APUSH Chapter 19 Test- Imperialism
Mary E. Lease
"Raise less corn and more Hell" → Became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
Pendleton Act (1883)
The Pendleton Act was created to put an end to what was turning out to be a system of corruption. Established in 1883, this federal law overhauled how federal civil employees would gain access to their jobs, making it a requirement for potential government employees to take part in a competitive application process for potential employment. The Pendleton Act required qualified people to be elected to government offices based on the individual's merit rather than political affiliation.
What did the US acquire as a result of the Treaty of Paris (1898)?
U.S. victory in the war produced a peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to Spain.
Insular Cases (1901-1904)
The Insular Cases are a series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1901, about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish-American War. Following its victory in the Spanish-American War (1898), the United States acquired Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. In the Insular Cases (1901-1922), the U.S. Supreme Court determined the constitutional and political status of the new territories.
Teller Amendment
The Teller Amendment was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba.Senator Henry M. Teller (Colorado) proposed an amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain which proclaimed that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba.
John Hay
Hay served for almost seven years as Secretary of State under President McKinley, and after McKinley's assassination, under Theodore Roosevelt. Hay was responsible for negotiating the Open Door Policy, which kept China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, with international powers.
Foraker Act
The Foraker Act, officially the Organic Act of 1900, is a United States federal law that established civilian (limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had been newly acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War
Identify the importance of the Populist movement in American history.
The importance of a populist party would be to provide a lift for the common man. It would sort of function as a movement, a rally, in a sense, for the common people. That was, at least, why populist parties came about in the first place.
Platt Amendment
Approved on May 22, 1903, the Platt Amendment was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence. It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions.
Blue-water vs. Green-water navies
A blue-water navy is a maritime force capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open oceans. While definitions of what actually constitutes such a force vary, there is a requirement for the ability to exercise sea control at wide ranges. A green water navy is intended to operate close to shore and has the competency to operate in the open oceans of its surrounding region.
"Root reforms" to the US Army after Spanish-American War
A group of selected experienced officers who would be free to plan, investigate, and coordinate military activities under the supervision of the Chief of Staff. Misconceptions and disputes about the General Staff's role and functions arose. Nevertheless, for the first time in American history, the Army had the basis for an effective planning machinery in peacetime. Also, the introduction of details to the General Staff of officers from the line and from some of the bureaus assuaged the problems of entrenchment associated with permanent assignments.
Who would be a supporter of the Populist movement?
A likely supporter of the Populist movement would have been William Jennings Bryan. In the 1896 presidential election, the Democratic Party nominated William Jennings Bryan and adopted a platform that included several planks from the 1892 Populist platform. After much discussion, Populist leaders decided to support Bryan and in so doing, signed the death warrant of the Populist Party.
Albert Beveridge
A prominent Republican senator who strongly endorsed imperialism and a strong United States navy. The country, argued Beveridge, had to find new markets for American goods, new places to invest American capital, and new work for American labor. During Theodore Roosevelt's term, Beveridge also joined the Progressive camp and fought for legislation to limit child labor.
Distinguish a colony from a protectorate
A protectorate is its own state merely protected by a larger country. A colony is a part of a larger country governed by that same country. A state which is a protectorate has the aid of a larger nation when conducting foreign relations.
Yellow journalism and the Spanish-American war
A style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts. During its heyday in the late 19th century it was one of many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States. Hearst and Pulitzer, who had for several years been selling papers by fanning anti-Spanish public opinion in the United States, published rumors of plots to sink the ship. When a U.S. naval investigation later stated that the explosion had come from a mine in the harbor, the proponents of yellow journalism seized upon it and called for war. By early May, the Spanish-American War had begun. The rise of yellow journalism helped to create a climate conducive to the outbreak of international conflict and the expansion of U.S. influence overseas, but it did not by itself cause the war.
