiers ⬇︎ Buffer States ⬇︎ Satellite States

What was the disagreement between China and Taiwan over sovereignty?

Most countries consider China (ppls rep. of China) and Taiwan (rep. of China) as separate, sovereign states. China says Taiwan is not sovereign, just a part of China. This status arises from a Civil War in China in the late 1940s between the nationalists and communists. After losing in 1949, the Nationalists fled to Taiwan but still said they were China's rulers. They said they would govern the island until they can defeat the communists. During the war, Americans supported the nationalists because they did not want to acknowledge the communists. The policy in the United States to regarding China as nationalist changed in the 1970s when the UN voted to transfer the seat to communist. Today, Taiwan has NO sovereignty or diplomatic recognition.

What are the characteristics of a nation?

Nation- A group of people who share: • Demographic (ethnicity) and Cultural (lang/religion) similarities • Feeling of community (distinct from others) - NATIONALISM • Wanting to control themselves politically - SELF DETERMINATION • Share historical experiences & common values: covid, war, etc. • Can move, expand, or shrink (Sudan & Serbia)

What are a states 2 types of government?

National (less democratic) and Local. National determines how much power local has.

What is a state, relative to the United States of America?

One of the 50 regional governments in the united states; subdivisions within the single state of the US.

What is an exclusive? What issues do exclaves face? What advantages do they have? What are some examples?

Pieces of national territory that are separated from the main body of a country by the territory of another country. Problems: • exclaves may be bordered by hostile power separating it from the mainland • may have separatists causing political instability. • may be difficult to defend by the core country. Advantages: • Can give core access to natural resources (oil). Ex: Alaska is an exclave of the US, separated by Canada. Cabinda from Angola. Oman's territory in the straight of Hormuz. Kaliningrad, Russia.

Describe Medieval States

Political unity in the ancient world reached its height with the Roman empire, which had 38 provinces throughout Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa, following the law made in Rome. It collapsed in the 5th century after attacks and internal disputes. Then, the European portion split, and a handful of powerful monarchs, dukes, etc rolled over the European states under the control of a monarch or empire. This control formed the basis for modern European states like England France and Spain.

Fragmented State

Problematic. A state with several discontinuous pieces of territory, technically this is true of all states with offshore islands (The US included). These states struggle with communication, transportation, isolation, poverty, and may be separated by a hostile territory which could result in a separatist movement. Advantages consist of them being difficult to invade, have access to more resources, and more cultural diversity. There are 2 main types: 1. Separated by water: • Tanzania 2. Separated by an intervening state: • Angola • Kaliningrad, Russia (Seized by USSR after WWI to be served as a port) Ex: Japan, Indonesia, Phillippines (archaepellego: chain of islands)

Define Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

What are some Pro's and Con's of Self-Determination?

Pros: • The ethnicities within the state will feel important. • There won't be much conflict. • It will help defy globalization & preserve local diversity. Cons: • There will be no/a lack of exchange of iii. • Ethnicities/religions would need to be removed in a harsh way, which would likely lead to violent conflict. • There will be a major lack of ethnic diversity.

What is the largest Multiethnic State?

Russia

What is Autonomy in relation to Russia?

Russia's constitution grants autonomy over local government affairs to numerous ethnicities in the country. This autonomy is the condition of self-governance or "leading one's own path", meaning ethnicities in Russian areas can govern themselves. • Russify/Russification to conquer other areas

What is Self-Determination? Why do ethnicities want this? What would happen if every ethnicity wanted it?

Self-Determination is the right of people to choose their own form of government; "The right to rule one's self". Ethnicities want this because the shared attitude is very important to help unite the citizens of a state. If every country in the world wanted self-determination, there would be a major lack of diversity and nations would be extremely culturally distant. It may also lead to the formation of an ethnic state.

Perforated State

South Africa. A state that completely surrounds another state. The surrounded state may face issues with importing goods and transportation. Ex: South Africa is perforated because it completely surrounds Lesotho, which relies on South Africa for export of goods, this was challenged when SA had a racist gov. Ex: Italy with The Vatican and San Marino

What countries held the three main regions of Asia during colonial times?

South Asia: The UK Southeast Asia: Netherlands, UK, France, US East Asia: Japan, China

What is sovereignty? What type of region is a sovereign state?