The Half-Breeds
A term of disparagement favored by the Stalwarts, was applied to the moderately liberal faction of the Republican Party. In the minds of the Stalwarts, the term "Half-Breed" was meant to suggest that they were only half Republican. The Half-Breeds backed Hayes' lenient treatment of the South and supported civil service reform. James G. Blaine of Maine was the leader of this group, but failed to win the party nomination in 1876 and 1880.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
A.T. Mahan was a captain and later admiral in the United States Navy. Mahan believed that countries with a strong navy were the most powerful. He believed that the greatness of the United States would depend on its naval strength. Mahan feared that the United States did not have a large enough navy to play the great role he envisioned.
Treatment of black soldiers in the Spanish-American War
Although the Spanish American War was ostensibly fought to liberate Caribbean and Philippine islanders from Spanish oppression, the participation of African American troops was very controversial in the African American community. Some troops and many citizens openly questioned whether African Americans should fight for the U.S. government that recognized them as citizens in name only. Despite emancipation nearly 40-year before, Blacks routinely were deprived of their rights by federal and state laws. Institutional discrimination was reinforced by savage murder and terror of African Americans primarily in the South.
Col.Teddy Roosevelt
An ardent imperialist, Roosevelt began his national career as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. A Republican, Roosevelt believed strong nations survived and weak ones died. He admired the writings of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan and played a key role in building the Navy and preparing it for action during the Spanish-American War.
Yellow journalism: Hearst v. Pulitzer newspaper circulation battles
At first, Joseph Pulitzer did not have to worry much about competing with other newspapers. He purchased the "New York World" in 1883 and things were going well. Under Pulitzer, the "World" had circulation grow from 15,000 to 600,000. However, things started to change in 1895. William Randolph Hearst purchased the "New York Journal" and wasted no time in starting a circulation battle. The two papers embellished stories and sometimes made them up all together. This strategy of sensationalizing the news to raise circulation was named "yellow kid" Journalism after a popular cartoon that both papers ran at the time, but was soon shortened to yellow journalism. One of the prime examples is their coverage of the Spanish-American War.
What was the role of the President in the late 19th c.?
At the start of the twentieth century, the president began to emerge as the key political actor in the federal government. Both Theodore Roosevelt (president from 1901 to 1909) and Woodrow Wilson (president from 1913 to 1921) believed in a strong presidency, one in which the president would be assertive and initiate federal policy. After Wilson left office, however, presidents returned to acting as clerks in chief until FDR was elected in 1933. Franklin Roosevelt (president from 1933 to 1945) permanently changed the nature of the American presidency. Elected during the Great Depression, Roosevelt expanded the size and scope of the federal government. As a result, the government became involved in many aspects of its citizens' lives.
Bimetallism
Bimetallism is the economic term for a monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to certain quantities of two metals, typically gold and silver, creating a fixed rate of exchange between them.
Causes of the Spanish-American War
During the late 1800s, there were three main causes of the Spanish-American War, each one pushing the U.S to declare war. These causes are Cuba wanting their independence from Spain . The growing American imperialism and the sinking of the battleship the Maine were also cause of the war.
The Open Door policy
First initiated in 1899, with a follow-up missive in 1900—was significant in its attempt by the United States to establish an international protocol of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and to support China's territorial and administrative integrity.
What arguments did expansionist make for increasing American holdings?
First popularized during the presidency of James K. Polk, the concept of an "American Empire" was made a reality throughout the latter half of the 1800s. During this time, industrialization caused American businessmen to seek new international markets in which to sell their goods. In addition, the increasing influence of social Darwinism led to the belief that the United States was inherently responsible for bringing concepts such as industry, democracy, and Christianity to less developed "savage" societies. The combination of these attitudes and other factors led the United States toward imperialism.
Comm.George Dewey
George Dewey (December 26, 1837 - January 16, 1917) was Admiral of the Navy, the only person in United States history to have attained the rank. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.
American Anti-Imperialist League
Group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines, which included such influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie
Gen. "Butcher" Weyler/Spanish atrocities in Cuba
In 1896, the Spanish sent the infamous General Weyler, known as "The Butcher," to Cuba to put down the insurrection. Weyler lived up to his name. To prevent the insurrectos from leading the population against Spanish rule, Weyler built concentration camps in which he imprisoned a large portion of the population. Under the harsh and unsanitary conditions in the concentration camps, Cuban prisoners died rapidly, especially from disease.Segments of the US public, outraged by reports of atrocities in Cuba, immediately cried out for action. President Grover Cleveland (1893-1897), however, was dead set against going to war. He issued an ultimatum: even if Congress passed a declaration of war, he vowed as commander-in-chief of the army to never send the military to Cuba.
Filipino Insurrection (a.k.a. Philippine War)
In August 1898, many Filipinos rejoiced at the collapse of Spanish power and assumed that independence would soon follow. Despite Filipino aspirations, Dewey advised Washington that the native republican element was a minority and a strong hand was needed to prevent the islands from falling into other hands. After the Spanish-American War (1898), the Philippines were given to the US. President McKinley felt Germany would take over the Philippines if the US did not. Many Filipinos wanted independence, and fighting began in 1899 and continued until 1902.
How were the Boxers suppressed?
In the late 19th century, because of growing economic impoverishment, a series of unfortunate natural calamities, and unbridled foreign aggression in the area, the Boxers began to increase their strength in the provinces of North China. In 1898 conservative, antiforeign forces won control of the Chinese government and persuaded the Boxers to drop their opposition to the Qing dynasty and unite with it in destroying the foreigners.Christian missionary activities helped provoke the Boxers; Christian converts flouted traditional Chinese ceremonies and family relations; and missionaries pressured local officials to side with Christian converts—who were often from the lower classes of Chinese society—in local lawsuits and property disputes. By late 1899 the Boxers were openly attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries.
What factors helped create a sense of crisis in the 1890s?
Like most major financial downturns, the depression of the 1890s was preceded by a series of shocks that undermined public confidence and weakened the economy. The Panic of 1893 provided a spectacular financial crisis the contributed to the economic recession. That collapse was soon magnified by the failures of hundreds of banks and businesses dependent upon the Reading and other railroads. The stock market reacted with a dramatic plunge. Fearing further collapse, European investors pulled their funds from the United States, but depression soon gripped the other side of the Atlantic as well. An ongoing agricultural depression in the West and South deepened, spreading the misery to those regions. Although thousands of businesses were ruined and more than four million were left unemployed, Cleveland did little. He believed, like most people of both major parties, that the business cycle was a natural occurrence and should not be tampered with by politicians. One economic matter, however, did concern the president deeply. The nation's gold reserve had been steadily declining during the last years of the Harrison administration. The lavish spending of the "Billion Dollar Congress" and the gold drain caused by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act were the prime factors of the surplus reduction. A few weeks after Cleveland was sworn in, the nation's reserves dipped below $100 million, a psychological barrier whose breaching further weakened public trust. The president acted to rescue the gold standard, but in the process divided the Democratic Party and alienated the silver forces of the South and West.
What were the Granger cases?
Munn v. Illinois was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld the power of government to regulate private industries.The case was developed because in 1871, the legislature of Illinois responded to pressure from the National Grange, an association of farmers, by setting maximum rates that private companies could charge for the storage and transport of agricultural products. The Chicago grain warehouse firm of Munn and Scott was found guilty of violating the law but appealed the conviction on the grounds that the law was an unconstitutional deprivation of property without due process of law that violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
Role of disease in the Spanish-American War
Of all the men that died in the Spanish-American war, 90 percent of them died because of diseases and other illnesses. Food poison caused a lot of those deaths, also Malaria, typhoid fever, and Yellow fever.
Manila Bay
On May 1, 1898, at Manila Bay in the Philippines, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first major battle of the Spanish-American War (April-August 1898). The United States went on to win the war, which ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.
What did the US have to gain from acquiring the Hawaiian Islands?
One of the most notable instances of American imperialism was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United States to gain possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public property that had belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands.