Sovereignty is a state with complete independence from control of its internal affairs by other states. A state with sovereignty is a good example of a formal/uniform region.

What states have the most diversity? Why?

Subsaharan Africa The states with the most diversity are in Sub-Saharan Africa, South & Southeast Asia, and Bolivia. This is because of immigration laws, guest workers, and economic opportunities. It may also be due to country size/climate.

What are non-self-governing territories?

Territories that do not govern themselves. For example, Western Sahara, French Polynesia, New Caledonia.

Where are the Balkans? What countries make up this region?

The Balkans are a peninsula about the size of Texas, named after the Balkan mountains that are located in Eastern Europe. The countries in this region are Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and the countries of former Yugoslavia.

Why did the Croats blow up the Stari Most bridge? Why did the Bosniaks rebuild it to be almost identical to its original look?

The Croats blew up the Stari Most bridge to demoralize the Bosniaks because it was culturally important to them. The Bosniaks rebuilt it because it symbolized their strength and co-existance; they made it practically identical to show their rightfulness to stay where they are.

What were the Dayton Accords? Who Brokered them & when? What was the outcome in Bosnia?

The Dayton Accords were the general framework for peace in Bosnia. They were arranged by leaders of the various ethnicities that divided Bosnia into 3 regions in 1996: 1 by Bosniaks, 1 by croats, and 1 by Serbs. Bosniaks and Croats combined into a federation, but Serbs operated in complete independence. The outcome was the Serbs got 50% of the land (although they were 40% of the pop.), Croats got 20% (w/ only 15% pop.), and the Bosniaks got 30% (w/ 45% of pop.). The area is now relatively peaceful today.

What was the disagreement between the Korean state over sovereignty?

The Korean peninsula is divided between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (N) and the Republic of Korea (S). After Japan was defeated in WWIII, it was divided into two occupational zones. The Soviet Union gained the pro-communist north, while a pro-US government was established in the south. After the northern state invaded the south in 1950, a three-year war was sparked. Both governments are committed to reuniting into one sovereign state, but both think they should exercise sovereignty over the whole peninsula. Since 1948, the north was governed by a dictatorship dynasty: Kim-il-sung to Kim-Jong-il to Kim-Jong-Un. It is now poor, hostile with nukes, and lacks basic needs.

How long did the Soviet Union exist? How many independent countries were created when it broke up? Group them.

The Soviet Union existed for 69 years; 1922-1991. When it broke up, 15 independent countries were created. Russia - Russia 3 Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 3 European States - Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine 5 Central Asian States - (all the stans) 3 Caucusus States - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

What is Genocide?

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

What is Ethnic Plurality?

The distribution of ethnicities in the Caucasus region.

What was the disagreement over Paracel and Spratley Islands over sovereignty?

The islands are claimed by China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Renee, India, and the Philippines. Disputes were made because of oil. China built islands there to lay claim over the area.

What is nationalism? Extreme nationalism?

The sense of belonging to and self-identifying with a national culture. People with strong nationalism derive part of their social identity to the country. When extreme, and people or country feel superior to others, it is called extreme nationalism. (Ex: Nazis) • can be a centrifugal or centripetal force Ex: wearing red, white, and blue on July fourth, standing for the pledge.

What is the State Fragility Index? What is its purpose and what are the most fragile states?

The state fragility index, calculated by the center for systemic peace, measures the effectiveness of a government. It combines factors such as regional citizens unrest, ability of legal system to enforce contracts and property rights, level of tax compliance, and freedom of expression. The most fragile states are in sub-Saharan Africa because of its high population growth, poor health, ethnic cleansing, genocide, problematic state shapes, and Civil War.

Why are there no perfect nation-states? Why is Japan considered close to one?

There are no perfect nation-states because the territory occupied by a particular ethnicity never corresponds precisely to the boundaries of countries. Japan is considered close to perfect because the ethnic composition of Japan is 98.5% Japanese. Another almost perfect nation-state is Germany which is 87.2% German.

What is a buffer state? Give an example of one.

Today, Frontiers are called "buffer states": countries who are small & weak and lie between 2 big, hostile countries. EX: Mongolia- Between China & Russia

After the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, What made Ukraine a likely prospect for a stable nation-state?