Why was voter turnout so high in the 19th Century?
One reason for the extremely high voter rates is the sharp ethnic and cultural differences between the two parties. Intense competition between the Democratic and Republican parties resulted in an increase of voters who wished to see their affiliated party in power.
Voter turnout in the 19th Century
Over 80%-90% of eligible voters participated in each US election
Philippe Bunau Varilla
Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, (born July 26, 1859, Paris, France—died May 18, 1940, Paris), French engineer and a key figure in the decision to construct the Panama Canal. In 1902 the U.S. Senate was considering whether to choose a Panamanian or a Nicaraguan route for a transoceanic canal, and Bunau-Varilla helped turn the vote toward Panama by sending each senator a Nicaraguan postage stamp depicting a smoking volcano. When Colombia (of which Panama was then a part) refused to ratify a treaty granting the United States rights to build a canal, Bunau-Varilla promptly encouraged Panamanians to revolt and declare independence, even going so far as to design and propose a flag for the new republic
"White Man's Burden"
Phrase was originally used in a poem written by Rudyard Kipling that called for the US to control and colonize the Philippines during the Philippine-American War. A philosophical term that refers to the white people's responsibility to govern and assimilate non-white people into their culture.
Josiah Strong
Protestant minister who supported imperialism and contended in his 1885 book "Our Country" that the Anglo-Saxon "race" had a duty to spread Christianity and Democracy all over the world.
Why did the government stop the mining of silver in 1873?
Silver mining in the United States began on a major scale with the discovery of the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1858. The industry suffered greatly from the demonetization of silver in 1873 by the Coinage Act of 1873, known pejoratively as the "Crime of 73". The Coinage Act of 1873 officially demonetized silver in order to move the United States to adopt the gold standard, as most countries already had done. "Silverites," who wanted a bimetallic standard for U.S. currency and initially came from the western mining states, labeled this measure as "The Crime of '73." The Coinage Act reduced the money supply, which in turn raised interest rates that hurt farmers who normally carried heavy debt loads
Casus belli of the Spanish-American War
The Casus belli of the Spanish-American War was the sinking of the USS Maine. USS Maine (ACR-1) was an American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban revolt against Spain.
What were the Granger Laws?
The Granger Laws were a series of laws passed in several midwestern states of the United States, namely Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The Granger Laws were promoted primarily by a group of farmers known as The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. The Granger laws were a series of laws passed in western states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers.
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. Congress passed the law largely in response to public demand that railroad operations be regulated. With this act, the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation
McKinley Tariff
The McKinley Tariff, also known as the Tariff Act of 1890, was sponsored by Ohio Representative William McKinley, who later became the 25th president of the United States. The McKinley Tariff, which became law on October 1, 1890, was a protective tariff (tax) that raised the average duty on foreign imports to almost 50%. The act was backed by the Republicans who strongly supported high tariffs on imported goods.The purpose of the McKinley Tariff was to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Its purpose was therefore to discourage the importation of goods from other countries. By putting this "handicap" on imported goods, imported products would become more expensive as compared to those made in America, thereby protecting American manufacturing and industries.
Pan-American Congress (1889)
The Pan-American Congress served to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for conversation regarding increasing trade. The Venezuelan boundary dispute began when the Venezuelan Government protested alleged British encroachment on Venezuelan territory. The United States sided with Venezuela in this circumstance; Cleveland threatened to go to war if Britain should resist the commission's decision to settle the dispute. This proved that America wished to uphold the Monroe Doctrine, which prevented European powers from colonizing the Americas. Thus, America maintained their plight against European powers.
Causes of the Panic of 1893
The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year. Railroads were over-built, and many companies continued growth by taking over competitors, endangering their own stability. In addition, many mines were opened (frequently with rail connections), and their products, especially silver, began to flood the market. Farmers, particularly in the Midwest, suffered a series of droughts which left them short of cash to pay their debts, which drove down the value of their land. The Free Silver movement arose, gaining support from farmers (who sought to invigorate the economy and cause inflation, thus allowing them to repay their debt with cheaper dollars) and mining interests (who sought the right to turn silver directly into money). The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, while falling short of the Free Silver movement's goals, required the U.S. government to buy millions of ounces of silver (driving up the price of the metal and pleasing silver miners) for coining money (pleasing farmers and others).