Ukraine was a likely prospect for a nation state because it possess economic assets like coal deposits & steel, and it had a close proximity to wealthy western European countries.

What was Ukraines minority and where did they live? What did Russia do to Ukraine?

Ukraine's minority was Russians, they lived in the eastern portion of Ukraine. Claiming that the Russian ethnic minority in Ukraine was endangered, Russia invaded Eastern Ukraine and seized Crimea in 2014.

What is the largest example of exclave-led separatism?

West vs East Pakistan. West is today's Pakistan, East is now Bangladesh. West and East were culturally and ethnically different, they only shared religion (Islam). East wanted to break away from the mainland (W) and a Civil War Ensued. India (Hindu) sided with the East and in 1971, It became Bangladesh. West became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Kirachi, West Pakistan's capital, was moved to Islamabad.

What was the disagreement over Sahrawi Republic/Western Sahara over sovereignty?

Western Sahara is considered by most of Africa as a sovereign state. However, morocco claims the territory and built a wall around it to keep out rebels. Spain controlled it until 1976. And independent Sahrawi Republic was declared by Polisario and mostly recognized, but morocco and Mauritania annex the north and south. Three years later, Mauritania withdrew and morocco took over. Now, morocco controls the highly populated north, but the Polisario front operates the sparsely inhabited part especially east of the wall. The UN failed to reach a resolution.

Describe the ethnic cleansing in Croatia

When Yugoslavia broke up, Croatia declared independence in 1991, and the Serbs who controlled 12% of the population rebelled against the new government in Croatia and try to make a new country in the east called Republic of Serbian Krajina. To do this, Serbs ethnically cleansed 170,000 Croats from the eastern part. After a four year war that the Croats won, 20,000 serves were expelled and 180,000 left. The international criminal tribunal convicted the Serb leaders of war crimes for their ethnic cleansing.

Describe the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo

When Yugoslavia broke up, Kosovo was mostly filled with Albanians. Although it had just 10% Serbs, Kosovo was controlled by Serbia. Serbia controlled Kosovo in the 12th-14th century and then lost the battle against the Ottoman Empire in 1389. Serbia was given control of Kosovo when Yugoslavia was made in the early 1900s. When they broke up, Serbia took control and ethnically cleansed the Albanian majority, putting 2 million in camps in Albania. NATO got mad and bombed Serbia, which led to Serbia withdrawing and Kosovo declaring independence in 2008. 108 countries recognize it but Serbia, Russia, and China oppose it. 90% of the Serbs left.

What is a multistate nation? Whats an example of one?

When a nation stretches across many state borders/when ethnic groups are territorially divided by one or more international borders. Ex: Kurdistan- The Kurds (Sunni Muslims in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Armenia, and Germany bc of guest workers) Kurdistan is a nation because they share history, culture, etc. They are just stateless. The Kurds were chemically attacked.

When/why was Yugoslavia created? What caused its breakup?

Yugoslavia was created in 1918, after WWI, to unite the several Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar Slavic languages. The breakup of Yugoslavia was caused by rivalries that resurfaced among ethnicities in this region, which led to the breakup of Yugoslavia into seven smaller countries. Because the boundaries of the new countries did not match the ethnicities, the break up of Yugoslavia was not peaceful and ethnic cleansing occurred.

Why did Yugoslavia work when Tito was alive?

Yugoslavia worked while Tito was alive because his central vision of a Yugoslav nationality was the acceptance of ethnic diversity in language and religion. He allowed those from the five most numerous ethnicities (Croat, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serb, and Sloven), to exercise considerable control over the areas they inhabited with in Yugoslavia.

What are the two caucuses enclave/exclaves?

• when Soviets took control of Azerbaijan, they let the Christians live in Nagano Karabakh, an enclave and exclave of Armenia surrounded by Azerbaijan. When the USSR broke apart, Azerbaijanis did not want them there. Conflict ensued, but a recent peace settlement caused Armenia to lose the territory. • the exclave of Azerbaijan in Armenia.

When did most African countries gain their independence?

After WWII in the 1940's.

What is a unitary state?

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.

What is Gerrymandering?

The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.