Identify elements of the Populist mentality.
The Populists were an agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the country's farmers and agrarian workers. The Populist movement was preceded by the Farmers Alliance and the Grange. They supported increasing the power of the working class and the farmers against the interests of the wealthy, who were more politically powerful. The Populists supported public ownership of the railroads, steamship lines and telephone and telegraph systems, free and unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, abolition of national banks, and direct election of senators.
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890
The Sherman Antitrust Act was a law passed by Congress in 1890 that was designed to combat the monopolies that were running rampant in American business. Big business had so far gone mostly unchecked. Industrial giants were free to form monopolies that drove out competition. Price fixing, pools, and cartels were commonplace. Finally, the government instituted a degree of regulation with the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first federal law that placed limits on concentrations of power deemed harmful to trade and competition.
Conclusions to be drawn from the 1900 Presidential election
The United States presidential election of 1900 was held on November 6, 1900. It was a rematch of the 1896 race between Republican President William McKinley and his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish-American War for control of the Philippines helped McKinley to score a decisive victory, while Bryan's anti-imperialist stance and continued support for bimetallism attracted only limited support.
Venezuelan boundary dispute
The Venezuela Boundary Dispute occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with Britain, over a piece of land that Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory. The British eventually allowed the United States to act as a mediator under the power of the Monroe Doctrine. In the end, British Guiana received most of the land. This issue resulted in a more broadened view of the Monroe Doctrine.
The Stalwarts
The conservative faction of the Republican Party, saw themselves as "stalwart" in opposition to Hayes' efforts to reconcile with the South. They opposed all forms of civil service reform, preferring to keep in place the existing patronage system. Among their numbers were many Radical Republicans, Union war veterans and most of the Republican political bosses. The Stalwarts also backed the protective tariff and sought a third term for U.S. Grant in 1880. Roscoe Conkling of New York was the most prominent Stalwart leader.
Roughriders
The most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba, the "Rough Riders" was the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry.
De Lome letter
This letter, written by the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, criticized American President William McKinley by calling him weak and concerned only with gaining the favor of the crowd. Publication of the letter helped generate public support for a war with Spain over the issue of independence for the Spanish colony of Cuba.
Subtreasury plan
This plan enabled farmers to store their crops in new government warehouses and obtain government loans for up to 80% of the value of their crops at 1% interest. It would promote inflation because the loans to farmers would be made in new legal-tender notes. However, IT WAS NEVER ADOPTED. Its failure led farm leaders to believe that they needed more political power in order to secure railroad regulation, currency inflation, state departments of agriculture, Antitrust laws and farm credit.
What problems plagued the US war effort in Cuba?
Under the leadership of General William R. Shafter, the US ground effort in Cuba was far from organized. Nonetheless, with heroics from the famous Rough Riders and other units, the war was never in much doubt and the US defeated the Spanish with relatively little difficulty. Despite the "Rough Riders" famous legacy, both they and the US Army were so disorganized and bumbling that only about half of them made it from Tampa Bay, Florida to the landing at Santiago. And although the "Rough Riders" were organized as a cavalry unit, very few of their horses actually made it to Cuba. As a result, most of the "Rough Riders" actually walked during the war. That the war went so well for the US was virtually a miracle given the disorganization and poor planning that plagued the American military effort.
Who was likely to be a member of the Republican party in the 1890s?
William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, identified with and supported the Republican party in the 1890s. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish-American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of free silver (effectively, expansionary monetary policy).
Elihu Root
Worked with Roosevelt in 1903 to modernize the army, using knowledge from Spain. They also created the Army War College and imposed stiff tests for promotions of officers, had a general staff look over military planning, and double the navy's strength.